This work was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Program FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement no. 265721. The authors thank the RIKILT Institute for Food Safety (NL) for their support in this project.

Nota: O protocolo seguinte descreve a SPE realizada em amostra de 100 ml de água com sorvente C18 e eluição com 50% v / v de metanol. A amostra é diluída enriquecido para chegar a 10% v / v de metanol, antes da análise com um ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática kit (ELISA). 1. Preparar os reagentes <ol><li> Prepare as amostras de água <ol><li> Antes de qualquer outra etapa, filtrar cada amostra de 100 ml de água com filtros de tamanho de poro de 0,2 um. </li><li> Pico a amostra com a concentração desejada por diluição volume apropriado da solução de referência para um volume de água. Por exemplo, preparar 100 mL de amostra de água com 100 ng / L de E2 através da diluição de 3,3 ml de solução de referência E2 a uma concentração de 300 ug / L. Diluir esta solução dez vezes para obter uma amostra enriquecida com 10 ng / L E2. Dilui-se esta última mais de dez vezes para se obter uma amostra de 100 ml com 1 ng / L E2. </li><li> Colocar a amostra filtrada (não modificada ou perfurantes) em um frasco de vidro com GLinha L45. Utilizar a amostra no mesmo dia. Pegue uma pequena fração de ser analisadas com o ELISA para estimar concentração inicial. </li></ol></li><li> Preparar 300 ul de eluente por diluição em metanol (di) água desionizada a 50% v / v em um tubo apertado. </li></ol> 2. Preparação da coluna de SPE <ol><li> Preparar uma solução 20 mg / ml, suspensão de partículas de octadecil-sílica absorventes, adicionando primeiros 1.600 ul de metanol e em seguida 400 ul de di-água a 40 mg de adsorvente de fase inversa. Feche bem a tampa e agitar com um vortex. </li><li> Instalação da membrana inferior na coluna <ol><li> Selecione uma membrana de nylon com tamanho de poros de 11 mm e coloque-a sobre uma dupla camada de tecido anti-poeira. Com um furador de diâmetro de 3 mm, cortar duas peças pequenas na membrana. </li><li> Pegar numa das pequenas membranas com uma extremidade plana fórceps de filtro e colocá-lo sobre um lado da coluna. </li><li> Parafuso do conector de fundo plano com o tubo e aperte. A membrana é now no lugar e o adsorvente pode ser adicionado de forma segura. Desenhar uma seta no corpo da coluna de apontamento para o fim em que a membrana foi colocada. </li></ol></li><li> Preparação da coluna de sorvente embalado <ol><li> Fixe a coluna no suporte com a seta apontada para o fundo. A coluna deve ser definido como na vertical quanto possível. </li><li> Anexar um vazio 10 ml seringa descartável para a extremidade do tubo da coluna, utilizando os conectores Luer-Lock. </li><li> Prepare uma micro-pipeta com uma ponta de 20-200 ï¿½, ajustar o volume para 100 l. Este formato de ponta de pipeta é adaptada ao tamanho da coluna de adsorvente a ser preparado. O procedimento seria mais difícil com pontas de pipeta maiores, como os usados ​​com pipetas de 1 ml. </li><li> Agita-se a suspensão sorvente com um vortex, e pipeta-se rapidamente 100 pi no centro sobre a coluna. Embora a injecção, aspirar suavemente pipetado toda a solução através da membrana usando a seringa com a outra mão. Neste sta idade, a solução de encher a seringa tem de estar livre de partículas, e um leito de partículas pode, eventualmente, ser observada na coluna. </li><li> Repetir este processo mais 2 vezes por agitação da suspensão de pasta entre todos os passos de pipetagem para garantir a suspensão homogénea das partículas em solução. A coluna resultante contém 6 mg de sorvente. </li><li> Quando os 300 ul de suspensão ter sido carregado e secou-se por aspiração com a seringa, manter a seringa na posição e colocar a segunda membrana de nylon sobre a parte superior, utilizando a pinça com a outra mão. </li><li> Aperte o segundo conector com tubo e descarte da seringa. A coluna de SPE está pronto para uso. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Preparação do Sistema <ol><li> Aperte a coluna SPE no dispositivo usando os conectores Luer-Lock. A seta aponta para deve ser na mesma direcção que a mostrada no dispositivo. </li><li> Ligue o frasco contendo a amostra para o dispositivo por enroscamento afornecida tampa de segurança GL45 nele. </li><li> De carga de 200 mL de eluente no reservatório &quot;Eluente &#39;. </li><li> Carga de 800 ul de di-água no reservatório &quot;diluição&quot;. </li><li> Coloque uma garrafa na saída de resíduos para recolher a água processada durante a etapa de extração. O formato não é importante, mas o volume tem de ser suficientemente grande no que diz respeito ao volume da amostra. </li><li> Coloque um pequeno frasco na saída do sensor com a capacidade mínima volume de 1,5 ml. Um volume máximo de 1 ml será muito pequeno como bolhas se formarão neste saída ao coletar eluente enriquecido e tampão de diluição. </li><li> Verifique se o regulador de pressão está na posição