This work was supported in part by a grant from the Office of Naval Research (N000141310569). The Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Research Imaging Facility equipment was supported by the National Center for Research Resources-Health (S10RR027716).

Ethics Statement: Procedures involving animal subjects have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine.
1. Extraction of Temporal Bones
<ol>
	<li>Identify temporal bones in the base of the mouse skull13 and scrape away the cranial&#160;nerves using standard pattern forceps.</li>
	<li>Place standard pattern forceps at the tip of the otic capsule and with the thumb of the opposite hand press down on the posterior semicircular canal to dislodge the encapsulated cochlea.</li>
	<li>Free the bottom half of the temporal bone from the skull manually with the thumb and index finger or by using 10.5 cm fine scissors.</li>
</ol>
2. Post-fix Temporal Bones
<ol>
	<li>Place temporal bones into 2 ml microcentrifuge tubes containing 250 - 500 &#181;l 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) diluted in 10 mM phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 and incubate at RT&#160;for 2 - 20 hr. 
	NOTE: No opening of the apical cap or injection of PFA into the round or oval window is needed.&#160;Recommend using methanol free, ultra-pure, electron microscopy (EM) grade PFA that can be purchased at a 16% concentration in glass vials. Once a vial is opened and diluted 1:4 in PBS, making a 4% solution, it can be used for up to 2 weeks when stored at 4 oC&#160;(Some antibodies require short fixation and others can tolerate O/N (O/N)&#160;fixation).</li>
</ol>
3. Decalcify Temporal Bones
<ol>
	<li>After fixation, remove PFA using a pipette and replace with 120 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), slightly more than 2 ml. Make sure to fill the entire 2 ml microcentrifuge tube to prevent air bubbles when the tube is closed.
	<ol>
		<li>If not decalcifying immediately, replace PFA with 10 mM PBS pH 7.4 and store samples at 4 oC. 
		NOTE: After fixation, temporal bones can be stored for variable amounts of time before decalcification depending on the antigens being examined.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Place tubes on end-over-end rotator and rotate at 4 rpm at RT. Change EDTA solution daily using a pipette. Length of decalcification depends on the age of the sample and the preference of the scientist doing the dissection.
	<ol>
		<li>Incubate temporal bones in EDTA using the following guidelines for incubation times: 
		For samples postnatal day (P) 8 to P15: 2 - 4 hr; For samples P15 to P21: O/N; For samples P21 to P30: 2 O/N; For samples older than P30: 3 or more O/N. 
		NOTE: Decalcification times are subject to users&#39; preference and can be extended as needed. Decalcification time can be reduced by changing the EDTA solution twice a day, about 8 hr apart. Some labs add 1% PFA to the EDTA solution when decalcifying for longer than 3 days to prevent contamination.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>To determine if the sample is adequately decalcified, place temporal bones on a silicon elastomer-coated dissection dish and gently press forceps onto the snail-shaped cochlea. If the tissue is spongey, then decalcification is complete.</li>
	<li>Once decalcification is complete, remove EDTA using a pipette and add 500 -1,000 &#181;l of 10 mM PBS pH 7.4. Store samples at 4 oC until ready to dissect.</li>
</ol>
4. Create Silicone Elastomer-coated Dissection Dish
<ol>
	<li>Combine the base and curing agent of a silicone elastomer encapsulant kit according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions and mix thoroughly.</li>
	<li>Add approximately 2 - 3 tablespoons of powdered charcoal until the solution is black and mix well.&#160; 
	NOTE: Liquid ink or liquid charcoal will not mix with the solution and cannot be used.&#160;Silicone elastomer encapsulant kits can be purchased in black, allowing step 4.2 to be omitted.</li>
	<li>Pour the solution into 60 mm glass or plastic petri dishes, filling enough to coat the bottom. If bubbles are present, puff with air on the surface. Let stand at least 24 hr at RT to set. 
	NOTE: Silicone elastomer-coated dishes can be used repeatedly for years. However do not use ethanol for cleaning, as this will cause the silicone elastomer to crack.</li>
</ol>
5. Whole Mount Dissection of the Cochlea (for P7 and Older Samples)
<ol>
	<li>Separate the basal turn from middle/apical turns
	<ol>
		<li>Place one decalcified temporal bone in a silicone elastomer-coated dissection dish filled two-thirds full with 10 mM PBS pH 7.4 and use a stereo dissection microscope for the following steps.</li>
		<li>Hold the temporal bone in the vestibular region with #4 or #5 straight jeweler&#39;s forceps and using 5 mm Vannas-Tubingen spring scissors, cut away excess otic capsule tissue along the sides and above the apex.</li>
		<li>Using 2.5 mm Vannas spring scissors, insert one blade into the oval window and make several small cuts along the spiral ligament/lateral wall of the basal turn.</li>
		<li>Using 5 mm Vannas-Tubingen spring scissors, insert one blade into the region just cut and place the other blade on the outside the temporal bone, medial to the oval window. This cut separates the basal turn from middle and apical turns.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Complete dissection of the basal turn.
	<ol>
		<li>Using 2.5 mm Vannas spring scissors, cut the spiral ganglion nerve fibers that connect to the modiolus to release the tension in the basal turn and cut below the basal turn to separate from vestibular organs.</li>
		<li>Using 2.5 mm Vannas spring scissors, make a series of small cuts to remove the spiral ligament/lateral wall from both above and below the organ of Corti. Use #4 or #5 straight jeweler&#39;s forceps to guide the tissue. Pin the spiral ganglion nerve fibers to the silicone elastomer-coated dissection dish, but do not hold onto this region as the tissue will tear.</li>
		<li>During the previous steps, some of Reissner&#39;s membrane will often be removed. If any still remains, grasp the Reissner&#39;s membrane with #4 or #5 straight jeweler&#39;s forceps and pull away from the organ of Corti. 
		NOTE: The tectorial membrane is rarely visible and typically floats away without requiring a specific step for removal.</li>
		<li>Finally make several cuts to reduce the thickness of the spiral ganglion axons, to make the turn as flat as possible and use #4 or #5 straight jeweler&#39;s forceps to transfer the dissected basal turn, by grasping the remaining axons of the spiral ganglion, to a 48-well plate (or chamber slide) containing ~500 &#181;l of 10 mM PBS pH 7.4.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Separate middle and apical turns
	<ol>
