The authors thank Mr. Kenta Yamada, Mr. Ryota Fujioka, and Mr. Mizuki Kyoda for their support on the experiments and data analyses. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25630069, the Suzuki Foundation, and the Precise Measurement Technology Promotion Foundation, Japan.

1. Experimental Setup and Procedures
Prepare an optical rail to mount a sample and optics for NIR imaging as follows.
<ol>
	<li>Sample preparation. 
	Note: When using water or aqueous liquid, do Step 1.1.1. When using an aqueous gel with high viscosity, do Step 1.1.2.
	<ol>
		<li>Steel sphere setting in water.
		<ol>
			<li>Fix a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere to the end of a thin plastic string using a small amount of glue.</li>
			<li>Hang the steel sphere at the center of the rectangular glass cell with an optical path length of 10.0 mm, a width of 10 mm, and a height of 45 mm (Figure 3).</li>
			<li>Pour filtered water into the cell carefully so as not to produce air bubbles. 
			&#8203;NOTE: A steel sphere can also be fixed to the tip of a thin plastic rod with a small amount of glue19.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Steel sphere setting in aqueous gel.
		<ol>
			<li>Heat an aqueous gel to reduce its viscosity such that it is low enough to be poured smoothly.</li>
			<li>Using a syringe, pour the aqueous gel into a rectangular glass cell with an optical path length of 2.0 mm, a width of 10 mm, and a height of 45 mm to half-full and leave it to cool.</li>
			<li>Place a 0.5-mm-diameter steel sphere in the center of the gel surface.</li>
			<li>Fill the cell with the aqueous gel. 
			NOTE: Larger spheres (&#62;~1 mm dia.) should not be used with a gel because they will move by gravitational and/or magnetic forces during induction heating.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Set the cell in a plastic holder and mount it on the optical rail (Figure 3).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparation of NIR imaging system.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a halogen lamp with a fiber light guide, and fix the end of the fiber light guide with a holder on the optical rail.</li>
		<li>Place a narrow bandpass filter (NBPF) with a transmittance peak at &#955; = 1150 nm or &#955; = 1412 nm between the fiber light guide and the cell (Figure 3).</li>
		<li>Interpose another bandpass filter (BPF), whose transmission wavelength range is wider than that of the NBPF, between the halogen lamp and the NBPF. 
		NOTE: The BPF is needed to prevent thermal damage to the NBPF because it receives light directly.</li>
		<li>Interpose an iris diaphragm(s) in the light path between the NBPF and cell holder to reduce the stray light (Figure 3).</li>
		<li>Set up an NIR camera to detect the light transmitted through the cell (Figure 3). Connect the camera through a data transfer cable to a graphic board installed in a personal computer (PC) with image acquisition software.</li>
		<li>Set a telecentric lens between the cell and camera (Figure 3). 
		NOTE: A common camera lens can also be used. However, a telecentric lens is better in terms of the selective detection of the light parallel to the chief ray for the IAT and reduction of the influence of diffraction. 
		NOTE: The NBPF and BPF should not be placed between the cell and camera because, in doing so, the water temperature would increase via direct absorption of high-intensity light from the halogen lamp.</li>
		<li>Turn on the NIR camera and launch the image acquisition software.</li>
		<li>Light the halogen lamp and adjust its output power observing the image displayed on the monitor (Figure 4).</li>
		<li>Adjust the axis, position, and focus of the telecentric lens to obtain a fine image of the steel sphere. 
		NOTE: If the adjustment is not complete, irregular intensity patterns will appear, leading to incorrect absorbances.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparation of induction heating system.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare an induction heating system consisting of a high-frequency generator (maximum output power: 5.6 kW; frequency: 780 kHz), water-cooled coil, and water chiller. 
		NOTE: An induction heating system for brazing, welding, and soldering small metal parts is appropriate for this purpose; see Table of Materials.</li>
		<li>If possible, mount the coil on an XYZ movable stage to change its position.</li>
		<li>Place the coil near the cell such that the distance between the coil center and the steel sphere is approximately 15 mm (Figure 3). Ensure that there are no other metal parts near the coil. 
