This work was supported by Interdisziplin&#228;res Zentrum f&#252;r Klinische Forschung (IZKF), University Clinics W&#252;rzburg, Germany (project N-215).

Hayvan deneyleri hayvan koruma kuralları ve Avrupa Toplulukları Konseyi yönergelerine (: 55,2-2531,01 76/11 onay numarası) uyarınca Wuerzburg Üniversitesi ve Aşağı Franken yasal devlet yetkilileri tarafından kabul edildi. Tüm çabalar kullanılan hayvanların ağrı veya rahatsızlık en aza indirmek için yapılmıştır. Not: Başka bir yerde 18 açıklandığı gibi Elektrot implantasyonu yapıldı. 1. Silindir Testi (Şekil 2) <ol><li> Bir% 0.1 asetik asit solüsyonu ile silindir temizleme şeffaf bir plastik cam bir silindir (19 cm: 40 cm, çap yükseklik) hazırlayın. </li><li> Deneyin tarih ve her sıçan kimlik numarası ile kartları hazırlayın. </li><li> Silindirin arkasındaki 90 ° açı iki ayna yerleştirin. </li><li> Kamera ve silindir arasındaki mesafe pençeleri iyi bir görünüm veriyor şekilde silindirin önünde kamerayı yerleştirin. </li><li> taşıma kutusunda sıçan yerleştirin. Not: Hayvanlar stresi önlemek için test öncesi deneyci tarafından ele alınmalıdır. </li><li> taşıma kutusunu kullanarak silindire ev kafes sıçan taşıyın. </li><li> Silindir (Şekil 3) sıçan yerleştirin. <ol><li> Her zaman faaliyette sirkadiyen farklılıkları önlemek için günün aynı anda tüm davranışsal testler. hayvan kablo ile uyaran jeneratör bağlıysa kablo deney sırasında bükülmüş olmadığından emin olun. </li></ol></li><li> kamerada &quot;kayıt&quot; düğmesine basın. Deney ve kameraya sıçan kimlik numarası gerçek tarih ile kart göster. Kayda başla. </li><li> Beş dakika sonra, silindir hayvan kaldırmak ve taşıma kutusunu kullanarak ev kafes içine geri koymak. </li><li> Bir% 0.1 asetik asit solüsyonu ile silindirini. </li><li> Sağ ve sol pençe duvar kişileri (yüzde pençe kullanımı) yanı sıra r sayarak kaydedilen videodan pençe kullanımının değerlendirilmesiküpe (veya silindir duvarına destek olmadan arka pençeleri üzerinde duran). silindir testi aynı zamanda bir uygun yazılım tarafından otomatik olarak değerlendirilebilir. Not: Sağlıklı bir sıçan eşit iki patilerini kullanır. hemiparkinsonian sıçan daha az ölçüde bir lezyon nedeniyle etkilenen pençe kullanır. </li></ol> 2. Merdiven Testi (Şekil 4) <ol><li> Toplama Aşaması <ol><li> antrenman öncesinde bir gün merdiven testte kullanılan pelet hayvanları tanımak. <ol><li> İsteğe bağlı: hayvanın motivasyon (ücretsiz beslenme seviyesinin 16% 90 vücut ağırlığını korumak için standart laboratuvar chow 10-15 g) bir diyet kısıtlaması kullanmak artırmak için. Ancak, bu olumlu bir eğitim etkiyi elde etmek zorunlu değildir. Bu çalışma, gıda kısıtlama olmaksızın yapılmıştır. </li></ol></li><li> Bir şeffaf plastik cam merdiven kutu hazırlayın (yükseklik: 34.5 cm, uzunluk: 35.5 cm, genişlik: 12 cm ve dar bölme 6 cm)% 0.1 ac kutuyu temizleyerekasetik asit çözeltisi. Not: merdiven kutusu yükseltilmiş platform ve dar bölmesinde iki merdiven ile bir iki bölmeli-kutusudur. dar bölmesindeki merdivenlerde sol adımlar, sadece sol pençe sadece sağ pençe ile doğru adımlar ulaşılabilir. Not: kapaksız yüksek kutusuna, kablo ile uyarılmış sıçan deneyleri için kullanılacak ise, standart bir merdiven kutuları, bir kapak ile iki bölme oluşur. </li><li> merdiven çıkarın ve sekiz 45 mg pelet her adımda kuyu doldurun. </li><li> merdiven yerleştirin ve artan platformda sekiz ek pelet koydu. </li><li> taşıma kutusunda sıçan yerleştirin. </li><li> taşıma kutusunu kullanarak merdiven kutusuna ev kafes sıçan taşıyın. </li><li> Merdiven kutusuna siçana (Şekil 5) yerleştirin. </li><li> Beş dakika sonra, merdiven kutusundan hayvan kaldırmak ve taşıma kutusunu kullanarak ev kafes içine geri koymak. </li><li> kaç Notpelet sağ ve sol merdiven platformu ve (sonunda) den yemiş bulundu. </li><li> Sekiz 45 mg pelet her adımda kuyu doldurarak merdiven doldurun. </li><li> Bir% 0.1 asetik asit solüsyonu ile merdiven kutusu temiz ve platform ek granül yerleştirin. </li><li> Bu yordamı (satın alma aşaması) üst üste üç gün tekrarlayın. Not: erkek Sprague Dawley fareleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir tarif edilen tüm deneyler. Farklı eğitim modülleri süresi farklı suşu, cinsiyet ve işportacı ve sıçanlarda farklı olabilir. </li></ol></li><li> Özgür Seçim Testi <ol><li> Bir% 0.1 asetik asit solüsyonu ile merdiven kutusu temizleyin. </li><li> merdiven çıkarın ve sekiz 45 mg pelet her adımda kuyu doldurun. </li><li> taşıma kutusunda sıçan yerleştirin. </li><li> taşıma kutusunu kullanarak merdiven kutusuna ev kafes sıçan taşıyın. </li><li> merdiven kutusunda sıçan yerleştirin. </li><li> Beş dakika sonra, merdiven hayvan kaldırmakvaka kutusu ve taşıma kutusunu kullanarak ev kafes içine geri koymak. sağ ve sol merdivenden yemiş kaç topaklar unutmayın. </li><li> Not: Hayvanlar hala pelet açgözlü ile ilgili sorunlar varsa, onlar kolayca ulaşılabilir platformda biraz daha ekleyin. </li><li> Sekiz 45 mg pelet her adımda kuyu doldurarak merdiven doldurun. </li><li> Bir sonraki bir hayvan için% 0.1 asetik asit solüsyonu ile merdiven kutusu temizleyin. </li><li> Bu yordamı (özgür seçim aşaması) üst üste üç gün tekrarlayın. Not: sunulan sonuçlar modüller arasında bir dinlenme süresi olmadan yapılan eğitim ile elde edilmiştir. Bazı gruplar eğitim sürecini desteklemek için, konsolidasyon için bir dinlenme günü tercih ederim. </li></ol></li><li> Zorla Seçmeli Test <ol><li> Bir% 0.1 asetik asit solüsyonu ile merdiven kutusu temizleyin. </li><li> merdiven çıkarın ve sekiz (modülün ilk üç gün) ya da dört (ardışık thr sol merdiven her adım kuyu doldurmakmodülü) 45 mg pelet EE gün. <ol><li> değer düşüklüğü meydana gelecektir tarafında, zorunlu seçim testi yapın. Not: sağ hemisfer üzerinde Parkinson lezyonu yapmak ve bu nedenle seçici sol pençe tren. </li></ol></li><li> taşıma kutusunda sıçan yerleştirin. </li><li> taşıma kutusunu kullanarak merdiven kutusuna ev kafes sıçan taşıyın. </li><li> merdiven kutusunda sıçan yerleştirin. </li><li> Beş dakika sonra, merdiven kutusundan hayvan kaldırmak ve taşıma kutusunu kullanarak ev kafes içine geri koymak. </li><li> Sol merdiven yemiş kaç topaklar unutmayın. </li><li> Sekiz ya da dört 45 mg pelet (pelet sayısı eğitim gününde bağlıdır) her adımda kuyu doldurarak merdiven doldurun. </li><li> Bir sonraki bir hayvan için% 0.1 asetik asit solüsyonu ile merdiven kutusu temizleyin. </li><li> Bu yordamı (zorunlu seçim aşaması) üst üste altı gün tekrarlayın. </li></ol></li><li> Veri toplama <ol> &lt;İki gün üst üste (sol merdiven de her dört pelet) zorunlu seçim modülü için tarif edildiği gibi li&gt; deney yapın. İki gün ortalama olarak başarı oranını (yemiş pelet sayısı) hesaplayın. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Fasano, A., Lozano, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+for+movement+disorders:+2015+and+beyond.">Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders: 2015 and beyond.</a> Current opinion in neurology. , (2015).</li><li>McIntyre, C. C., Savasta, M., Kerkerian-Le Goff, L., Vitek, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uncovering+the+mechanism(s)+of+action+of+deep+brain+stimulation:+activation,+inhibition,+or+both.">Uncovering the mechanism(s) of action of deep brain stimulation: activation, inhibition, or both.</a> Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 115, 1239-1248 (2004).</li><li>Deniau, J. M., Degos, B., Bosch, C., Maurice, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+mechanisms:+beyond+the+concept+of+local+functional+inhibition.">Deep brain stimulation mechanisms: beyond the concept of local functional inhibition.</a> The European journal of neuroscience. 32, 1080-1091 (2010).</li><li>Modolo, J., Legros, A., Thomas, A. W., Beuter, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Model-driven+therapeutic+treatment+of+neurological+disorders:+reshaping+brain+rhythms+with+neuromodulation.">Model-driven therapeutic treatment of neurological disorders: reshaping brain rhythms with neuromodulation.</a> Interface focus. 1, 61-74 (2011).</li><li>Groppa, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiological+and+anatomical+decomposition+of+subthalamic+neurostimulation+effects+in+essential+tremor.">Physiological and anatomical decomposition of subthalamic neurostimulation effects in essential tremor.</a> Brain : a journal of neurology. 137, 109-121 (2014).</li><li>Reich, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short+pulse+width+widens+the+therapeutic+window+of+subthalamic+neurostimulation.">Short pulse width widens the therapeutic window of subthalamic neurostimulation.</a> Annals of clinical and translational neurology. 2, 427-432 (2015).</li><li>Blandini, F., Armentero, M. T., Martignoni, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+6-hydroxydopamine+model:+news+from+the+past.">The 6-hydroxydopamine model: news from the past.</a> Parkinsonism &amp; related disorders. 14, 124-129 (2008).</li><li>Bove, J., Perier, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurotoxin-based+models+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Neurotoxin-based models of Parkinson's disease.</a> Neuroscience. 211, 51-76 (2012).</li><li>Metz, G. A., Tse, A., Ballermann, M., Smith, L. K., Fouad, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+unilateral+6-OHDA+rat+model+of+Parkinson's+disease+revisited:+an+electromyographic+and+behavioural+analysis.">The unilateral 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease revisited: an electromyographic and behavioural analysis.</a> The European journal of neuroscience. 22, 735-744 (2005).</li><li>Miklyaeva, E. I., Castaneda, E., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skilled+reaching+deficits+in+unilateral+dopamine-depleted+rats:+impairments+in+movement+and+posture+and+compensatory+adjustments.">Skilled reaching deficits in unilateral dopamine-depleted rats: impairments in movement and posture and compensatory adjustments.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 14, 7148-7158 (1994).</li><li>Li, X. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-frequency+stimulation+of+the+subthalamic+nucleus+restores+neural+and+behavioral+functions+during+reaction+time+task+in+a+rat+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus restores neural and behavioral functions during reaction time task in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Journal of neuroscience research. 88, 1510-1521 (2010).</li><li>Darbaky, Y., Forni, C., Amalric, M., Baunez, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+frequency+stimulation+of+the+subthalamic+nucleus+has+beneficial+antiparkinsonian+effects+on+motor+functions+in+rats,+but+less+efficiency+in+a+choice+reaction+time+task.">High frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus has beneficial antiparkinsonian effects on motor functions in rats, but less efficiency in a choice reaction time task.</a> The European journal of neuroscience. 18, 951-956 (2003).</li><li>Fang, X., Sugiyama, K., Akamine, S., Namba, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvements+in+motor+behavioral+tests+during+deep+brain+stimulation+of+the+subthalamic+nucleus+in+rats+with+different+degrees+of+unilateral+parkinsonism.">Improvements in motor behavioral tests during deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in rats with different degrees of unilateral parkinsonism.</a> Brain research. 1120, 202-210 (2006).</li><li>Lindemann, C., Krauss, J. K., Schwabe, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+of+the+subthalamic+nucleus+in+the+6-hydroxydopamine+rat+model+of+Parkinson's+disease:+effects+on+sensorimotor+gating.">Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease: effects on sensorimotor gating.</a> Behavioural brain research. 230, 243-250 (2012).</li><li>Schallert, T., Fleming, S. M., Leasure, J. L., Tillerson, J. L., Bland, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CNS+plasticity+and+assessment+of+forelimb+sensorimotor+outcome+in+unilateral+rat+models+of+stroke,+cortical+ablation,+parkinsonism+and+spinal+cord+injury.">CNS plasticity and assessment of forelimb sensorimotor outcome in unilateral rat models of stroke, cortical ablation, parkinsonism and spinal cord injury.