		<li>Place the remaining two-thirds of the cochlea, apical side down.</li>
		<li>Using 2.5 mm Vannas spring scissors, insert one blade into the scala media where the middle turn used to be connected to the basal turn, and make several small cuts along the spiral ligament/lateral wall of the middle turn.</li>
		<li>Using 5 mm Vannas-Tubingen spring scissors, insert one blade into the region just cut with the middle turn placed on top of the blade, and place the other blade on the outside the bony labyrinth, at a 90o angle from the apical tip. This separates the middle turn from the apical turn.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Complete dissection of the middle turn in a similar manner to the basal turn (see steps 5.2.2 to 5.2.4).</li>
	<li>Complete dissection of the apical turn.
	<ol>
		<li>Using 2.5 mm Vannas spring scissors, open the cap that covers the apical turn. Complete dissection in a similar manner to the basal turn (see steps 5.2.2 to 5.2.4). 
		NOTE: Dissected cochlear turns can be stored in 10 mM PBS pH 7.4 in a 48-well plate (or chamber slide) at 4 oC for several weeks before immunostaining. However PBS will evaporate and needs to be periodically replenished and storage longer than 2 - 3 weeks can result in bacterial or fungal growth on the tissue which can decrease the quality of the image. We recommend long-term storage of samples as undissected temporal bones.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
6. Immunostaining with Fluorescently Tagged Antibodies
<ol>
	<li>After the dissection, store each cochlear turn in a separate well in a 48-well plate (or chamber slide),&#160;submerged in ~500 &#181;l of 10 mM PBS pH 7.4. For each of the following steps the cochlear turn should be submerged in liquid, not floating on top or stuck to the side of the well.&#160; 
	NOTE: When removing liquid from each well, it is easy to lose the cochlear turns or suck it up in the pipette tip. Changing solutions with a 200 &#181;l pipette tip using a dissection scope will help prevent this.</li>
	<li>Using a pipette, remove PBS from each well and replace with ~200 - 300 &#181;l per well of blocking/permeabilization solution (1% Triton X-100, 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), and 10% normal goat serum (NGS) diluted in 10 mM PBS pH 7.4). Incubate 1 hr at RT on a 3D rotator. 
	NOTE: If any primary antibody used was made in a goat host, then a secondary anti-goat antibody will be needed and NGS should NOT be used for any of the steps. Normal horse serum can be used as a replacement for NGS.</li>
	<li>Remove blocking/permeabilization solution using a pipette and replace with ~100 &#181;l per well of primary antibody solution (0.1% Triton X-100, 1% BSA, and 5% NGS diluted in 10 mM PBS pH 7.4). The dilution factor for each primary antibody varies. Incubate O/N (minimum 14 hr) at 4 oC on a 3D rotator. 
	NOTE: If more than one primary antibody is used, all can be combined into the same solution for incubation, just make sure that each primary antibody has a different host.</li>
	<li>Remove primary antibody solution using a pipette and perform 3 washes of 10 mM PBS pH 7.4 at ~500 &#181;l per well. Each wash incubates a minimum of 5 min at RT on a 3D rotator.</li>
	<li>Remove last PBS wash using a pipette and replace with ~100 &#181;l per well of secondary antibody solution (0.1% Triton X-100, 1% BSA, and 5% NGS diluted in 10 mM PBS pH 7.4). The dilution factor for each fluorescently tagged secondary antibody is usually 1:500 or 1:1,000. Place 48-well plate in a black box to protect fluorescently tagged secondary antibodies from light. Incubate 2 - 3 hr at RT on a 3D rotator. 
	NOTE: If more than one secondary antibody is needed, they can be combined into the same solution for incubation. Make sure there is no possibility of cross-labeling (e.g., using goat anti-rabbit and chicken anti-goat secondary antibodies)</li>
	<li>Remove secondary antibody solution using a pipette and perform 3 washes of 10 mM PBS pH 7.4 at ~500 &#181;l per well. Incubate each wash for a minimum of 5 min at RT on a 3D rotator. Keep 48-well plate in a black box to protect from light.</li>
	<li>Remove last PBS wash using a pipette and replace with ~100 &#181;l per well of Hoechst 33342 (diluted 1:2,000 in 10 mM PBS pH 7.4) to label nuclei. Incubate 15 - 20 min at RT on a 3D rotator. Keep 48-well plate in a black box to protect from light. Do NOT incubate longer than 20 min.</li>
	<li>Remove Hoechst solution using a pipette and perform 3 washes of 10 mM PBS pH 7.4 at ~500 &#181;l per well. Incubate each wash for a minimum of 5 min at RT on a 3D rotator. Keep 48-well plate in a black box to protect from light.</li>
	<li>All steps can be extended, except Hoechst incubation, by several hours if needed. To pause the reaction at any stage, just submerge samples in ~500 ul of 10mM PBS pH7.4 and store the 48 -well plate (or chamber slide) at 4 oC until ready to resume the protocol hours or 1 - 2 days later. 
	&#160;</li>
</ol>
7. Mount Cochlear Turns on Slides
<ol>
	<li>Label slides with pertinent information about the sample and antibodies used.</li>
	<li>Pipette ~50 &#181;l of mounting media onto each slide and be careful to prevent bubbles. Centrifuge the tube containing the mounting media to remove&#160;any bubbles.</li>
	<li>Using #4 or #5 straight jeweler&#39;s forceps, grasp the axons of the spiral ganglion to gently transfer one cochlear turn from the 48-well plate to the slide and place in the mounting media. Mount one cochlear turn per slide to prevent light exposure and photobleaching during the imaging process.</li>
	<li>Use a stereo dissection microscope to ensure that cochlear turn is not folded, twisted, or near an air bubble.&#160;If any of these conditions occur, use #4 or #5 straight jeweler&#8217;s forceps to reposition the cochlear turn.</li>
	<li>Place one end of a coverslip on the slide and gently release to let the coverslip fall.</li>
	<li>Use a stereo dissection microscope to ensure that the cochlear turn is not folded, twisted, or near an air bubble. If any of these conditions occur, gently move the coverslip back and forth to reposition the cochlear turn.</li>
	<li>Place slides in a slide folder so that they lay flat. Let mounting media cure O/N at RT (keep in the DARK)</li>
	<li>Seal coverslips with clear nail polish and store at RT or -20&#160;oC until imaged. Slides can be stored in a slide folder or slide box. 
	NOTE:&#160;Slides can be stored long term at -20 oC or -80 oC and fluorescence will be maintained for several months.</li>
	<li>Image slides using a confocal microscope with the appropriate wavelength based on the secondary antibodies used during the immunostaining procedure. Brightness and contrast adjustments can be performed using the imaging software provided by the confocal vendor.</li>
</ol>

