Biz Nicki Fox ve Aloisia Schmid, bu protokollerin gelişmesine yaptıkları katkılar için teşekkür ederiz. Bu çalışma, KZ, NS28182 bir NIH RO1 hibe tarafından desteklenmiştir.

<ol>
	<li>Patel, N. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+neuronal+subsets+and+other+cell+types+in+whole-mount+Drosophila+embryos+and+larvae+using+antibody+probes.">Imaging neuronal subsets and other cell types in whole-mount Drosophila embryos and larvae using antibody probes.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 44, 445-487 (1994).</li><li>Desai, C. J., Gindhart, J. G., Goldstein, L. S., Zinn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Receptor+tyrosine+phosphatases+are+required+for+motor+axon+guidance+in+the+Drosophila+embryo.">Receptor tyrosine phosphatases are required for motor axon guidance in the Drosophila embryo.</a> Cell. 84, 599-609 (1996).</li><li>Sun, Q., Schindelholz, B., Knirr, M., Schmid, A., Zinn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complex+genetic+interactions+among+four+receptor+tyrosine+phosphatases+regulate+axon+guidance+in+Drosophila.">Complex genetic interactions among four receptor tyrosine phosphatases regulate axon guidance in Drosophila.</a> Molecular and cellular neurosciences. 17, 274-291 (2001).</li><li>Schmid, A., Schindelholz, B., Zinn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combinatorial+RNAi:+a+method+for+evaluating+the+functions+of+gene+families+in+Drosophila.">Combinatorial RNAi: a method for evaluating the functions of gene families in Drosophila.</a> Trends in neurosciences. 25, 71-74 (2002).</li><li>Fox, A. N., Zinn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+heparan+sulfate+proteoglycan+syndecan+is+an+in+vivo+ligand+for+the+Drosophila+LAR+receptor+tyrosine+phosphatase.">The heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan is an in vivo ligand for the Drosophila LAR receptor tyrosine phosphatase.</a> Curr Biol. 15, 1701-1711 (2005).</li></ol>

Biz bu video gösteri artık kolayca Drosophila genetik ve embriyoloji bazı deneyimi olan herhangi bir kişi tarafından idam edilebilir canlı embriyo diseksiyon ve yeterli ayrıntıda boyama yöntemleri görüntülenir olduğunu umuyoruz. Tabii ki, öncelikle diseksiyonları kendileri için önemli bir uygulama hala gerekli olacaktır. Bizim tecrübelerimize göre, her canlı diseksiyon yöntemleri öğrenir kişi onu / onu en hızlı, yüksek kaliteli dizilmiş diseksiyonları üretmek için izin veren bir kurnazca farklı diseksiyon protokolü yaratacaktır. Bu süreç tam gelişmesi için ay gerektirir. Ancak, insanların çoğu uygulama birkaç hafta sonra, yüksek-kaliteli diseksiyonları üretebilirsiniz. Tarama için canlı diseksiyonları lehine olmasına rağmen, embriyonik gelişim evrelerinin daha geniş bir sabit diseksiyonu protokolleri uygulanabilir, çünkü, onlar, sabit diseksiyonları yerine olamaz. Örneğin, motor akson rehberlik fenotipleri için Df kiti analizi, biz filopodia dahil olmak üzere motor akson dalları, ayrıntıları geleneksel horseradish peroksidaz (HRP) immünohistokimyasal görselleştirme daha canlı fileto immunofluorescent boyama tarafından daha iyi görülebilmesi bulundu sabit filetosu (yüksek kaliteli HRP boyama örnekleri, laboratuvar web sayfamızı motor akson rehberlik astar). Ancak, 17 sahne başında daha büyük embriyolar SuperFrost sopa Ayrıca manikür gelişim nedeniyle slaytlar olmaz. Böylece, SNA gibi geç gelişen motor akson dalları için fenotipleri kantitatif analiz için, biz hala sabit diseksiyonları (AW ve ark. Hazırlanıyor) güveniyor. Şu anda, bu yöntemler sadece bizim grup tarafından birkaç problem olmuştur. Bunlar, merkezi sinir sistemi ve motor akson rehberlik kimlik, yetim reseptör ligand alan yeni genlerin tanımlanması ve fenotipik analiz ve özel mAbs tarafından tanınan epitoplar sentezi için gerekli olan genlerin belirlenmesi içerir. Ancak, diğer birçok uygulama bu yöntemleri Df kiti ve ektopik ifade toplama analizi ile birlikte, özellikle, öngörülen ya da diğer araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan koleksiyonlar olabilir. Örneğin, sentez, hücresel ifade desen, ya da yüksek kaliteli bir antikor ya da GFP muhabiri tarafından tespit edilebilir herhangi bir proteinin hücre içi lokalizasyonu için gerekli olan genler için sistematik bir ekran mümkün olmalıdır.