</a> Neuropharmacology. 39, 777-787 (2000).</li><li>Montoya, C. P., Campbell-Hope, L. J., Pemberton, K. D., Dunnett, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+'staircase+test':+a+measure+of+independent+forelimb+reaching+and+grasping+abilities+in+rats.">The 'staircase test': a measure of independent forelimb reaching and grasping abilities in rats.</a> Journal of neuroscience. 36, 219-228 (1991).</li><li>Kloth, V., Klein, A., Loettrich, D., Nikkhah, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colour-coded+pellets+increase+the+sensitivity+of+the+staircase+test+to+differentiate+skilled+forelimb+performances+of+control+and+6-hydroxydopamine+lesioned+rats.">Colour-coded pellets increase the sensitivity of the staircase test to differentiate skilled forelimb performances of control and 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats.</a> Brain research bulletin. 70, 68-80 (2006).</li><li>Fluri, F., Volkmann, J., Kleinschnitz, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microelectrode+guided+implantation+of+electrodes+into+the+subthalamic+nucleus+of+rats+for+long-term+deep+brain+stimulation.">Microelectrode guided implantation of electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus of rats for long-term deep brain stimulation.</a> JoVE. , (2015).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Watson, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The rat brain in stereotactic coordinates. , (2008).</li><li>Nikkhah, G., Rosenthal, C., Hedrich, H. J., Samii, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+acquisition+and+full+performance+in+skilled+forelimb+use+as+measured+by+the+'staircase+test'+in+five+rat+strains.">Differences in acquisition and full performance in skilled forelimb use as measured by the 'staircase test' in five rat strains.</a> Behavioural brain research. 92, 85-95 (1998).</li><li>Angelov, S. D., Dietrich, C., Krauss, J. K., Schwabe, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Deep+Brain+Stimulation+in+Rats+Selectively+Bred+for+Reduced+Prepulse+Inhibition.">Effect of Deep Brain Stimulation in Rats Selectively Bred for Reduced Prepulse Inhibition.</a> Brain stimulation. , (2014).</li><li>de Haas, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wireless+implantable+micro-stimulation+device+for+high+frequency+bilateral+deep+brain+stimulation+in+freely+moving+mice.">Wireless implantable micro-stimulation device for high frequency bilateral deep brain stimulation in freely moving mice.</a> Journal of neuroscience methods. 209, 113-119 (2012).</li><li>Heo, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fully+Implantable+Deep+Brain+Stimulation+System+with+Wireless+Power+Transmission+for+Long-term+Use+in+Rodent+Models+of+Parkinson's+Disease.">Fully Implantable Deep Brain Stimulation System with Wireless Power Transmission for Long-term Use in Rodent Models of Parkinson's Disease.</a> Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society. 57, 152-158 (2015).</li><li>Gut, N. K., Winn, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+of+different+pedunculopontine+targets+in+a+novel+rodent+model+of+parkinsonism.">Deep brain stimulation of different pedunculopontine targets in a novel rodent model of parkinsonism.</a> J. Neurosci. 35, 4792-4803 (2015).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Gorny, B., Foroud, A., Kleim, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-Evans+and+Sprague-Dawley+rats+have+similar+skilled+reaching+success+and+limb+representations+in+motor+cortex+but+different+movements:+some+cautionary+insights+into+the+selection+of+rat+strains+for+neurobiological+motor+research.">Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats have similar skilled reaching success and limb representations in motor cortex but different movements: some cautionary insights into the selection of rat strains for neurobiological motor research.</a> Behavioural brain research. 145, 221-232 (2003).</li><li>Honndorf, S., Lindemann, C., Tollner, K., Gernert, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Female+Wistar+rats+obtained+from+different+breeders+vary+in+anxiety-like+behavior+and+epileptogenesis.">Female Wistar rats obtained from different breeders vary in anxiety-like behavior and epileptogenesis.</a> Epilepsy research. 94, 26-38 (2011).</li><li>Jadavji, N. M., Metz, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+differences+in+skilled+movement+in+response+to+restraint+stress+and+recovery+from+stress.">Sex differences in skilled movement in response to restraint stress and recovery from stress.</a> Behavioural brain research. 195, 251-259 (2008).</li><li>Kucker, S., Tollner, K., Piechotta, M., Gernert, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kindling+as+a+model+of+temporal+lobe+epilepsy+induces+bilateral+changes+in+spontaneous+striatal+activity.">Kindling as a model of temporal lobe epilepsy induces bilateral changes in spontaneous striatal activity.</a> Neurobiology of disease. 37, 661-672 (2010).</li><li>Smith, L. K., Metz, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dietary+restriction+alters+fine+motor+function+in+rats.">Dietary restriction alters fine motor function in rats.</a> Physiology &amp; behavior. 85, 581-592 (2005).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Bu makalede, silindir ve merdiven testi için ayrıntılı bir eğitim protokolü açıklanır. İkincisi nedeniyle vasıflı sıçanlarda 16,17 ulaşan karmaşık kavrama davranış ve ince motor hareketlerini değerlendirmek için tasarlanmıştır. sonuç ölçümü objektif bir ölçümü olan test boyunca yemiş pelet sayısı olarak ifade edilir. Protokol, Parkinson hastalığı ve diğer motor hastalığı modellerinde sıçan modellerinde kullanılabilir. silindir testi sıçanlarda pençe kullanımı...