		NOTE: The distance should be adjusted depending on the induction heating power and the sphere size.</li>
		<li>Circulate water for cooling.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Image acquisition and induction heating.
	<ol>
		<li>Click &#34;start&#34; on the image acquisition software to store the images sequentially.</li>
		<li>Click &#34;start&#34; on the induction heating control software to commence the induction heating.</li>
		<li>After several seconds (depending on the conditions and purpose), click &#34;stop&#34; on the image acquisition software.</li>
		<li>Click &#34;stop&#34; on the induction heating control software.</li>
		<li>Save the temporally-stored images as a TIFF sequence (or other non-compressed format) on the image acquisition software. 
		NOTE: If the temperature is high enough, the effect of light deflection will appear on the image7. The induction heating power must be decreased appropriately though experiments such that the increase in the temperature near the sphere is less than approximately 10 K, which can be confirmed in the following protocol steps for temperature estimation.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Image Processing and Temperature Estimation
Note: The saved sequential images are represented as Ii(x, z), where i is the sequential frame number. The coordinates, x, y, z, r, and r&#39; are defined as are indicated in Figure 2; z is positive in the direction opposite to gravity. The outline of the following protocol steps is also illustrated in Supplement 1.
<ol>
	<li>Absorbance image construction.
	<ol>
		<li>Open Ii(x, z) with the image processing software.</li>
		<li>Reduce noise in Ii(x, z) by implementing 3 &#215; 3 pixel averaging.</li>
		<li>Create an average image of Ii(x, z) over i = 1 to 5 (or more) before heating, and define it as the reference image, Ir(x, z). 
		NOTE: This averaging reduces the noise to obtain a more reliable image than a single frame image.</li>
		<li>Construct the sequential images of the absorbance difference, &#916;Ai(x, z), via the following equation: 
		<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq1.jpg" />&#160; &#160;(1) 
		NOTE: &#916;Ai(x, z) is the variation in the absorbance, Ai(x, z), from the reference absorbance, Ar(x, z), before heating, and is derived as follows15,16,17,18,19: 
		<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq2.jpg" />&#160; &#160;(2) 
		where I0 is the intensity of incident light to the cell.</li>
		<li>Colorize the &#916;Ai images using an appropriate color map such as blue-to-red. 
		NOTE: The command script file for running Steps 2.1.2 through 2.1.5 for ImageJ is presented in Supplement 2.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Temperature estimation.
	<ol>
		<li>Choose the time period during which &#916;Ai(x, z) is circularly symmetric with respect to the center of the sphere by visually observing the images. 
		NOTE: The circular symmetry is broken mainly by free convection. An image-based analytical judgement of free convection occurring is introduced in the previous work19; however, practically, the visual judgement is effective.</li>
		<li>Extract the &#916;Ai(r&#697;, &#952;) data along 360 radial lines (&#916;&#952; = 1&#730;) on the &#916;Ai(x, z) images.</li>
		<li>Exclude the &#916;Ai(r&#697;, &#952;) data within the sphere and in its vicinity (&#916;r&#697;&#8776; 0.2 mm). Note: The data are anomalously very small or large in the vicinity mainly because of the slight movement of the sphere.</li>
		<li>Average &#916;Ai(r&#697;, &#952;) over &#952; to determine the line profile, &#916;Ai(r&#697;). 
		NOTE: The command script file for running Steps 2.2.2 through 2.2.4 for ImageJ is presented in Supplement 3.</li>
		<li>Approximate the &#916;Ai(r&#697;) data by the following multi-Gaussian function: 
		<img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq3.jpg" />&#160; &#160;(3) 
		where aj is the weighting factor, &#963;j is the dispersion parameter, and R is the maximum of r&#697; where &#916;Ai(R) = 0 can be assumed.</li>
		<li>Calculate the absorption coefficient difference, &#916;&#181;i(r), by substituting the obtained N, aj, and &#963;j into the following IAT of Eq. (3): 
		<img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq4.jpg" />&#160; &#160;(4) 
		where erf is the error function.</li>
		<li>Convert &#916;&#181;i(r) to temperature via the following equation: 
		<img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq5.jpg" />&#160; &#160;(5)&#160; 
		with the temperature coefficients of water, &#945;f, which are 2.8&#160;x 10-4&#160;K-1&#160;mm-1&#160;for &#955; = 1150 nm19 and 4.1 &#215; 10-3 K-1 mm-1 for &#955; = 1412 nm17. 