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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noise+damage+in+the+C57BL/CBA+mouse+cochlea.">Noise damage in the C57BL/CBA mouse cochlea.</a> Hear Res. 145 (1-2), 111-122 (2000).</li><li>Engstrom, H., Ades, H. W., Andersson, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Structural pattern of the organ of Corti. A systematic mapping of sensory cells and neural elements. , (1966).</li><li>Grant, L., Yi, E., Goutman, J. 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C., Willott, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Mouse Auditory Research. , 171-187 (2001).</li><li>Weber, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+cell-cycle+reentry+and+cell+death+after+acute+inactivation+of+the+retinoblastoma+gene+product+in+postnatal+cochlear+hair+cells.">Rapid cell-cycle reentry and cell death after acute inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene product in postnatal cochlear hair cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105 (2), 781-785 (2008).</li><li>Yu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+proliferation+of+postmitotic+cochlear+supporting+cells+by+acute+ablation+of+the+retinoblastoma+protein+in+neonatal+mice.">In vivo proliferation of postmitotic cochlear supporting cells by acute ablation of the retinoblastoma protein in neonatal mice.</a> J Neurosci. 30 (17), 5927-5936 (2010).</li><li>Steigelman, K. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+culture+and+plasmid+electroporation+of+the+murine+organ+of+Corti.">Primary culture and plasmid electroporation of the murine organ of Corti.</a> J Vis Exp. (36), e1685 (2010).</li><li>Burns, J. C., On, D., Baker, W., Collado, M. S., Corwin, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Over+half+the+hair+cells+in+the+mouse+utricle+first+appear+after+birth,+with+significant+numbers+originating+from+early+postnatal+mitotic+production+in+peripheral+and+striolar+growth+zones.">Over half the hair cells in the mouse utricle first appear after birth, with significant numbers originating from early postnatal mitotic production in peripheral and striolar growth zones.</a> J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 13 (5), 609-627 (2012).</li><li>Collado, M. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