fechada, rodando-a manualmente, inverter-horário até novo movimento não é possível. </li></ol> 4. SPE com o Prototype <ol><li> Ligue o protótipo pressionando o botão na parte de trás. </li><li> Preparando a interface do usuário e selecionar o programa <ol><li> Abra a interface do usuário. Selecionara porta de comunicação do computador ao qual o dispositivo está conectado a partir da lista e clique no botão &quot;Next&quot;. </li><li> Digite os valores para 580 pset e 30 para dpset. A bomba irá ajustar para manter a pressão no sistema pressurizado e reservatórios em 580 ± 30 mbar quando em execução. </li><li> Selecione o modo automatizado. </li><li> No canto modo automatizado, carregar o arquivo de programa no &quot;caminho do arquivo de configuração &#39;caixa. </li></ol></li><li> Ajustar o regulador de pressão <ol><li> Comece a bomba. </li><li> Gire manualmente o regulador de pressão até que o valor lido para preg é inferior mas próximo de 320 mbar. </li><li> Parar a bomba. </li></ol></li><li> Iniciar o procedimento de SPE <ol><li> Prima &#39;start&#39; no canto automatizado modo. A bomba irá ligar e as etapas de extração, eluição e diluição seguirá automaticamente o outro. Todo o procedimento para uma amostra de 100 mL é realizada em 50 min. </li><li>Verifique se o valor de preg. Ele deve estar na gama de 320 - 350 mbar durante a fase de extracção para assegurar uma taxa de fluxo óptima. </li><li> Feche o pequeno frasco e armazenar a 4-5 ° C no escuro até à análise. Realizar a análise em 30 horas a seguir para evitar a degradação da substância a analisar. </li><li> Elimine a água processada. </li></ol></li><li> Limpeza do sistema Nota: Após cada procedimento de extração do sistema precisa ser limpo para evitar a contaminação cruzada. <ol><li> Prepara-se uma solução de 10 ml de metanol a 70% v / v em um frasco de vidro de 45 GL. </li><li> Desligue a coluna SPE e ligue o tubo com conectores. </li><li> No modo automático, selecione o arquivo &#39;limpeza&#39; e iniciá-lo com as configurações mesma pressão. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. Detecção de Concentração de Estradiol com ELISA <ol><li> Preparar as amostras de calibração com concentrações, tal como indicado no protocolo fornecido com o kit de ELISA que é utilizado. Prepare uma calibração definido com a mesma matriz, como a amostra, e um conjunto de calibragem com metanol a 10% v / v. </li><li> Retirar a quantidade necessária de amostra nos poços na placa, de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. Use amostras de calibração, as amostras de água não modificados e perfurantes que foram filtrados, mas não processados ​​com a SPE, e amostras enriquecidas em metanol a 10% v / v. Use 3 poços por amostra para reduzir o erro associado com o ensaio. </li><li> Seguir as indicações do protocolo que é fornecido com o kit para a adição de reagentes, tempo de incubação, lavagem e posterior reacção com a enzima. </li><li> Ler o sinal óptico em cada poço de acordo com as instruções do fabricante do kit com um instrumento leitor de placas e recolher os dados. </li><li> Utilizar o software do instrumento leitor de placas para se ajustar às curvas de calibração e determinar a concentração de E2 na amostra inicial com mesma matriz, e nas amostras enriquecidas com metanol a 10% v / v. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Chang, H. S., Choo, K. H., Choi, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+methods+of+identification,+analysis+and+removal+of+endocrine+disrupting+compounds+(EDCs)+in+water.">The methods of identification, analysis and removal of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water.</a> J. Hazard. Matter. 172, 1-12 (2009).</li><li>Azzouz, A., Souhail, B., Ballesteros, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+solid-phase+extraction+and+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+determination+of+pharmaceuticals+and+hormones+in+water+samples.">Continuous solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of pharmaceuticals and hormones in water samples.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1217, 2956-2963 (2010).</li><li>Tomsikova, H., Aufartova, J., Solich, P., Novakova, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+sensitivity+analysis+of+female-steroid+hormones+in+environ-mental+samples.">High sensitivity analysis of female-steroid hormones in environ-mental samples.</a> Trends Anal. Chem. 34, 35-58 (2012).</li><li>Ciofi, L., Fibbi, D., Chiuminatto, U., Coppini, E., Checchini, L., Del Bubba, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fully+automated+on-line+solid+phase+extraction+coupled+to+high-performance+liquid+chromatography-tandem+mass+spectrometric+analysis+at+sub-ng/L+levels+of+selected+estrogens+in+surface+water+and+wastewater.">Fully automated on-line solid phase extraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis at sub-ng/L levels of selected estrogens in surface water and wastewater.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1283, 53-61 (2013).