Subtalamik çekirdek (STN) Derin beyin stimülasyonu Parkinson hastalığı 1 ve diğer hareket bozukluklarının için etkili bir tedavi seçeneğidir. Altta yatan mekanizmalar hala tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır ve çok faktörlü, ama önemli bir özelliği uyarıcı elektrot 2-4 civarında akson tekrarlayan depolarizasyon nöronal ağ etkinliğinin modülasyonu olduğunu vardır. Yüksek frekanslı (&gt; 100 Hz) stimülasyonu beyin hedefleri ve DBS belirtiler için yararlı bir etki için gereklidir. stimülasyon hacmi kapsadığı ve diğer liflerin, yanlışlıkla koaktivasyonuna derin beyin stimülasyonu sonucu yan etkileri gibi piramidal yolu olarak farklı işlevler, işine yaramak. Bu nedenle, yan etki elemanları 5,6 Koaktivasyon kaçınarak, tercihen faydalı bir nöral elemanlar aktive uyarım parametrelerinin geliştirilmesi istenebilecektir. neurophysiology örneğin ince Modifiye sunabilir rağmenprogramlama stratejileri öncelikle oldukça nörofizyolojik fikir kullanmak yerine, piyasada mevcut DBS cihazların sınırlı programlama seçenekleri ile hastaların &quot;deneme-yanılma&quot; ile değerlendirilen ve kısıtlı olmasından dolayı DBS ng seçenekleri, bilimsel ilerleme, son yirmi yılda en az olmuştur ve sistematik tam parametre alanı keşfetmek için deneysel ayarları tanımlı. Biz önce klinik keşif Parkinsonizmin kemirgen modellerinde alternatif uyarım parametrelerini ekrana bir protokol öneriyoruz DBS araştırma translasyonel barikat aşmak için. Sıçanlarda tek taraflı Parkinson hastalığı sağ medial ön beyin demeti 7,8 içine 6-hidroksidopamin enjeksiyonları kullanılarak modellenmiştir. Elde edilen lezyon, hemiparkinsonian olarak ayrıca tarif, tirozin hidroksilaz immunohist düşük doz apomorfin enjeksiyonundan sonra rotasyon puanı değerlendirilmesi ile apomorfin testinde değerlendirilir ve onaylanır ölüm sonrasıochemistry. Düşük mortalite ve morbidite taşırken yöntemi uygulamak kolay ve son derece tekrarlanabilir. Elde edilen motorlu açıkları 7,8 çok ayrık; hayvanlar kendiliğinden keşif ve karmaşık kavrama hem davranış 9,10 sırasında karşı taraftaki sol pençe hafif bir bozulma gösterirler. Motor performansında hızlı ve güvenilir bir değişim ölçüm izin ve farklı nörostimülasyon ayarları ile zamanla tekrar edilebilir testler gereklidir derin beyin stimülasyonu protokollerinin etkinliğini değerlendirmek için. Çeşitli gruplar son derece değişken ve tutarsız sonuçlar 11-14 sıçanlarda 11 motor fonksiyonlarını değerlendirmek için farklı stimülasyon yaklaşımları ve farklı testler önerdi. Bu geçerlilik ve tamamlayıcılık predict yüksek olan testlerin bir dizi seçmek için bizi zorladı. Ayrıca, derin beyin stimülasyonu koşullarında motorun sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi için, testler ani tarafından icra edilebilecek olan tercih edildimals uyaran jeneratör kablo ile bağlı. Bu amaçla biz pençe kullanım asimetri için bir test ve yetenekli ulaşmak için bir test oluşan test pili kurdu. Çalışmanın tasarımı, Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. Spontan pençe kullanım için biz dikey keşif sırasında pençe kullanım için yaygın olarak kullanılan bir testtir Shallert 15, tarif silindir testi uygulandı. hayvan Hiçbir eğitim gereklidir. Daha karmaşık kavrama davranışının değerlendirilmesi için biz Montoya 16 göre merdiven testi kurdu. Bizim protokol KLOTH 17&#39;ye göre modifiye edilir. fareler test kutusundan pelet ulaşmada on iki gün süre ile yetiştirilmektedir. eğitimden sonra deney yemiş pelet sayısı olarak tarif edilen bir başarı oranı sayarak karmaşık kavrama davranışı ölçülmesi için tatbik edilebilir. makale beh merdiven kutusunda detaylı eğitimi yanı sıra hem performansını sunarnaif, hemiparkinsonian ve derin beyin stimülasyonu koşullarında avioral testler.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Staircase box witout lid</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Glas Keil, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cylinder box</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Glas Keil, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dustless precision pellets, 45 mg</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bio Serv</td>
			<td>F0021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel approach to assess motor outcome of deep brain stimulation effects in the hemiparkinsonian rat: staircase and cylinder test