There are several critical steps for successful whole mount dissection and immunostaining. However before either of these methods are performed, proper fixation of the cochlear tissue is needed. We recommend using methanol free, ultra-pure, EM grade PFA. PFA made from powder can have traces of methanol and an unstable pH which decreases the quality of immunofluorescence. Other groups have also shown that similar dissections are possible using fixatives that do not contain formaldehyde14-16. The length of fixation is also important and is antibody specific. Some antibodies can tolerate an O/N fixation, while others do not work well with just 1 hr in PFA (however this is rare). Under-fixed tissue can be problematic for the dissection method as the tissue falls apart.&#160;In our experience a 3 - 4 hr fixation provides adequate fixation and does not interfere with the majority of primary antibodies commonly used in the hearing field.&#160;
It is also possible that EDTA can interfere with primary antibodies; thus some antibodies will work well in neonatal tissue, but not in P7 or older tissue that was decalcified. After fixation, temporal bones can be stored for variable amounts of time before decalcification depending on the antigens being examined. Some antigens require decalcification and dissection within days to weeks after fixation, while others may be stored for years (either before or after decalcification) without decreasing the quality of the immunostaining. We recommend storing samples as temporal bones due to the risk of evaporation of the storage media (PBS) from the 48-well plate and potential contamination with fungus or bacteria. We typically perform the whole mount dissection less than one week in advance to immunostaining.
Once fixed and decalcified, the whole mount dissection is performed with the temporal bone submerged in liquid. Removing excess bone and soft tissue surrounding the labyrinth early in the dissection will aid in removal of the spiral ligament/lateral wall at later stages by facilitating the manipulation of the tissue and providing a less obscured view of critical structures. When performing the first few steps, forceps can be used to hold the tissue in the vestibular region. However once the turns are isolated, it is important to avoid placing forceps on the organ of Corti or spiral ligament/lateral wall. Instead, keep the forceps closed and pin the spiral ganglion nerve fibers to the silicone elastomer-coated dissection dish. Do not hold onto this region as the tissue will tear. In general, once the tissue has been divided into the three turns, grasping and pulling maneuvers can cause unpredictable results, which are often damaging to the organ of Corti and should be avoided. Tissue from younger animals (P7-P21) tends to be more forgiving than tissue from animals older than P21. In addition, cochlear samples with hair cell damage are more difficult to dissect. If the mouse received noise exposure the tissue is especially fragile. Regardless of the state of the tissue, the dissection we present is technically demanding and requires many practice attempts for proficiency.
During immunostaining, it is important that each cochlear turn is submerged in liquid, not floating on top or stuck to the side of the well. This allows more complete penetration of triton and antibodies into the tissue. When removing liquid from each well, it is easy to lose the cochlear turn or draw it up into the pipette tip. Changing solutions with a 200 &#181;l pipette tip using a dissection scope will help prevent this. Slowly extract the liquid and move the pipette tip if the cochlear turn gets too close. Also pipetteting waste solution into a clean tube can be a good strategy as this waste tube can be searched if a turn is accidentally drawn up into the pipette. If the turn is stuck in the pipette tip, the tip can be cut open with a razor blade, but often the organ of Corti will be damaged if this occurs.
When trouble-shooting antibodies for immunostaining, additional steps such as antigen retrieval or signal enhancement can be added. There are low pH and high pH antigen unmasking reagents that can be purchased. If an antibody does not work with the method described here, the first protocol change to try is one of these antigen retrieval methods. Alternatively, use a signal enhancer. There are commercially available solutions to use prior to immunostaining, or tyramide amplification kits that can be used to amplify the signal from the secondary antibody.
The significance of the technique we present is the ability to maintain the three-dimensional structure of the organ of Corti and to visualize all cells within the organ. The entire length of the cochlea is separated into only three turns while other similar techniques, namely the Bohne and Liberman methods, require division into 5 - 10 pieces6-8, increasing the number of samples to maneuver in the immunostaining and imaging processes. The cochlear lateral wall dissection that was developed by Cosgrove and Gratton requires a similar level of skill and is possible in unfixed, fresh tissue, as well as in decalcified tissue, but the organ of Corti is stripped away and destroyed in the process of isolating the lateral wall17. Another group has performed similar dissections in unfixed, fresh cochlear tissue from three week old rats where the spiral ligament/lateral wall is grasped and stripped away from the organ of Corti, leaving the organ intact. However this was only achieved in the apical turn5. The method of peeling the spiral ligament/lateral wall away from the organ of Corti is routine for dissection of fixed tissue in a young mouse (&#60; P7)13. However, in our experience with mice older than P6, after fixation and decalcification, this maneuver often tears the organ of Corti in an unreliable fashion. In addition the procedure described here allows isolation of middle and basal turns as well.
Cryosections and sections obtained after paraffin embedding are also commonly used in the auditory field. These methods allow visualization of other structures such as the stria vascularis, Reissner&#39;s membrane, and tectorial membrane, yet each section only allows visualization of a small region of the organ of Corti in each cochlear turn. Thus to investigate events that occur in a mosaic pattern, such as cell loss or cell division, with the sectioning method, 50 or more slides need to be stained and imaged to capture the entire length of the cochlea. In contrast, the whole mount dissection protocol has the advantage of preparing the entire organ of Corti in just three pieces. In addition to the benefit of preserving the lengthwise architecture of the organ of Corti, this technique allows for simplified data collection and storage. One limitation of the whole mount dissection is that it destroys surrounding structures such as the spiral ligament, stria vascularis, Reissner&#39;s membrane, and tectorial membrane. Another limitation is the technical difficulty and length of time for a single dissection. This is mostly due to the fragile nature of the organ of Corti and small margin for error when removing the spiral ligament/lateral wall. Once mastered, the whole mount dissection of one cochlea can be performed in about 20 - 30 min .
While the above protocol describes a whole mount dissection method for the adult mouse, we hope to apply this technique to other model organisms used in the auditory field. Our lab is currently modifying this technique for the dissection of the rat cochlea. The larger cochlea of the rat is encased in a thicker otic capsule that is more densely calcified than the mouse. Thus the temporal bone must be excised with large scissors. Before fixation and decalcification with EDTA, the otic capsule should be opened with scissors to allow better access to the cochlear tissue. Also the decalcification process is longer and can take up 3 weeks depending on the age of the sample. For the whole mount dissection, the size of the bony labyrinth affects the technique. The increased size of the rat cochlea&#160;provides a slightly larger distance between the spiral ligament/lateral wall and organ of Corti, providing a larger margin of error for individual cuts. However, while the larger tissue may provide more material to grasp for manipulation of the specimen, it also requires a greater number of cuts to remove the entire length of the spiral ligament/lateral wall. We believe that analogous modifications could be made for dissection of the cochlea from chinchilla, gerbil, and guinea pig.