</li><li>Robles-Molina, J., Lara-Ortega, F. J., Gilbert-Lopez, B., Garcia-Reyes, J. F., Molina-Diaz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-residue+method+for+the+determination+of+over+400+priority+and+emerging+pollutants+in+water+and+wastewater+by+solid-phase+extraction+and+liquid+chromatography-time-of-flight+mass+spectrometry.">Multi-residue method for the determination of over 400 priority and emerging pollutants in water and wastewater by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1350, 30-43 (2014).</li><li>Huang, C. H., Sedlak, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+estrogenic+hormones+in+municipal+waste+water+effluent+and+surface+water+using+enzyme-linked+immunosorbent+assay+and+gas+chromatography/tandem+mass+spectrometry.">Analysis of estrogenic hormones in municipal waste water effluent and surface water using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20, 133-139 (2001).</li><li>Hintemann, T., Schneider, C., Sch&#246;ler, H. F., Schneider, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+study+using+two+immunoassays+for+the+determination+of+estradiol+and+ethinylestradiol+in+the+aquatic+environment.">Field study using two immunoassays for the determination of estradiol and ethinylestradiol in the aquatic environment.</a> Water Res. 40, 2287-2294 (2006).</li><li>Farr&#233;, M., Kuster, M., Brix, R., Rubio, F., Lopez de Alda, M. J., Barcelo, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+an+estradiol+enzyme-linked+immunosorbent+assay+kit,+liquid+chromatography-tandem+mass+spectrometry,+and+ultra-performance+liquid+chromatography-quadrupole+time+of+flight+mass+spectrometry+for+part-per-trillion+analysis+of+estrogens+in+water+samples.">Comparative study of an estradiol enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry for part-per-trillion analysis of estrogens in water samples.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1160, 166-175 (2007).</li><li>Pu, C., Wu, Y. F., Yang, H., Deng, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trace+analysis+of+contraceptive+drug+levonorgestrel+in+waste+water+samples+by+a+newly+developed+indirect+competitive+enzyme-linked+immunosorbent+assay+(ELISA)+coupled+with+solid+phase+extraction.">Trace analysis of contraceptive drug levonorgestrel in waste water samples by a newly developed indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) coupled with solid phase extraction.</a> Anal. Chim. Acta. 628, 73-79 (2008).</li><li>Van Emon, J. M., Gerlach, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+status+report+on+field-portable+immunoassay.">A status report on field-portable immunoassay.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 29 (7), 312A-317A (1995).</li><li>Farr&#233;, M., Brix, R., Barcel&#242;, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+water+for+pollutants+using+biological+techniques+under+European+Union+funding+during+the+last+10+years.">Screening water for pollutants using biological techniques under European Union funding during the last 10 years.</a> Trends Anal. Chem. 24 (6), 532-545 (2005).</li><li>Schneider, C., Sch&#246;ler, H. F., Schneider, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+enzyme-linked+immunosorbent+assay+for+ethinylestradiol+using+a+long-chain+biotinylated+EE2+derivative.">A novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for ethinylestradiol using a long-chain biotinylated EE2 derivative.</a> Steroids. 69, 245-253 (2004).</li><li>Heub, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+and+portable+solid+phase+extraction+platform+for+immuno-detection+of+17&#946;-estradiol+in+water.">Automated and portable solid phase extraction platform for immuno-detection of 17&#946;-estradiol in water.</a> J. Chrom. A. 1381, 22-28 (2015).</li><li>Petrovic, M., Eljarrat, E., Lopez de Alda, M. J., Barcelo, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endocrine+disrupting+compounds+and+other+merging+contaminants+in+the+environment:+a+new+survey+on+new+monitoring+strategies+and+occurrence+data.">Endocrine disrupting compounds and other merging contaminants in the environment: a new survey on new monitoring strategies and occurrence data.</a> Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 378, 549-562 (2004).</li><li>Richardson, S. D., Ternes, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+analysis:+Emerging+contaminants+and+current+issues.">Water analysis: Emerging contaminants and current issues.</a> Anal. Chem. 86, 2813-2848 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Foi proposto um novo método para a preparação de amostras de água seguida por análise utilizando imunoensaio. O instrumento permite realizar extração em fase sólida de forma automatizada e fácil de usar. A filtração da amostra de água antes da sua injecção no sistema é crítico. Quaisquer partículas ainda presentes na solução seria, potencialmente, causar o entupimento da rede de fluidos e obstruir a coluna de SPE. Outro passo importante é a preparação da coluna de SPE. ...