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<td>Borosilicate Tubing With Filament </td>
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<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
<td>BF120-60-10</td>
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<td>Narishige model PC-10 needle puller</td>
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<td>Narishige</td>
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live dissection of drosophila embryos: streamlined methods for screening mutant collections by antibody staining

Embriyonik gelişim aşamaları 14 ve 17 arasında Drosophila embriyolar &quot;fileto&quot; hazırlıkları kolayca oluşturmak için disseke edilebilir. Bu hazırlıkların, merkezi sinir sisteminin ortasında aşağı doğru akıyor ve beden duvarları ile çevrili. Birçok farklı fenotipleri Bu hazırlıkların kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Çoğu durumda, fileto antikor lekeli sabit tüm monte embriyoların diseksiyon tarafından üretildi. Bu &quot;sabit diseksiyonları&quot; Ancak, bazı dezavantajları var. Onlar çalıştırmak için zaman alıcı ve mutant (GFP-negatif) mutasyonlar GFP dengeleyici kromozom üzerinde tutulur stokları embriyolar sıralamak için zordur. 2002 yılından bu yana, bizim grup yetim reseptörlerine ligandlar tanımlamak için eksikliği ve ektopik ifade ekranlar yürütülmesi olmuştur. Bunu yapmak için, canlı embriyo diseksiyon ve dengeli hatları yüzlerce içeren koleksiyonlar antikor boyama aerodinamik protokolleri geliştirmiştir. Biz sabit diseksiyon ile daha canlı diseksiyon stoklarının büyük koleksiyonlarda fenotipleri incelemek için çok daha verimli olduğu sonucuna varmışlardır. Burada açıklanan protokol kullanarak, tek bir bileşik mikroskop altında inceleyerek her satırın 4-7 mutant embriyolar fenotipleri için gün başına 10 satır, eğitimli birey ekranı. Bu satır başına kadar 70 hemisegments 40X su daldırma lens ile yüksek büyütmede gol beri mutasyonlar, ince, düşük penetrans fenotipleri görüşmekte belirlenmesini sağlar.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Dissection of Drosophila Embryos: Streamlined Methods for Screening Mutant Collections by Antibody Staining at JoVE.com

Live Dissection of Drosophila Embryos: Streamlined Methods for Screening Mutant Collections by Antibody Staining

Biz belirli genotipler Drosophila embriyolar &quot;fileto&quot; hazırlıkları üretmek için akıcı bir protokol açıklar. Bu protokol, genetik ekranlardan çeşitli verimli bir şekilde yürütülmesini sağlar. Aynı zamanda geç embriyo yapıları mükemmel görselleştirme sağlar.

VE Canlı Diseksiyon Drosophila Embriyolar: Aerodinamik Antikor Boyama Mutant Koleksiyonlar Eleme Yöntemleri

Drosophila embryos between stages 14 and 17 of embryonic development can be readily dissected to generate "fillet" preparations.  In these preparations, ...

live-dissection-drosophila-embryos-streamlined-methods-for-screening

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Live Dissection of Drosophila Embryos: Streamlined Methods for Screening Mutant Collections by Antibody Staining

14.2K Görüntüleme.  California Institute of Technology. Biz belirli genotipler Drosophila embriyolar "fileto" hazırlıkları üretmek için akıcı bir protokol açıklar. Bu protokol, genetik ekranlardan çeşitli verimli bir şekilde yürütülmesini sağlar. Aynı zamanda geç embriyo yapıları mükemmel görselleştirme sağlar.

Video: Live Dissection of Drosophila Embryos: Streamlined Methods for Screening Mutant Collections by Antibody Staining

Dissection of Drosophila Ovaries

Drosophila Yumurtalıkların diseksiyonu

Biyoloji

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins.  Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity.  In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining.  In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS.  Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS.  If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle.  We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides.  We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS.  The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.

In this article we demonstrate how to dissect the central nervous system from third instar Drosophila larvae.

Drosophila melanogaster Larvaların MSS diseksiyonu

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

Dissection of 6.5 dpc Mouse Embryos

Analysis of gene expression patterns during early stages of mammalian embryonic development can provide important clues about gene function, cell-cell interaction and signaling mechanisms that guide embryonic patterning. However, dissection of the mouse embryo from the decidua shortly after implantation can be a challenging procedure, and detailed step-by-step documentation of this process is lacking.

Here we demonstrate how post-implantation (6.5 dpc) embryos are isolated by first dissecting the uterus of a pregnant mouse (detection of the vaginal plug was designated day 0.5 poist coitum) and subsequently dissecting the embryo from maternal decidua. The dissection of Reichert's membrane is described as well as the removal of the ectoplacental cone.