		Note: The command script file for running Steps 2.2.5 through 2.2.7 is presented in Supplement 4, where the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least-squares algorithm17,19 is employed for Step 2.2.5.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The technique presented in this paper is a novel one using the temperature dependence of NIR absorption of water and presents no significant difficulty in setting up the necessary equipment and implementation. The incident light can be easily produced by using a halogen lamp and an NBPF. However, lasers cannot be used, because coherent interference patterns would appear on the images. Common optical lenses and glass cells for visible-light use can be used, as they transmit an adequate amount of light at &#955; = 1150 nm and 1412 nm. Additionally, InGaAs cameras can be purchased now at a relatively inexpensive price.
The NBPFs at &#955; = 1150 nm and 1412 nm are available by semi-custom order, but they are not excessively expensive. If there is a ready-made NBPF at a different wavelength, which must be within the temperature-dependent wavelength range (Figure 1), it can be used instead, although the temperature sensitivity, or &#945;f, might decrease. For example, the &#945;f value at &#955; = 1175 nm is one-half of that at &#955; = 1150 nm. Furthermore, the bandwidth or sharpness of the NBPF affects &#945;f; as the bandwidth increases, &#945;f decreases15. Thus, when the accurate estimation of &#916;T(r) is required, the transmittance spectrum of the NBPF should be measured by a spectrophotometer.
As mentioned in Step 1.4 of the protocol, because the refractive index of water varies with temperature, light rays passing through the temperature field around a sphere are deflected, causing changes in the &#916;A(x, z) images. This problem was investigated in our previous work19. According to the results obtained via this study, as long as the maximum temperature near the sphere is moderately small (&#60;10 K, approximately), the contribution of light deflection to the change in &#916;A(x, z) can be negligible or sufficiently smaller than that of light absorption, because the light is incoherent and a certain deflection angle is accepted by the aperture stop of the telecentric lens; this means that the deflected rays pass though the aperture and focus on the same point in the image plane as the chief ray30. However, considering this, the aperture stop should be carefully adjusted such that the acceptance angle of the telecentric lens is slightly larger than the predicted deflection angle. Trial-and-error adjustments may be required for the initial experiment.
Image processing in Step 2.1 of the protocol and calculating IAT in Step 2.2 require no advanced mathematical knowledge. Step 2.1 can be performed easily with common image processing software that can treat TIFF sequence files. In Step 2.2.2, if the line profiles at multiple angles cannot be automatically obtained using command scripts, a single line profile extracted manually on image processing software can instead be used, although variations due to noises are not reduced.
When using an aqueous medium, its water content, or mole fraction, should be known or measured, especially for an accurate estimation of &#916;T, because &#945;f depends on the water content. In other words, as the absorption coefficients of aqueous solutes and gel substrates depend little on temperature, the temperature sensitivity is almost proportional to the water content. If the water content is known to be very high, as with aqueous liquids, the &#945;f value of water given in this paper can be used practically. Otherwise, multiplying the &#945;f value of water by the predicted or measured water content, i.e., reducing &#945;f, may be effective for a sufficiently accurate estimation.
Considering the temperature detection limit (~0.2 K) and spatial resolution (~30 &#181;m; this depends on pixel size and magnification), it is impossible for the presented technique to detect a minute temperature increase caused by single micro- and nano-magnetic particles heated inductively. However, if a large number of particles can be aggregated, contained in a capsule, or flowed in a thin tube, the temperature would increase over the detection level. In the research on magnetic hyperthermia, actually, such aggregation or selective adsorption of magnetic nanoparticles to cancer cells and the resulting temperatures are important and investigated. Hence, the presented technique is expected to be used for in vitro experiments in magnetic hyperthermia studies and other applications using magnetic particles. Spherical symmetry in the temperature distribution may not be obtained in these applications, but the 2D images will suffice to inform researchers about the temperature, the number and distribution of particles, and the heating performance.