The spiral-shaped cochlea of the inner ear, contained within the temporal bone, houses the organ of Corti, the auditory sensory end organ in mammals. The cochlea is tonotopically organized and commonly divided into apical, middle, and basal turns corresponding to different frequency regions with high frequency sound detection in the base and low frequency detection in the apex1. Hair cells, the mechanosensory cells of the organ of Corti, run the length of the cochlea, which is approximately 6 mm long in mice2,3. These cells convert the mechanical energy of sound waves, which are transmitted through the fluid-filled membranous labyrinth, into neural signals that are processed by central auditory structures. The technique described here provides a method for preparing whole mounts of the organ of Corti after calcification of the cochlea is complete (for samples ranging from one week of age to adulthood). We also present a method for immunostaining the whole mounted cochlear tissue. Cochlear whole mounts are crucial for visualization of all hair cells and surrounding supporting cells in their natural spatial arrangements and allow for analysis in three dimensions with the use of confocal microscopy.
Drs. Hans Engstrom and Harlow Ades originally described a whole mount cochlear dissection method in 1966. They detailed a technique to rapidly fix and dissect calcified cochleae submerged in liquid from a variety of mammals, preserving short intact segments of the organ of Corti for microscopic analysis4. The dissection of an unfixed, calcified rat cochlea has also been illustrated in an instructional video5. Drs. Barbara Bohne and Gary Harding at Washington University made several important modifications to this method. In their version of the cochlear whole mount method, the temporal bone was decalcified, embedded in plastic, and five half-turns or ten quarter-turns were dissected6,7. Dr. Charles Liberman and colleagues at Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, modified this technique so that plastic embedding was not required8. Further modification of the technique occurred in Dr. Jian Zuo&#39;s lab at St. Jude Children&#39;s Research Hospital9-12 which informed the dissection method presented here. We use a different strategy to gain access to the organ of Corti than Bohne and Liberman, which allows isolation of complete apical, middle, and basal turns. Thus the dissected tissue is larger and less likely to be lost or damaged during the dissection or immunostaining processes. In addition, the current method facilitates measurement of the distance from the apical tip or basal hook to identify a frequency region.
Although many labs perform immunostaining of cochlear tissue, it is unclear where this method originated. As a result there are various recipes for blocking buffers and antibody incubation buffers that may affect the performance of individual primary antibodies. Here, we present one method for immunostaining with fluorescently tagged antibodies that is applicable to most commonly used antibodies in the auditory field.
The complex shape of the cochlea, delicate structure of the organ of Corti, and bony encasement provide a challenge for histological and biochemical analysis. A variety of techniques are currently used in the hearing field to surmount these difficult features and visualize the cells within the organ of Corti, each technique with its own advantages and disadvantages. The protocol presented here allows for whole mount dissection of the adult mouse cochlea and, with slight modification, can potentially be used to examine the critical structures within the cochleae from a variety of other model organisms used in the field.

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whole mount dissection and immunofluorescence of the adult mouse cochlea

The organ of Corti, housed in the cochlea of the inner ear, contains mechanosensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells which are organized in a spiral shape and have a tonotopic gradient for sound detection. The mouse cochlea is approximately 6 mm long and often divided into three turns (apex, middle, and base) for analysis. To investigate cell loss, cell division, or mosaic gene expression, the whole mount or surface preparation of the cochlea is useful. This dissection method allows visualization of all cells within the organ of Corti when combined with immunostaining and confocal microscopy to image cells at different planes in the z-axis. Multiple optical cross-sections can also be obtained from these z-stack images. In addition, the whole mount dissection method can be used for scanning electron microscopy, although a different fixation method is needed. Here, we present a method to isolate the organ of Corti as three intact cochlear turns (apex, middle, and base). This method can be used for mice ranging from one week of age through adulthood and differs from the technique used for neonatal samples where calcification of the cochlea is incomplete. A slightly modified version can be used for dissection of the rat cochlea. We also demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining with fluorescently tagged antibodies.

We present a method to isolate the organ of Corti as three intact cochlear turns (apex, middle, and base) from cochlear tissue that is calcified, with key dissection steps presented in Figure 1. During the first postnatal week of development, calcification of the mouse cochlea is incomplete and a more simple dissection method can be used13. Using the neonatal whole mount dissection method with cochlea from P7 and older mice results in tears and shredding of the organ of Corti. The spiral ligament/lateral wall is now more firmly attached and cannot be peeled away from the sensory epithelium without causing damage. Thus the &#34;adult&#34; whole mount dissection method is needed for samples older than P6. We present an example of the middle turn of a P15 mouse cochlea that has been dissected and immunostained with hair cell and supporting cell markers (Figure 2). Optical cross-sections can also be obtained with the whole mount technique (Figure 3).
Several problems can occur during the whole mount dissection or when mounting the cochlear turns on slides. During the removal of the spiral ligament/lateral wall, there is a narrow window between cutting too much or not enough. Cuts that occur next to the last row of outer hair cells may cause the hair cells in this last row to mount at varied angles (Figure 4A). Cuts that are too large can remove sections of the organ of Corti (Figure 4B). Handling the sample with forceps takes great care and often there are holes in the organ of Corti where forceps were misplaced (Figure 4C). Finally when mounting the cochlear turns, the organ of Corti can fold which obscures the image (Figure 4D).