Isolation of postimplantation-stage embryos allows one to study gene patterning and analyze cell-lineage decision making processes during embryonic development, but proper dissection of the early embryo can be challenging. This protocol describes a method for isolating early primitive-streak-stage embryos (~6.5 days post coitum [dpc]).

6.5 DPC Fare Embriyolar diseksiyonu

Analysis of gene expression patterns during early stages of mammalian embryonic development can provide important clues about gene function, cell-cell ...

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying antibody expression in developing brain, neural tube and somite. This video demonstrates the different steps in whole-mount antibody staining using HRP conjugated secondary antibodies; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, endogenous peroxidase is inactivated; The embryo is then exposed to primary antibody. After several washes, the embryo is incubated with secondary antibody conjugated to HRP. Peroxidase activity is revealed using reaction with diaminobenzidine substrate. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for photography and sectioning. The advantage of this method over the use of fluorescent antibodies is that embryos can be processed for wax sectioning, thus enabling the study of antigen sites in cross section. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell 1.

This video demonstrates whole mount immunohistochemistry, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of an antigen can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell.

Chick Tüm Dağı Antikor Boyama Yöntemi

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Drosophila Larval NMJ Dissection

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use of the Drosophila motor system is due to its high accessibility. It can be analyzed with single-cell resolution. There are 30 muscles per hemisegment whose arrangement within the peripheral body wall are known. A total of 35 motor neurons attach to these muscles in a pattern that has high fidelity. Using molecular biology and genetics, one can create transgenic animals or mutants. Then, one can study the developmental consequences on the morphology and function of the NMJ. In order to access the NMJ for study, it is necessary to carefully dissect each larva. In this article we demonstrate how to properly dissect Drosophila larvae for study of the NMJ by removing all internal organs while leaving the body wall intact. This technique is suitable to prepare larvae for imaging, immunohistochemistry, or electrophysiology.

This protocol demonstrates how to dissect Drosophila larvae in preparation for immunohistochemistry and/or imaging of the neuromuscular junction.

Drosophila Larvaların NMJ Diseksiyon

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use ...

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as tissue morphogenesis, cell-cell adhesion, or cell death. Drosophila embryos expressing GFP are readily imaged using either stereoscopic or confocal microscopy. A goal of any live-imaging protocol is to minimize detrimental effects such as dehydration and hypoxia. Previous protocols for preparing Drosophila embryos for live-imaging analysis have involved placing dechorionated embryos in halocarbon oil and sandwiching them between a halocarbon gas-permeable membrane and a coverslip1-3. The introduction of compression through mounting embryos in this manner represents an undesirable complication for any biomechanical-based analysis of morphogenesis. Our method, which we call the hanging drop protocol, results in excellent viability of embryos during live imaging and does not require that embryos be compressed. Briefly, the hanging drop protocol involves the placement of embryos in a drop of halocarbon oil that is suspended from a coverslip, which is, in turn, fixed in position over a humid chamber. In addition to providing gas exchange and preventing dehydration, this arrangement takes advantage of the buoyancy of embryos in halocarbon oil to prevent them from drifting out of position during timelapse acquisition. This video describes in detail how to collect and prepare Drosophila embryos for live imaging using the hanging drop protocol. This protocol is suitable for imaging dechorionated embryos using stereomicroscopy or any upright compound fluorescence microscope.

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

A simple, inexpensive, and effective method of preparing Drosophila embryos for live-imaging analysis is presented. Our protocol provides humidity and gas exchange and does not compress the Drosophila embryo. This method is suitable for GFP-based live imaging of Drosophila embryos using a stereomicroscope or upright compound microscope.

Hazırlanması Drosophila</emAsma Bırak Protokolü kullanarak Canlı Görüntüleme> Embriyolar

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as ...

Preparation of Drosophila Polytene Chromosome Squashes for Antibody Labeling

Drosophila has long been a favorite model system for studying the relationship between chromatin structure and gene regulation due to the cytological advantages provided by the giant salivary gland polytene chromosomes of third instar larvae.  In this tissue the chromosomes undergo many rounds of replication in the absence of cell division giving rise to approximately 1000 copies.  The DNA remains aligned after each replicative cycle resulting in greatly enlarged chromosomes that provide a unique opportunity to correlate chromatin morphology with the localization of specific proteins.  Consequently, there has been a high level of interest in defining the epigenetic modifications present at different genes and at different stages of the transcription process. An important tool for such studies is the labeling of polytene chromosomes with antibodies to the enzyme, transcription factor, or histone modification of interest. This video protocol illustrates the squash technique used in the Johansen laboratory to prepare Drosophila polytene chromosomes for antibody labeling.