subtalamik nükleus derin beyin stimülasyonu Parkinson hastalığı için etkili bir tedavi seçeneğidir. Laboratuvarda biz hemiparkinsonian (tek taraflı lezyonlu) sıçanlarda farklı nörostimülasyon desenleri ekrana bir protokol kurdu. Kablo bağlı harici nörostimülasyon 24 saat süreleri sonunda motorlu sonuçları, sağ medial ön beyin demeti içine 6-hidroksidopamin (6-OHDA) enjekte subtalamik çekirdek içine kronik stimülasyon elektrotlar implante ve değerlendirerek tek taraflı Parkinson lezyon oluşturma oluşur . stimülasyon sabit akım uyarımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. genlik yan etkileri bireysel eşiğin altına% 20 kuruldu. Motor sonuç değerlendirme Shallert ve Montoya göre merdiven testinde ulaşan yetenekli değerlendirilmesi ile uygun silindir testi spontan pençe kullanımının değerlendirilmesi yapıldı. Bu protokol detaylı merdiven kutusuna eğitim açıklanır, cylinder testi, hem de hemiparkinsonian sıçanlarda hem de kullanımı. merdiven testi ince motor beceri düşüklüğü için daha duyarlı gibi görünüyor ve nörostimülasyon sırasında değiştirmek için daha fazla hassasiyet sergileyen çünkü her iki testin kullanımı gereklidir. tek taraflı Parkinson modeli ve iki davranış testleri kombinasyonu standart bir şekilde farklı stimülasyon parametreleri değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır.