A preparação da amostra é uma etapa importante em qualquer processo analítico. Em particular, a remoção dos efeitos de matriz, diminuição das interferências, e enriquecimento da substância a analisar são necessárias para obter resultados precisos e atingem baixos limites de detecção. Compostos de desregulação endócrina (EDC) são particularmente preocupantes devido à sua ação sobre os organismos vivos, mesmo quando presentes em níveis muito baixos no meio ambiente. O hormônio natural 17β-estradiol está presente na poluição da água UE Watch List e propenso a ser adicionado à lista de substâncias prioritárias regulamentados pela Directiva-Quadro da Água da UE. Extracção em fase sólida (SPE), é geralmente utilizado para a análise de pequenas poluentes na água, com tanto química 1-5 (cromatografia, espectrometria de massa) e métodos de detecção imunológicos 6-9. Este último ganhou interesse no campo da monitorização ambiental, como imunoensaios estão disponíveis em grande variedade de formatos, são específicas para a TArPegue analito, e atingir baixos limites de detecção. 6, 7, 10, 11 Vários ensaios imunossorventes ligados a enzimas (ELISA) estão comercialmente disponíveis e permitem analisar várias amostras ao mesmo tempo sobre uma placa multi-poços. O procedimento consiste em passos de reacção sucessivos que podem levar algumas horas. O produto final da reacção pode ser detectado opticamente para determinar a concentração da molécula alvo com base em uma curva de calibração. SPE procedimentos clássicos incluem sorvente pré-condicionado, extracção da amostra, a lavagem, a eluição, e concentração por evaporação do eluente. O solvente utilizado para a diluição deste extracto é escolhido dependendo do método de detecção. 12 Para os métodos imunológicos, a quantidade de solvente orgânico influências fortemente a sensibilidade do método. Para além da recuperação e os desempenhos de pré-concentração, o método também tem de ser simples e de custo eficiente. Automação do Procedure ajuda a reduzir erros humanos-relacionados. No nosso trabalho anterior 13 que introduzida a protótipo para SPE automatizado, e o nosso método foi aplicado para a análise da hormona natural 17β-estradiol nas amostras de água do mar. Com o presente vídeo, gostaríamos de destacar as vantagens técnicas do nosso método em comparação com off-line tradicional e on-line SPE, e em particular a sua compatibilidade com detecção por imuno-reacções. Nós descrevemos o protocolo aplicado a amostras de água para a detecção de 17β-estradiol. SPE é realizada com octadecil-silica (C18) de fase sorvente e a eluição é realizada com metanol diluído.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="609">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Filter membrane 0.2 &#956;m pore size</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GNWP04700</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For sample filtration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Nylon membrane 11 &#956;m pore size</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NY1104700</td>
			<td>For SPE column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Disposable biopsy punch 5 mm</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Medical Budget</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">39302439</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Nucleodur C18 ec&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Macherey Nagel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">713550.01</td>
			<td>50 &#956;m particle diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Synthetic sea water</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SSWS500-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">17beta-estradiol standard</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Enzo Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>300 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">17beta-estradiol ELISA kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Enzo Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ADI-900-008</td>
			<td>96 wells, range 30 - 3000 ng/L</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple method for automated solid phase extraction of water samples for immunological analysis of small pollutants