<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53561/53561fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Important Steps in the Whole Mount Dissection of the &#8220;Adult&#8221; Mouse Cochlea. (A) After protocol step 5.1.4, the basal turn of the cochlea is separated from middle/apical turns, yet still attached to the vestibular region. (B) After protocol step 5.3.3, the middle turn is separated from the apical turn. (C) Example of the completed dissection of a middle turn where the spiral ligament/lateral wall is removed. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53561/53561fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53561/53561fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2. Confocal Slice Image of the Middle Turn Isolated from a P15 Mouse. Four 20x images are overlaid to reconstruct the whole middle turn. Hair cells are labeled with a rabbit anti-myosin VIIa primary antibody (1:200 dilution) combined with a donkey anti-rabbit Alexa 488-conjugated secondary antibody (1:1,000 dilution) (magenta). Supporting cells are labeled with a goat anti-Sox2 primary antibody (1:500 dilution) combined with a donkey anti-goat Alexa 568-conjugated secondary antibody (1:1,000 dilution) (green). Hoechst (blue) labels all nuclei.&#160; Image was taken using a Zeiss LSM 700 confocal microscope with 405, 488, and 555 wavelengths. Scale bar = 100 &#181;m. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53561/53561fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53561/53561fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3. Optical Cross-section of the Middle Turn Isolated from a 6-week Old Mouse. (A) Confocal slice image of the whole mount preparation (bottom) and optical cross-section in the XZ plane (top). (B) Increased magnification of the top panel in (A), with the crosshairs removed. Hair cells are labeled with a rabbit anti-myosin VIIa primary antibody (1:200 dilution) combined with a donkey anti-rabbit Alexa 647-conjugated secondary antibody (1:1,000 dilution) (magenta). Supporting cells are labeled with a goat anti-Sox2 primary antibody (1:500 dilution) combined with a donkey anti-goat Alexa 568-conjugated secondary antibody (1:1,000 dilution) (green). Image was taken using a Zeiss LSM 700 confocal microscope with 405, 555, and 647 wavelengths. Scale bars = 20 &#181;m <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53561/53561fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53561/53561fig4.jpg" /> 
Figure 4.&#160;Examples of Problems that can Occur During the Whole Mount Dissection or When Mounting Cochlear Turns on Slides.&#160;(A) On the left side of the image, the cochlear tissue was cut next to the last row of outer hair cells causing many of these cells to be mounted at varied angles. (B) A section of the organ of Corti on the left side of the image has been cut off. (C) There is a hole punched in the outer hair cell region in the middle of the image. (D), The organ of Corti is folded in several places. Images were taken from 4 - 8 week old mouse cochleae. Hair cells are labeled with a rabbit anti-myosin VIIa primary antibody (1:200 dilution) combined with a goat anti-rabbit Alexa 488-conjugated secondary antibody (1:1,000 dilution) or a donkey anti-rabbit Alexa 488-conjugated secondary antibody (1:1,000 dilution) (magenta). In C outer hair cells are labeled with a goat anti-prestin primary antibody (1:200 dilution) combined with a donkey anti-rabbit Alexa 568-conjugated secondary antibody (1:1,000 dilution) (green). Images were taken using a Leica SP5 confocal microscope with 405, 488, and 555 nm&#160;wavelengths. Scale bars: in A-B = 20 &#181;m; in C-D = 40 &#181;m. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53561/53561fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Mount Dissection and Immunofluorescence of the Adult Mouse Cochlea at JoVE.com

Whole Mount Dissection and Immunofluorescence of the Adult Mouse Cochlea

We present a method to isolate the adult organ of Corti as three intact cochlear turns (apex, middle, and base). We also demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining with fluorescently tagged antibodies. Together these techniques allow the study of hair cells, supporting cells, and other cell types found in the cochlea.

The organ of Corti, housed in the cochlea of the inner ear, contains mechanosensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells which are organized in a ...

whole-mount-dissection-immunofluorescence-adult-mouse

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

54.5K Views.  Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine. We present a method to isolate the adult organ of Corti as three intact cochlear turns (apex, middle, and base). We also demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining with fluorescently tagged antibodies. Together these techniques allow the study of hair cells, supporting cells, and other cell types found in the cochlea.

Video: Whole Mount Dissection and Immunofluorescence of the Adult Mouse Cochlea

Visualization of the Embryonic Nervous System in Whole-mount Drosophila Embryos

The Drosophila embryo is an attractive model system for investigating the cellular and molecular basis of neuronal development. Here we describe the procedure for the visualization of Drosophila embryonic nervous system using antibodies to neuronal proteins. Since the entire embryonic peripheral nervous and central nervous systems are well characterized at the level of individual cells (Dambly-Chaudi&egrave;re et al., 1986; Bodmer et al., 1987; Bodmer et al., 1989), any aberrations to these systems can be easily identified using antibodies to different neuronal proteins. The developing embryos are collected at certain times to ensure that the embryos are in the proper developmental stages for visualization. After collection, the outer layers of the embryo, the chorion membrane and the vitelline envelope that surrounds the embryo, are removed before fixation. Embryos are then incubated with neuronal antibodies and visualized using fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies. Embryos at stages 12-17 are visualized to access the embryonic nervous system. At stage 12 the CNS germ band starts shortening and by stage 15 the definitive pattern of the commissure has been achieved. By stage 17 the CNS contracts and the PNS is fully developed (Campos-Ortega et al. 1985). Thus changes in the pattern of the PNS and CNS can be easily observed during these developmental stages.

Visualization of the Embryonic Nervous System in Whole-mount Drosophila Embryos

We describe the procedure to prepare staged Drosophila embryos for the visualization of the embryonic nervous system during embryogenesis.

The Drosophila embryo is an attractive model system for investigating the cellular and molecular basis of neuronal development. Here we describe the ...

Dissection of a Mouse Eye for a Whole Mount of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones). The RPE is a monolayer of pigmented cuboidal cells and associates closely with the neural retina just above it. This association makes the RPE of great interest to researchers studying retinal diseases. The RPE is also the site of an in vivo assay of homology-directed DNA repair, the pun assay. The mouse eye is particularly difficult to dissect due to its small size (about 3.5mm in diameter) and its spherical shape. This article demonstrates in detail a procedure for dissection of the eye resulting in a whole mount of the RPE. In this procedure, we show how to work with, rather than against, the spherical structure of the eye. Briefly, the connective tissue, muscle, and optic nerve are removed from the back of the eye. Then, the cornea and lens are removed. Next, strategic cuts are made that result in significant flattening of the remaining tissue. Finally, the neural retina is gently lifted off, revealing an intact RPE, which is still attached to the underlying choroid and sclera. This whole mount can be used to perform the pun assay or for immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescent assessment of the RPE tissue.

A formal demonstration of the dissection of a mouse eye, resulting in a whole mount of the retinal pigment epithelium.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and ...