The presented technique can be used to evaluate magnetic fields used in various magnetic applications31,32. Generally, magnetic fields produced by coils are very complicated, and cannot be precisely measured or theoretically predicted. However, as demonstrated in our previous work19, the temperatures and heat generation rates of a magnetic sphere at different positions under different coil currents can be obtained by our technique. The spatial distribution of the heat generation rate must correspond to the magnetic field. Finally, the presented technique can be implemented, not only for electromagnetic induction, but also for ultrasound focusing, chemical reactions in droplets, and other local heating methods.

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/video/57407/near-infrared-temperature-measurement-technique-for-water-surrounding">Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere</a>. The Protocol section was updated.
In 2.2.7, the temperature coefficient of water, &#945;f, for &#955; = 1150 nm has been corrected from:
4.0 x 10-3 K-1 mm-1
to:
2.8&#160;x 10-4&#160;K-1&#160;mm-1

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/video/57407/near-infrared-temperature-measurement-technique-for-water-surrounding">Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere</a>. The Protocol section was updated.

Erratum: Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

A technique to measure temperature near a small heat source within a medium is required in many scientific research fields and applications. For example, in the research on magnetic hyperthermia, which is a cancer therapy method using electromagnetic induction of magnetic particles, or small magnetic pieces, it is critical to accurately predict the temperature distributions generated by the magnetic particles1,2. However, although microwave3,4, ultrasound5,6,7,8, optoacoustic9, Raman10, and magnetic resonance11,12-based temperature measurement techniques have been researched and developed, such an inner temperature distribution cannot be accurately measured at present. Thus far, single-position temperatures or temperatures at a few positions have been measured via temperature sensors, which, in the case of induction heating, are non-magnetic optical fiber temperature sensors13,14. Alternatively, the surface temperatures of media have been remotely measured via infrared radiation thermometers to estimate the inner temperatures14. However, when a medium containing a small heat source is a water layer or a non-turbid aqueous medium, we have demonstrated that a near-infrared (NIR) absorption technique is useful to measure the temperatures15,16,17,18,19. This paper presents the detailed protocol of this technique and representative results.
The NIR absorption technique is based on the principle of temperature dependence of the absorption bands of water in the NIR region. As is shown in Figure 1a, the &#957;1 + &#957;2 + &#957;3 absorption band of water is observed in the 1100-nm to 1250-nm wavelength (&#955;) range and shifts to shorter wavelengths as the temperature increases19. Here, &#957;1 + &#957;2 + &#957;3 means that this band corresponds to the combination of the three fundamental O-H vibration modes: symmetric stretching (&#957;1), bending (&#957;2), and antisymmetric stretching (&#957;3)20,21. This change in the spectrum indicates that the most temperature-sensitive wavelength in the band is &#955; &#8776; 1150 nm. Other absorption bands of water also exhibit similar behavior with respect to the temperature15,16,17,18,20,21. The &#957;1 + &#957;3 band of water observed within the range &#955; = 1350&#8722;1500 nm and its temperature dependence are shown in Figure 1b. In the &#957;1 + &#957;3 band of water, 1412 nm is the most temperature-sensitive wavelength. Thus, it is possible to obtain two-dimensional (2D) temperature images by using an NIR camera to capture 2D absorbance images at &#955; = 1150 or 1412 nm. As the absorption coefficient of water at &#955; = 1150 nm is smaller than that at &#955; = 1412 nm, the former wavelength is suitable for approximately 10-mm-thick aqueous media, while the latter is suitable for approximately 1-mm-thick ones. Recently, using &#955; = 1150 nm, we obtained the temperature distributions in a 10-mm-thick water layer containing an induction-heated 1-mm-diameter steel sphere19. Moreover, the temperature distributions in a 0.5-mm-thick water layer have been measured by using &#955; = 1412 nm15,17.