Um novo método de extracção em fase sólida (SPE) de amostras de água do ambiente é proposto. O protótipo desenvolvido é amigável custo-eficiente e usuário, e permite realizar SPE rápido, automatizado e simples. A solução de pré-concentrado é compatível com a análise por imunoensaio, com um conteúdo de solvente orgânico de baixo. É descrito um método para a extracção e concentração da pré-hormona natural 17β-estradiol em 100 ml de amostras de água. SPE de fase reversa é efectuada com octadecil-sílica adsorvente e a eluição é feita com 200 ul de metanol a 50% v / v. Eluente é diluída por adição de di-água para baixar a quantidade de metanol. Depois de preparar manualmente a coluna SPE, o procedimento geral é realizada automaticamente dentro de 1 hora. No final do processo, a concentração de estradiol é medido usando um ensaio imuno-sorvente comercial ligado a enzima (ELISA). 100 vezes pré-concentração é conseguida e o teor de metanol em apenas 10% v / v. Recuperações de pleno direito da moléculasão alcançados com 1 ng / L amostras adicionadas desionizada e água do mar sintética.

A reprodutibilidade da embalagem sorvente foi avaliada por secagem e pesagem do sorvente pipetado em frascos de vidro e o resultado é mostrado na Figura 1. A reprodutibilidade do tempo de injecção foi testado para as amostras de 100 ml, como mostrado na Figura 2. A concentração in inicial e pré- concentrado cravado amostras foram determinadas usando um kit comercial de ELISA para 17β-estradiol e são mostrados <st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants at JoVE.com

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

Um método simples para a extração automatizada de fase sólida das amostras de água para análise imunológica de Pequenas Poluentes

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

a-simple-method-for-automated-solid-phase-extraction-water-samples

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

13.6K visualizações.  Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique. A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

Vídeo: A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A Small Volume Procedure for Viral Concentration from Water

Small-scale concentration of viruses (sample volumes 1-10 L, here simulated with spiked 100 ml water samples) is an efficient, cost-effective way to identify optimal parameters for virus concentration. Viruses can be concentrated from water using filtration (electropositive, electronegative, glass wool or size exclusion), followed by secondary concentration with beef extract to release viruses from filter surfaces, and finally tertiary concentration resulting in a 5-30 ml volume virus concentrate. In order to identify optimal concentration procedures, two different electropositive filters were evaluated (a glass/cellulose filter [1MDS] and a nano-alumina/glass filter [NanoCeram]), as well as different secondary concentration techniques; the celite technique where three different celite particle sizes were evaluated (fine, medium and large) followed by comparing this technique with that of the established organic flocculation method. Various elution additives were also evaluated for their ability to enhance the release of adenovirus (AdV) particles from filter surfaces. Fine particle celite recovered similar levels of AdV40 and 41 to that of the established organic flocculation method when viral spikes were added during secondary concentration. The glass/cellulose filter recovered higher levels of both, AdV40 and 41, compared to that of a nano-alumina/glass fiber filter. Although not statistically significant, the addition of 0.1% sodium polyphosphate amended beef extract eluant recovered 10% more AdV particles compared to unamended beef extract.

An approach was developed for identifying optimal viral concentration conditions for small volume water samples using spikes of human adenovirus. The techniques described here are used to identify concentration parameters for other viral targets, and applied to large-scale viral concentration experimentation.

Um Procedimento volume pequeno para Concentração Viral da Água

Small-scale concentration of viruses (sample volumes 1-10 L, here simulated with spiked 100 ml water samples) is an efficient, cost-effective way to ...

Ambiente

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.

EPA Method 1615 uses an electropositive filter to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. This manuscript describes the procedure for collecting samples for Method 1615 analyses.