Whole Mount Preparation of the Adult Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord for Giant Fiber Dye Injection

To analyze the axonal and dendritic morphology of neurons, it is essential to obtain accurate labeling of neuronal structures. Preparing well labeled samples with little to no tissue damage enables us to analyze cell morphology and to compare individual samples to each other, hence allowing the identification of mutant anomalies.
In the demonstrated dissection method the nervous system remains mostly inside the adult fly. Through a dorsal incision, the abdomen and thorax are opened and most of the internal organs are removed. Only the dorsal side of the ventral nerve cord (VNC) and the cervical connective 
(CvC) containing the big axons of the giant fibers (GFs)1 are exposed, while the brain containing the GF cell body and dendrites remains2 in the 
intact head. In this preparation most nerves of the VNC should remain attached to their muscles. 
Following the dissection, the intracellular filling of the giant fiber (GF) with a fluorescent dye is demonstrated. In the CvC the GF axons are located at the dorsal surface and thus can be easily visualized under a microscope with differential interference contrast (DIC) optics. This allows the injection of the GF axons with dye at this site to label the entire GF including the axons and their terminals in the VNC. This method results in reliable and strong staining of the GFs allowing the neurons to be imaged immediately after filling with an epifluorescent microscope. Alternatively, the fluorescent signal can be enhanced using standard immunohistochemistry procedures3 suitable for high resolution confocal microscopy.

Whole Mount Preparation of the Adult Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord for Giant Fiber Dye Injection

An in vivo dissection of the adult Drosophila ventral nerve cord (VNC) is demonstrated. This particular dissection method causes little damage to the VNC allowing the subsequent labeling of the giant fiber neurons with fluorescent dye for high resolution imaging.

To analyze the axonal and dendritic morphology of neurons, it is essential to obtain accurate labeling of neuronal structures. Preparing well labeled ...

Reproducible Mouse Sciatic Nerve Crush and Subsequent Assessment of Regeneration by Whole Mount Muscle Analysis

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely studied both for its relevance to human disease and to understand the robust regenerative response mounted by PNS neurons thereby possibly illuminating the failures of CNS regeneration1. Sciatic nerve crush (axonotmesis) is one of the most common models of peripheral nerve injury in rodents2. Crushing interrupts all axons but Schwann cell basal laminae are preserved so that regeneration is optimal3,4. This allows the investigator to study precisely the ability of a growing axon to interact with both the Schwann cell and basal laminae4. Rats have generally been the preferred animal models for experimental nerve crush. They are widely available and their lesioned sciatic nerve provides a reasonable approximation of human nerve lesions5,4. Though smaller in size than rat nerve, the mouse nerve has many similar qualities. Most importantly though, mouse models are increasingly valuable because of the wide availability of transgenic lines now allows for a detailed dissection of the individual molecules critical for nerve regeneration6, 7. Prior investigators have used multiple methods to produce a nerve crush or injury including simple angled forceps, chilled forceps, hemostatic forceps, vascular clamps, and investigator-designed clamps8,9,10,11,12. Investigators have also used various methods of marking the injury site including suture, carbon particles and fluorescent beads13,14,1. We describe our method to obtain a reproducibly complete sciatic nerve crush with accurate and persistent marking of the crush-site using a fine hemostatic forceps and subsequent carbon crush-site marking. As part of our description of the sciatic nerve crush procedure we have also included a relatively simple method of muscle whole mount we use to subsequently quantify regeneration.

In this report we describe a method to crush mouse sciatic nerve. This method uses readily available hemostatic forceps and easily and reproducibly produces complete sciatic nerve crush. In addition, we describe a method to prepare muscle whole mounts suitable for analysis of nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve crush.

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely studied both for its relevance to human disease and to understand the robust regenerative ...

Dissection of Adult Mouse Utricle and Adenovirus-mediated Supporting-cell Infection

Hearing loss and balance disturbances are often caused by death of mechanosensory hair cells, which are the receptor cells of the inner ear. Since there is no cell line that satisfactorily represents mammalian hair cells, research on hair cells relies on primary organ cultures. The best-characterized in vitro model system of mature mammalian hair cells utilizes organ cultures of utricles from adult mice (Figure 1) 1-6. The utricle is a vestibular organ, and the hair cells of the utricle are similar in both structure and function to the hair cells in the auditory organ, the organ of Corti. The adult mouse utricle preparation represents a mature sensory epithelium for studies of the molecular signals that regulate the survival, homeostasis, and death of these cells.
Mammalian cochlear hair cells are terminally differentiated and are not regenerated when they are lost. In non-mammalian vertebrates, auditory or vestibular hair cell death is followed by robust regeneration which restores hearing and balance functions 7, 8. Hair cell regeneration is mediated by glia-like supporting cells, which contact the basolateral surfaces of hair cells in the sensory epithelium 9, 10. Supporting cells are also important mediators of hair cell survival and death 11. We have recently developed a technique for infection of supporting cells in cultured utricles using adenovirus. Using adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) to deliver a transgene containing GFP under the control of the CMV promoter, we find that adenovirus specifically and efficiently infects supporting cells. Supporting cell infection efficiency is approximately 25-50%, and hair cells are not infected (Figure 2). Importantly, we find that adenoviral infection of supporting cells does not result in toxicity to hair cells or supporting cells, as cell counts in Ad-GFP infected utricles are equivalent to those in non-infected utricles (Figure 3). Thus adenovirus-mediated gene expression in supporting cells of cultured utricles provides a powerful tool to study the roles of supporting cells as mediators of hair cell survival, death, and regeneration.

Mechanosensory hair cells are the receptor cells of the inner ear. The best-characterized in vitro model system of mature mammalian hair cells utilizes organ cultures of utricles from adult mice. We present the dissection of the adult mouse utricle, and we demonstrate adenovirus-mediated infection of supporting cells in cultured utricles.

Hearing loss and balance disturbances are often caused by death of mechanosensory hair cells, which are the receptor cells of the inner ear.  Since there ...

Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo

Angiogenesis is the complex process of new blood vessel formation defined by the sprouting of new blood vessels from a pre-existing vessel network. Angiogenesis plays a key role not only in normal development of organs and tissues, but also in many diseases in which blood vessel formation is dysregulated, such as cancer, blindness and ischemic diseases. In adult life, blood vessels are generally quiescent so angiogenesis is an important target for novel drug development to try and regulate new vessel formation specifically in disease. In order to better understand angiogenesis and to develop appropriate strategies to regulate it, models are required that accurately reflect the different biological steps that are involved. The mouse neonatal retina provides an excellent model of angiogenesis because arteries, veins and capillaries develop to form a vascular plexus during the first week after birth. This model also has the advantage of having a two-dimensional (2D) structure making analysis straightforward compared with the complex 3D anatomy of other vascular networks. By analyzing the retinal vascular plexus at different times after birth, it is possible to observe the various stages of angiogenesis under the microscope. This article demonstrates a straightforward procedure for analyzing the vasculature of a mouse retina using fluorescent staining with isolectin and vascular specific antibodies.

Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo

The neonatal murine retina provides a well characterized physiological model of angiogenesis, which permits investigations of the roles of different genes or drugs that modulate angiogenesis in an in vivo context. Immunofluorescent staining to accurately visualize the vascular plexus is pivotal to the success of these types of studies.

Angiogenesis  is the complex process of new blood vessel formation defined by the sprouting  of new blood vessels from a pre-existing vessel network. ...

Dissection of the Transversus Abdominis Muscle for Whole-mount Neuromuscular Junction Analysis

Analysis of neuromuscular junction morphology can give important insight into the physiological status of a given motor neuron. Analysis of thin flat muscles can offer significant advantage over traditionally used thicker muscles, such as those from the hind limb (e.g. gastrocnemius). Thin muscles allow for comprehensive overview of the entire innervation pattern for a given muscle, which in turn permits identification of selectively vulnerable pools of motor neurons. These muscles also allow analysis of parameters such as motor unit size, axonal branching, and terminal/nodal sprouting. A common obstacle in using such muscles is gaining the technical expertise to dissect them. In this video, we detail the protocol for dissecting the transversus abdominis (TVA) muscle from young mice and performing immunofluorescence to visualize axons and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). We demonstrate that this technique gives a complete overview of the innervation pattern of the TVA muscle&#160;and can be used to investigate NMJ pathology in a mouse model of the childhood motor neuron disease, spinal muscular atrophy.

Dissection of the Transversus Abdominis Muscle for Whole-mount Neuromuscular Junction Analysis

In this video we demonstrate a protocol for dissection of the transversus abdominis muscle of the mouse and use immunofluorescence and microscopy to visualize neuromuscular junctions.

Analysis of neuromuscular junction morphology can give important insight into the physiological status of a given motor neuron. Analysis of thin flat ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Whole-mount Imaging of Mouse Embryo Sensory Axon Projections

The visualization of full-length neuronal projections in embryos is essential to gain an understanding of how mammalian neuronal networks develop. Here we describe a method to label in situ a subset of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axon projections to assess their phenotypic characteristics using several genetically manipulated mouse lines. The TrkA-positive neurons are nociceptor neurons, dedicated to the transmission of pain signals. We utilize a TrkAtaulacZ mouse line to label the trajectories of all TrkA-positive peripheral axons in the intact mouse embryo. We further breed the TrkAtaulacZ line onto a Bax null background, which essentially abolishes neuronal apoptosis, in order to assess growth-related questions independently of possible effects of genetic manipulations on neuronal survival. Subsequently, genetically modified mice of interest are bred with the TrkAtaulacZ/Bax null line and are then ready for study using the techniques described herein. This presentation includes detailed information on mouse breeding plans, genotyping at the time of dissection, tissue preparation, staining and clearing to allow for visualization of full-length axonal trajectories in whole-mount preparation.

We present here an optimized protocol to genotype, stain and prepare fetal mice for the imaging of peripheral nociceptor axon projections in the whole animal, as an effective method to assess sensory axon growth phenotypes in developing genetically engineered mice.

The visualization of full-length neuronal projections in embryos is essential to gain an understanding of how mammalian neuronal networks develop. Here we ...

Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice

The mouse olfactory system comprises 6-10 million olfactory sensory neurons in the epithelium lining the nasal cavity. Olfactory neurons extend a single dendrite to the surface of the epithelium, ending in a structure called dendritic knob. Cilia emanate from this knob into the mucus covering the epithelial surface. The proteins of the olfactory signal transduction cascade are mainly localized in the ciliary membrane, being in direct contact with volatile substances in the environment. For a detailed understanding of olfactory signal transduction, one important aspect is the exact morphological analysis of signaling protein distribution. Using light microscopical approaches in conventional cryosections, protein localization in olfactory cilia is difficult to determine due to the density of ciliary structures. To overcome this problem, we optimized an approach for whole mount labeling of cilia, leading to improved visualization of their morphology and the distribution of signaling proteins. We demonstrate the power of this approach by comparing whole mount and conventional cryosection labeling of Kirrel2. This axon-guidance adhesion molecule is known to localize in a subset of sensory neurons and their axons in an activity-dependent manner. Whole mount cilia labeling revealed an additional and novel picture of the localization of this protein.

Cilia of olfactory sensory neurons contain proteins of the signal transduction cascade, but a detailed spatial analysis of their distribution is difficult in cryosections. We describe here an optimized approach for whole mount labeling and en face visualization of ciliary proteins.

The mouse olfactory system comprises 6-10 million olfactory sensory neurons in the epithelium lining the nasal cavity. Olfactory neurons extend a single ...