An advantage to the NIR-based temperature imaging technique is that it is simple to setup and implement because it is a transmission-absorption measurement technique and needs no fluorophore, phosphor, or other thermal probe. In addition, its temperature resolution is less than 0.2 K15,17,19. Such a good temperature resolution cannot be achieved by other transmission techniques based on interferometry, which have often been used in heat and mass transfer studies22,23,24. We note, however, that the NIR-based temperature imaging technique is not suitable in cases with considerable local temperature change, because the deflection of light caused by the large temperature gradient becomes dominant19. This matter is referred in this paper in terms of practical use.
This paper describes the experimental setup and procedure for the NIR-based temperature imaging technique for a small magnetic sphere heated via induction; additionally, it presents the results of two representative 2D absorbance images. One image is of a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere in a 10.0-mm-thick water layer that is captured at &#955; = 1150 nm. The second image is of a 0.5-mm-diameter steel sphere in a 2.0-mm-thick maltose syrup layer that is captured at &#955; = 1412&#160;nm. This paper also presents the calculation method and results of the three-dimensional (3D) radial distribution of temperature by applying the inverse Abel transform (IAT) to the 2D absorbance images. The IAT is valid when a 3D temperature distribution is assumed to be spherically symmetric as in the case of a heated sphere (Figure 2)19. For the IAT calculation, a multi-Gaussian function fitting method is employed here, because the IATs of Gaussian functions can be obtained analytically25,26,27,28,29 and fit well to monotonically decreasing data; this includes experiments employing thermal conduction from a single heat source.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Induction heating system</td><td>CEIA, Italy</td><td>SPW900/56</td><td>780 kHz, 5.6 kW (max).</td></tr><tr><td>Coil</td><td>SA-Japan</td><td>custom</td><td>Water-cooled copper tube; two-turn; outer dia. 28 mm.</td></tr><tr><td>Water chiller</td><td>Matsumoto Kikai, Japan</td><td>MP-401CT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Halogen lamp</td><td>Hayashi Watch-Works, Japan</td><td>LA-150UE-A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Narrow bandpass filter for &amp;lambda; = 1150 nm</td><td>Andover</td><td>115FS10-25</td><td>Full width at half-maximum (FWHM): 10 nm.</td></tr><tr><td>Narrow bandpass filter for &amp;lambda; = 1412 nm</td><td>Andover</td><td>semi-custom</td><td>Full width at half-maximum (FWHM): 10 nm.</td></tr><tr><td>Bandpass filter for &amp;lambda; = 850&amp;minus;1300 nm</td><td>Spectrogon</td><td>SP-1300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bandpass filter for &amp;lambda; = 1100&amp;minus;2000 nm</td><td>Spectrogon</td><td>SP-2000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NIR camera</td><td>FLIR Systems</td><td>Alpha NIR</td><td>InGaAs</td></tr><tr><td>Image acquisition software</td><td>FLIR Systems</td><td>IRvista</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Image processing software</td><td>NIH</td><td>ImageJ</td><td>ver. 1.51r</td></tr><tr><td>Image processing software</td><td>MathWorks</td><td>Matlab</td><td>ver. 2016a</td></tr><tr><td>Telecentric lens</td><td>Edmond Optics</td><td>55350-L</td><td>X1</td></tr><tr><td>Steel sphere (0.5 mm dia.)</td><td>Kobe Steel, Japan</td><td></td><td>Fe-1.5Cr-1.0C-0.4Mn (wt %)</td></tr><tr><td>Steel sphere (2.0 mm dia.)</td><td>Kobe Steel, Japan</td><td></td><td>Fe-1.5Cr-1.0C-0.4Mn (wt %)</td></tr><tr><td>Maltose syrup as aqueous gel</td><td>Sonton, Japan</td><td>Mizuame</td><td>Food product</td></tr></tbody></table>

near-infrared temperature measurement technique for water surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere

A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This technique utilizes wavelengths of 1150 and 1412 nm, at which the absorption coefficient of water is dependent on temperature. Water or a non-turbid aqueous gel containing a 2.0-mm- or 0.5-mm-diameter magnetic sphere is irradiated with 1150 nm or 1412 nm incident light, as selected using a narrow bandpass filter; additionally, two-dimensional absorbance images, which are the transverse projections of the absorption coefficient, are acquired via a near-infrared camera. When the three-dimensional distributions of temperature can be assumed to be spherically symmetric, they are estimated by applying inverse Abel transforms to the absorbance profiles. The temperatures were observed to consistently change according to time and the induction heating power.