EPA Método 1615. Medição de Enterovirus e Norovirus Ocorrência na água pela cultura e RT-qPCR. I. Recolha de amostras de vírus

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

Use of Chironomidae (Diptera) Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages have been successfully used to assess human impacts on water quality. Unfortunately, traditional benthic larval sampling methods, such as the dip-net, can be time-consuming and expensive. An alternative protocol involves collection of Chironomidae surface-floating pupal exuviae (SFPE). Chironomidae is a species-rich family of flies (Diptera) whose immature stages typically occur in aquatic habitats. Adult chironomids emerge from the water, leaving their pupal skins, or exuviae, floating on the water&#8217;s surface. Exuviae often accumulate along banks or behind obstructions by action of the wind or water current, where they can be collected to assess chironomid diversity and richness. Chironomids can be used as important biological indicators, since some species are more tolerant to pollution than others. Therefore, the relative abundance and species composition of collected SFPE reflect changes in water quality. Here, methods associated with field collection, laboratory processing, slide mounting, and identification of chironomid SFPE are described in detail. Advantages of the SFPE method include minimal disturbance at a sampling area, efficient and economical sample collection and laboratory processing, ease of identification, applicability in nearly all aquatic environments, and a potentially more sensitive measure of ecosystem stress. Limitations include the inability to determine larval microhabitat use and inability to identify pupal exuviae to species if they have not been associated with adult males.

Use of Chironomidae Diptera Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrates are often used to monitor and assess water quality. An efficient protocol involves collections of Chironomidae surface-floating pupal exuviae (SFPE). Here, techniques for field collection, laboratory processing, slide mounting, and identification of Chironomidae SFPE are described.

Uso de Chironomidae (Diptera) Pupal Exuviae como um Bioavaliação Protocolo Rápido para massas de água de superfície flutuante

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages have been successfully used to assess human impacts on water quality. ...

Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA libraries are needed for optimal results from next-generation sequencing. Environmental samples such as water may have low quality and quantities of DNA as well as contaminants that co-precipitate with DNA. The mechanical and enzymatic processes involved in extraction and library preparation may further damage the DNA. Gel size selection enables purification and recovery of DNA fragments of a defined size for sequencing applications. Nevertheless, this task is one of the most time-consuming steps in the DNA library preparation workflow. The protocol described here enables complete automation of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments. 
In this study, we describe a high-throughput approach to prepare high quality DNA libraries from freshwater samples that can be applied also to other environmental samples. We used an indirect approach to concentrate bacterial cells from environmental freshwater samples; DNA was extracted using a commercially available DNA extraction kit, and DNA libraries were prepared using a commercial transposon-based protocol. DNA fragments of 500 to 800 bp were gel size selected using Ranger Technology, an automated electrophoresis workstation. Sequencing of the size-selected DNA libraries demonstrated significant improvements to read length and quality of the sequencing reads.

This manuscript describes an automated gel size selection approach for purifying DNA fragments for next-generation sequencing. The Ranger Technology provides complete automation of the entire process of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments allowing for high-throughput and high quality next-generation sequencing libraries.

Automated Gel seleção de tamanho para melhorar a qualidade das bibliotecas de sequenciação de próxima geração Preparado a partir de amostras de água do ambiente

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA ...

Use of a Filter Cartridge for Filtration of Water Samples and Extraction of Environmental DNA

Recent studies demonstrated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes to be appropriate as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Most of these studies employed disk fiber filters to collect eDNA from water samples, although a number of microbial studies in aquatic environments have employed filter cartridges, because the cartridge has the advantage of accommodating large water volumes and of overall ease of use. Here we provide a protocol for filtration of water samples using the filter cartridge and extraction of eDNA from the filter without having to cut open the housing. The main portions of this protocol consists of 1) filtration of water samples (water volumes &#8804;4 L or &gt;4 L); (2) extraction of DNA on the filter using a roller shaker placed in a preheated incubator; and (3) purification of DNA using a commercial kit. With the use of this and previously-used protocols, we perform metabarcoding analysis of eDNA taken from a huge aquarium tank (7,500 m3) with known species composition, and show the number of detected species per library from the two protocols as the representative results. This protocol has been developed for metabarcoding eDNA from fishes, but is also applicable to eDNA from other organisms.

We describe a protocol for filtration of water samples with a filter cartridge and extraction of environmental DNA (eDNA) without having to cut open the housing to remove the filter. This protocol is developed for metabarcoding eDNA from fishes, but is also applicable to eDNA from other organisms.