Bütün hayvanlar dopaminerjik lezyon ve elektrot konumu hem de bir post mortem histolojik doğrulama yapıldı. STN içinde doğru elektrot yerleştirme (Şekil 6) ve tam dopaminerjik lezyon (&gt; substantia nigra dopaminerjik nöronların% 90 kaybı) ile sadece hayvanların sonuç bölümünde (Şekil 7) içine alındı. lezyonlu koşul altında gerçekleştirilen silindir testi lezyonlu sol...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test at JoVE.com

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for Parkinson's disease. We established a study design to screen novel stimulation paradigms in rats. The protocol describes the use of the staircase test and cylinder test for motor outcome assessment in DBS treated hemiparkinsonian rats.

Merdiven ve Silindir Testi: Yeni Bir Yaklaşım Hemiparkinsonian Rat Derin beyin stimülasyonu Etkileri Motor Sonuçlarını Değerlendirmek için

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to ...

a-novel-approach-to-assess-motor-outcome-deep-brain-stimulation

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

14.6K Görüntüleme.  University Hospital Wuerzburg. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for Parkinson's disease. We established a study design to screen novel stimulation paradigms in rats. The protocol describes the use of the staircase test and cylinder test for motor outcome assessment in DBS treated hemiparkinsonian rats.

Video: A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

Stereotactic Injection of MicroRNA-expressing Lentiviruses to the Mouse Hippocampus CA1 Region and Assessment of the Behavioral Outcome

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory single-stranded RNA molecules around 22 nucleotides long that may each target numerous mRNA transcripts and dim an entire gene expression pathway by inducing destruction and/or inhibiting translation of these targets. Several miRNAs play key roles in maintaining neuronal structure and function and in higher-level brain functions, and methods are sought for manipulating their levels for exploring these functions. Here, we present a direct in vivo method for examining the cognitive consequences of enforced miRNAs excess in mice by stereotactic injection of miRNA-encoding virus particles. Specifically, the current protocol involves injection into the hippocampal CA1 region, which contributes to mammalian memory consolidation, learning, and stress responses, and offers a convenient injection site. The coordinates are measured according to the mouse bregma and virus perfusion is digitally controlled and kept very slow. After injection, the surgery wound is sealed and the animals recover. Lentiviruses encoding silencers of the corresponding mRNA targets serve to implicate the specific miRNA/target interaction responsible for the observed effect, with na&iuml;ve mice, mice injected with saline and mice injected with "empty" lentivirus vectors as controls. One month post-injection, the animals are examined in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) for assessing their navigation learning and memory abilities. The MWM is a round tank filled with colored water with a small platform submerged 1 cm below the water surface. Steady visual cues around the tank allow for spatial navigation (sound and the earth's magnetic field may also assist the animals in navigating). Video camera monitoring enables measuring the route of swim and the time to find and amount the platform. The mouse is first taught that mounting the hidden platform offers an escape from the enforced swimming; it is then tested for using this escape and finally, the platform is removed and probe tests examine if the mouse remembers its previous location. Repeated tests over several consecutive days highlight improved performance of tested mice at shorter latencies to find and mount the platform, and as more direct routes to reach the platform or its location. Failure to show such improvement represents impaired learning and memory and/or anxiety, which may then be tested specifically (e.g. in the elevated plus maze). This approach enables validation of specific miRNAs and target transcripts in the studied cognitive and/or stress-related processes.

MicroRNAs have significant roles in brain structure and function. Here we describe a method to enforce hippocampal miRNA over-expression using stereotactic injection of an engineered miRNA-expressing lentivirus. This approach can serve as a relatively rapid way to assess the in vivo effects of over-expressed miRNAs in specific brain regions.

Bir Stereotaktik Enjeksiyon MicroRNA-ifade Fare Hippocampus CA1 Bölgesi Lentiviruses ve Davranış Sonuç Değerlendirilmesi

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory single-stranded RNA molecules around 22 nucleotides long that may each target numerous mRNA transcripts and dim an ...

Davranış

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal communication, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interest. As diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, any potentially relevant rodent models of this heterogeneous disorder should ideally recapitulate these diverse behavioral traits. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse is an established animal model of ASD, displaying repetitive behaviors such as increased grooming, as well as cognitive inflexibility. With respect to social interaction and interest, the juvenile play test has been employed in multiple rodent models of ASD. Here, we show that when BTBR mice are tested in a juvenile social interaction enclosure containing sawdust bedding, they display a repetitive synchronous digging motion. This repetitive motor behavior, referred to as &#34;inchworming,&#34; was named because of the stereotypic nature of the movements exhibited by the mice while moving horizontally across the floor. Inchworming mice must use their fore- and hind-limbs in synchrony to displace the bedding, performing a minimum of one inward and one outward motion. Although both BTBR and C56BL/6J (B6) mice exhibit this behavior, BTBR mice demonstrate a significantly higher duration and frequency of inchworming and a decreased latency to initiate inchworming when placed in a bedded enclosure. We conclude that this newly described behavior provides a measure of a repetitive motor stereotypy that can be easily measured in animal models of ASD.

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Inchworming is a highly repetitive synchronous digging motion displayed by BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice when placed in a testing cage with sufficient sawdust bedding. The procedure is a modification of the juvenile social interaction protocol and is used here to assess repetitive motor stereotypies relevant to Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Inchworming: BTBR A Novel Motor Stereotipi<em&gt; T<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Itpr3<sup&gt; Tf</sup</emOtizm&gt; / J Fare Modeli

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal ...