This video protocol illustrates the squash technique used in the Johansen laboratory to prepare Drosophila polytene chromosomes for antibody labeling.

Antikor Etiketleme Drosophila politen Kromozom kabak hazırlanması

Drosophila has long been a favorite model system for studying the relationship between chromatin structure and gene regulation due to the cytological ...

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

A major strategy for purifying and isolating different types of intracellular organelles is to separate them from each other based on differences in buoyant density. However, when cells are disrupted prior to centrifugation, proteins and organelles in this non-native environment often inappropriately stick to each other. Here we describe a method to separate organelles by density in intact, living Drosophila embryos. Early embryos before cellularization are harvested from population cages, and their outer egg shells are removed by treatment with 50% bleach. Embryos are then transferred to a small agar plate and inserted, posterior end first, into small vertical holes in the agar. The plates containing embedded embryos are centrifuged for 30 min at 3000g. The agar supports the embryos and keeps them in a defined orientation. Afterwards, the embryos are dug out of the agar with a blunt needle. Centrifugation separates major organelles into distinct layers, a stratification easily visible by bright-field microscopy. A number of fluorescent markers are available to confirm successful stratification in living embryos. Proteins associated with certain organelles will be enriched in a particular layer, demonstrating colocalization. Individual layers can be recovered for biochemical analysis or transplantation into donor eggs. This technique is applicable for organelle separation in other large cells, including the eggs and oocytes of diverse species.

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

We describe a method to separate organelles by density in living Drosophila embryos. Embryos are embedded in agar and centrifuged. This technique yields reproducible separation of major organelles along the anterior-posterior embryo axis. This method facilitates colocalization experiments and yields organelle fractions for biochemical analysis and transplantation experiments.

In-vivo Drosophila Embriyolar Santrifüj

A major strategy for purifying and isolating different types of intracellular organelles is to separate them from each other based on differences in ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current techniques used to view such processes are somewhat limited. The following protocol describes a new technique for mounting fixed and labeled Drosophila embryos for coronal viewing with confocal imaging. This method consists of embedding embryos between two layers of glycerin jelly mounting media, and imaging jelly strips positioned upright. The first step for sandwiching the embryos is to make a thin bedding of glycerin jelly on a slide. Next, embryos are carefully aligned on this surface and covered with a second layer of jelly. After the second layer is solidified, strips of jelly are cut and flipped upright for imaging. Alternatives are described for visualizing the embryos depending upon the type of microscope stand to be used. Since all cells along the dorsal-ventral axis are imaged within a single confocal Z-plane, our method allows precise measurement and comparison of fluorescent signals without photobleaching or light scattering common to 3D reconstructions of longitudinally mounted embryos.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Here we present a mounting protocol for stained Drosophila embryos in an upright position that allows imaging of cross-sections using Confocal microscopy.

VE Dik Görüntüleme Drosophila Embriyolar

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides protection against desiccation and other environmental challenges. Several of these cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) compounds also function as semiochemical signals, and as such mediate pheromonal communications between members of the same species, or in some instances between different species, and influence behavior. Specialized cells referred to as oenocytes are regarded as the primary site for CHC synthesis. However, relatively little is known regarding the involvement of the oenocytes in the regulation of the biosynthetic, transport, and deposition pathways contributing to CHC output. Given the significant role that CHCs play in several aspects of insect biology, including chemical communication, desiccation resistance, and immunity, it is important to gain a greater understanding of the molecular and genetic regulation of CHC production within these specialized cells. The adult oenocytes of D. melanogaster are located within the abdominal integument, and are metamerically arrayed in ribbon-like clusters radiating along the inner cuticular surface of each abdominal segment. In this video article we demonstrate a dissection technique used for the preparation of oenocytes from adult D. melanogaster. Specifically, we provide a detailed step-by-step demonstration of (1) how to fillet prepare an adult Drosophila abdomen, (2) how to identify the oenocytes and discern them from other tissues, and (3) how to remove intact oenocyte clusters from the abdominal integument. A brief experimental illustration of how this preparation can be used to examine the expression of genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis is included. The dissected preparation demonstrated herein will allow for the detailed molecular and genetic analysis of oenocyte function in the adult fruit fly.

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In insects, the oenocytes produce cuticular hydrocarbon compounds. These compounds protect against desiccation and facilitate chemical communication. Here we demonstrate a dissection technique used to isolate the oenocytes from adult Drosophila melanogaster, and illustrate how this preparation can be utilized to study genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis.

Yetişkin gelen Oenocytes diseksiyonu Drosophila melanogaster</em

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides ...

VE Canlı Diseksiyon Drosophila Embriyolar: Aerodinamik Antikor Boyama Mutant Koleksiyonlar Eleme Yöntemleri

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