O uso de um cartucho de filtro para Amostras de filtração de água e extração de DNA Ambiental

Recent studies demonstrated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes to be appropriate as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Most of these studies ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of scientific publications address microplastic pollution of the sea surface. The protocol below describes the methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation and chemical identification of microplastic particles. A manta net fixed on an &#187;A frame&#171; attached to the side of the vessel was used for sampling. Microplastic particles caught in the cod end of the net were separated from samples by visual identification and use of stereomicroscopes. Particles were analyzed for their size using an image analysis program and for their chemical structure using ATR-FTIR and micro FTIR spectroscopy. The described protocol is in line with recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. This written protocol with video guide will support the work of researchers that deal with microplastics monitoring all over the world.

The protocol below describes the methodology for: microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastic and chemical identification of particles. This protocol is in line with the recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter.

Protocolo para Microplásticos Amostragem na superfície do mar e análise de amostras

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

A Lipid Extraction and Analysis Method for Characterizing Soil Microbes in Experiments with Many Samples

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial communities, a relatively precise but effort-intensive technique to assay microbial community composition is phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. PLFA was developed to analyze phospholipid biomarkers, which can be used as indicators of microbial biomass and the composition of broad functional groups of fungi and bacteria. It has commonly been used to compare soils under alternative plant communities, ecology, and management regimes. The PLFA method has been shown to be sensitive to detecting shifts in microbial community composition.
An alternative method, fatty acid methyl ester extraction and analysis (MIDI-FA) was developed for rapid extraction of total lipids, without separation of the phospholipid fraction, from pure cultures as a microbial identification technique. This method is rapid but is less suited for soil samples because it lacks an initial step separating soil particles and begins instead with a saponification reaction that likely produces artifacts from the background organic matter in the soil. 
This article describes a method that increases throughput while balancing effort and accuracy for extraction of lipids from the cell membranes of microorganisms for use in characterizing both total lipids and the relative abundance of indicator lipids to determine soil microbial community structure in studies with many samples. The method combines the accuracy achieved through PLFA profiling by extracting and concentrating soil lipids as a first step, and a reduction in effort by saponifying the organic material extracted and processing with the MIDI-FA method as a second step.

The article describes a method that increases throughput while balancing effort and accuracy for extraction of lipids from the cell membranes of microorganisms for use in characterizing both total lipids and the relative abundance of indicator lipids to determine soil microbial community structure in studies with many samples.

Um método de extração e análise de lipídios para caracterizar micróbios de solo em experimentos com muitas amostras

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Extração de Pesticidas Organoclorados de Pelotização de Plástico e Análise de Tipo de Plástico

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with herbaceous plants. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique needed for restoring degraded Everglade tree islands. The design is patterned after a natural Everglades process that creates floating peat islands, which allows tree survival and growth in flooded conditions and often leads to the development of tree islands. Commercially available peat bags were used as the medium for the growth and establishment of potted native tree saplings. The pop-up configuration floated initially and provided additional elevation to minimize inundation, with a single native tree species sapling and a single tree fertilizer spike. During a 3 year study involving 105 pop-ups, most plants survived (80%) and many thrived. Determining whether this technique can establish trees on a degraded tree island will require longer studies and extensive field tests.

This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique for restoring degraded Everglades tree islands that experience inundation. The design creates an island (pop-up) which floats initially and adds elevation to promote tree survival and growth under flooded conditions.

Uma simples técnica de plantação para restabelecer as árvores onde ocorre a inundação frequente

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several limitations that have resulted in the exclusion of many species. Advances in the field over the last two decades have led occupational health researchers to turn to molecular-based approaches for identifying fungal hazards. These methods have resulted in the detection of many species within indoor and occupational environments that have not been detected using traditional methods. This protocol details an approach for determining fungal diversity within air samples through genomic DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and taxonomic identification of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. ITS sequencing results in the detection of many fungal species that are either not detected or difficult to identify to species level using culture or microscopy. While these methods do not provide quantitative measures of fungal burden, they offer a new approach to hazard identification and can be used to determine overall species richness and diversity within an occupational environment.

Determining the fungal diversity within an environment is a method utilized in occupational health studies to identify health hazards. This protocol describes DNA extraction from occupational air samples for amplification and sequencing of fungal ITS regions. This approach detects many fungal species that can be overlooked by traditional assessment methods.