Paw-Dragging: a Novel, Sensitive Analysis of the Mouse Cylinder Test

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore by rearing and touching the walls of the cylinder with their forelimb paws for postural support. Following ischemic injury to the forelimb sensorimotor cortex, rats rely more heavily on their unaffected forelimb paw for postural support resulting in fewer touches with their affected paw which is termed forelimb asymmetry. In contrast, focal ischemic damage in the mouse brain fails to result in comparable consistent deficits in forelimb asymmetry. While forelimb asymmetry deficits are infrequently observed, mice do demonstrate a novel behaviour post stroke termed &#8220;paw-dragging&#8221;. Paw-dragging is the tendency for a mouse to drag its affected paw along the cylinder wall rather than directly push off from the wall when dismounting from a rear to a four-legged stance. We have previously demonstrated that paw-dragging behaviour is highly sensitive to small cortical ischemic injuries to the forelimb motor cortex. Here we provide a detailed protocol for paw-dragging analysis. We define what a paw-drag is and demonstrate how to quantify paw-dragging behaviour. The cylinder test is a simple and inexpensive test to administer and does not require pre-training or food deprivation strategies. In using paw-dragging analysis with the cylinder test, it fills a niche for predicting cortical ischemic injuries such as photothrombosis and Endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced ischemia &#8211; two models that are ever-increasing in popularity and produce smaller focal injuries than middle cerebral artery occlusion. Finally, measuring paw-dragging behaviour in the cylinder test will allow studies of functional recovery after cortical injury using a wide cohort of transgenic mouse strains where previous forelimb asymmetry analysis has failed to detect consistent deficits.

Classical forelimb asymmetry analysis of the cylinder test is routinely used to assess behavioural deficits in rats following brain injury or stroke; however, it fails to detect consistent deficits in mice. This study demonstrates that quantifying paw-dragging behaviour is a more sensitive analysis of brain injury in mice.

Paw-sürükleme: Bir Roman, Fare Silindir Test Hassas Analizi

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a tool to induce targeted synaptic plasticity in the forebrain to modify a range of behaviors. This protocol describes how to implement VNS to facilitate the consolidation of fear extinction memory.

Aracı Olarak vagus sinir stimülasyonu Extinction Öğrenme İlgili Pathways Plastisitesi tetikleyebilecek

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration

Substance use disorders, particularly to methamphetamine, are devastating, relapsing diseases that disproportionally affect young people. There is a need for novel, effective and practical treatment strategies that are validated in animal models. Neuromodulation, including deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy, refers to the use of electricity to influence pathological neuronal activity and has shown promise for psychiatric disorders, including drug dependence. DBS in clinical practice involves the continuous delivery of stimulation into brain structures using an implantable pacemaker-like system that is programmed externally by a physician to alleviate symptoms. This treatment will be limited in methamphetamine users due to challenging psychosocial situations. Electrical treatments that can be delivered intermittently, non-invasively and remotely from the drug-use setting will be more realistic. This article describes the delivery of intracranial electrical stimulation that is temporally and spatially separate from the drug-use environment for the treatment of IV methamphetamine dependence. Methamphetamine dependence is rapidly developed in rodents using an operant paradigm of intravenous (IV) self-administration that incorporates a period of extended access to drug and demonstrates both escalation of use and high motivation to obtain drug.

This article describes the delivery of intracranial electrical stimulation that is temporally and spatially separate from the drug-use environment for the treatment of IV methamphetamine dependence.

İntravenöz Metamfetamin Self-İdaresi Derin Beyin Stimülasyonu Etkileri değerlendirilmesi için Genel Bir Yöntem

Substance use disorders, particularly to methamphetamine, are devastating, relapsing diseases that disproportionally affect young people.  There is a need ...

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental paradigms and analysis tools have been limited to constrained laboratory tasks and contexts due to technical limitations imposed by the available set of measuring and analysis techniques and the age of the subjects. These limitations severely limit the study of developmental neural dynamics and associated neural networks engaged in cognition, perception and action in infants performing &#8220;in action and in context&#8221;. This protocol presents a novel approach to study infants and young children as they freely organize their own behavior, and its consequences in a complex, partly unpredictable and highly dynamic environment. The proposed methodology integrates synchronized high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG), inertial measurement units (IMUs), video recording and behavioral analysis to capture brain activity and movement non-invasively in freely-behaving infants. This setup allows for the study of neural network dynamics in the developing brain, in action and context, as these networks are recruited during goal-oriented, exploration and social interaction tasks.

This protocol presents a novel methodology for the neural decoding of intent from freely-behaving infants during unscripted social interaction with an actor. Neural activity is acquired using non-invasive high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Kinematic data is collected with inertial measurement units and supplemented with synchronized video recording.

İnsan Bebekler Serbestçe-davrandığını Sosyal Etkileşim sırasında Niyet Multimodal Sinir Coded Yeni Bir Deneysel ve Analitik Bir Yaklaşım

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental ...

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, which is unlike the protocols used for human subjects. We report a successful application of rTMS to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain. The rTMS was delivered with a low-frequency (1 Hz), high-frequency (20 Hz), or sham stimulation protocol to one side of the brain by using a small 25-mm figure-8 coil. We placed the center of the coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulated the coil 45&#176; to the ground to minimize a potential direct effect of rTMS on the contralateral cortex. We also used an in-house water cooling system to enable repetitive magnetic stimulation for more than 20 min, even at a 20-Hz stimulation frequency. Increases in the transcriptions of immediate early genes (Arc, Junb, and Egr2) were greater after rTMS than after sham stimulation. After 5 consecutive days of 20-min 1-Hz rTMS, bdnf mRNA expression was significantly higher in stimulated cortex than in contralateral side. The model presented herein will elucidate the molecular mechanisms of rTMS by allowing analysis of the inter-hemispheric difference in its effect.

We applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain, by placing a 25-mm figure-8 coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulating the coil by 45&#176;. An in-house water cooling system was used for rTMS for more than 20 min.

Sıçan Beyin Tek Taraflı Yarımküre için Transkraniyal Manyetik Uyarım

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, ...

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: STW). Thus, in clinical rehabilitation separation of sit-to-stand and gait initiation - termed sit-to-stand-and-walk (STSW) - is usual. However, a standardized STSW protocol with a clearly defined analytical approach suitable for pathological assessment has yet to be defined.
Hence, a goal-orientated protocol is defined that is suitable for healthy and compromised individuals by requiring the rising phase to be initiated from 120% knee height with a wide base of support independent of lead limb. Optical capture of three-dimensional (3D) segmental movement trajectories, and force platforms to yield two-dimensional (2D) center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories permit tracking of the horizontal distance between COP and whole-body-center-of-mass (BCOM), the decrease of which increases positional stability but is proposed to represent poor dynamic postural control.
BCOM-COP distance is expressed with and without normalization to subjects&#39; leg length. Whilst COP-BCOM distances vary through STSW, normalized data at the key movement events of seat-off and initial toe-off (TO1) during steps 1 and 2 have low intra and inter subject variability in 5 repeated trials performed by 10 young healthy individuals. Thus, comparing COP-BCOM distance at key events during performance of an STSW paradigm between patients with upper motor neuron injury, or other compromised patient groups, and normative data in young healthy individuals is a novel methodology for evaluation of dynamic postural stability.

Here, we present a novel protocol to measure positional stability at key events during the sit-to-stand-to-walk using the center-of-pressure to the whole-body-center-of-mass distance. This was derived from the force platform and three-dimensional motion-capture technology. The paradigm is reliable and can be utilized for the assessment of neurologically compromised individuals.

Sit-to-stand ve-yürüyüş% 120 Diz Boy dan: A Novel Yaklaşım Dinamik Postural Kontrol Independent Kurşun bacağın değerlendirilmesi için

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: ...

Behavioral Disturbances: An Innovative Approach to Monitor the Modulatory Effects of a Nutraceutical Diet

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, the traditional ways to monitor behavioral changes in dogs are complicated and not efficient. In the current clinical evaluation, a new, simple monitoring system was used to assess the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the intense and restless activity of 24 dogs of different ages and breeds. This protocol describes how to easily and rapidly evaluate improvement in a set of symptoms related to generalized anxiety by using a specific sensor, a mobile phone app, a wireless router, and a computer. The results showed that dogs treated with specific diets showed significant improvement in the times spent active and at rest after 10 days (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively). These dogs also showed an overall significant improvement in clinical and behavioral symptoms. A specific sensor, along with its related hardware, was demonstrated to successfully monitor behavioral changes relating to movement in dogs.

We report a simple approach to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the daily activity and clinical and behavioral symptoms of dogs with evident behavioral disturbances.

Davranış bozuklukları: Bir Nutraceutical Diyet düzenleyici etkileri izlemek için Yenilikçi Bir Yaklaşım

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, ...

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants socially interact. Electroencephalography (EEG) power is an advantageous technique to assess infant functional neural activation. However, many studies record infant EEG only during one baseline condition. This protocol describes a paradigm that is designed to comprehensively assess infant EEG activity in both social and nonsocial contexts as well as tease apart how different types of social inputs differentially relate to infant EEG. The within-subjects paradigm includes four controlled conditions. In the nonsocial condition, infants view objects on computer screens. The joint attention condition involves an experimenter directing the infant's attention to pictures. The joint attention condition includes three types of social input: language, face-to-face interaction, and the presence of joint attention. Differences in infant EEG between the nonsocial and joint attention conditions could be due to any of these three types of input. Therefore, two additional conditions (one with language input while the experimenter is hidden behind a screen and one with face-to-face interaction) were included to assess the driving contextual factors in patterns of infant neural activation. Representative results demonstrate that infant EEG power varied by condition, both overall and differentially by brain region, supporting the functional nature of infant EEG power. This technique is advantageous in that it includes conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial and allows for examination of how specific types of social input relate to EEG power. This paradigm can be used to assess how individual differences in age, affect, socioeconomic status, and parent-infant interaction quality relate to the development of the social brain. Based on the demonstrated functional nature of infant EEG power, future studies should consider the role of EEG recording context and design conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial.

This novel protocol is designed to assess the neural bases of social interaction in infants. The paradigm is designed to tease apart how various social inputs such as language, joint attention, and face-to-face interaction relate to infant neural activation. Infant EEG power is recorded during both social and nonsocial conditions.

Bir içi konular Deneysel Protokol Bebek EEG Sosyal Input Etkilerinin Değerlendirmek için

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...