Images of &#916;Ai(x, z) at &#955; = 1150 nm for a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere in water and at &#955; = 1412 nm for a 0.5-mm-diameter steel sphere in maltose syrup are presented in Figure 5a and Figure 6a, respectively. In both cases, the sphere was located 12 mm below the bottom of the coil along its central axis. Figure 5b and Figure 6b show the &#916;A(r&#697;) data and their fitted multi-Gaussian functions in Eq. (3) with R = 3.0 mm and R = 1.5 mm, respectively. No more than two or three Gaussian functions (N = 2 or 3) are needed to achieve a good fit17,19. The fitted functions were then transformed into &#916;T(r) profiles via Eqs. (4) and (5), and are presented in Figure 5c and Figure 6c.
The &#916;A images in both cases clearly show an increase in the temperature of the water and gel surrounding the sphere due to thermal conduction. The circular symmetry of &#916;A with respect to the sphere is observed in all images. The plots and curves in Figure 5c indicate that &#916;A(r&#697;) increases with time at distances nearest to the sphere; at r&#697;&#8805; 2.5 mm, no significant change is observed. Moreover, the &#916;T(r) profiles obtained via the IAT verify the occurrence of thermal conduction in the radial direction. Note that, although the &#916;T(r) profiles appear similar to those of &#916;A(r&#697;), the changes in the d&#916;T(r)/dr gradient differ from those of the &#916;A(r&#697;) profiles. In Figure 6, the magnitudes of &#916;A are found to correspond to the heating power levels, i.e., heat generation rates of the sphere.
Results for the 0.5-mm-diameter sphere demonstrate that free convection, which distorts the circular pattern in &#916;A, was not observed after t = 1.2 s. Conversely, for the 2.0-mm-diameter sphere in water, free convection was found to occur after t = 1.2 s (not shown). This means that a transition from a pure thermal conduction regime to a free convection regime may have occurred in the water at approximately t = 1.2 s. This difference in free convection was caused by the differences in the heat generation rate and viscosity. The heat generation rate of the 0.5-mm-diameter sphere was significantly smaller than that of the 2.0-mm-diameter sphere; furthermore, the viscosity of the maltose syrup (approximately 100 Pa&#183;s) was considerably higher than that of water (approximately 0.001 Pa&#183;s). Because free convection is an important topic in heat and mass transfer research, the proposed imaging technique, which provides the onset time of free convection and pattern of the thermal plume and yields information on the physical conditions inducing free convection, will contribute significantly to research in this field.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Temperature dependence of NIR absorption spectrum of water. (a, b) Absorption band spectra of water at temperatures from 16.0 &#176;C (blue) to 44.0 &#176;C (red) in 4.0 &#176;C increments in wavelength ranges of 1100-1250 nm and 1350-1500 nm, respectively. The arrows indicate the direction of the increase in temperature. The insets show the absorbance difference spectra; the absorbance spectra at 16.0 &#176;C are the references. The optical path lengths are 10 mm and 1.0 mm in (a) and (b), respectively. The vertical dashed lines indicate the temperature-sensitive wavelengths of 1150 nm and 1412 nm used to obtain the NIR images. <a href="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Coordinate system and geometry for absorbance imaging. Reproduced from Kakuta et al. 201719 with the permission of AIP Publishing. <a href="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407fig3v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Experimental setup. (a) Schematic of the optical system and induction heating setup. See text for details. This figure has been modified from Kakuta et al. 201719 with the permission of AIP Publishing. (b) Photograph of the experimental setup. (c) Photograph showing a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere hung by a string, cell, and coil with a scale. <a href="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407fig3v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407fig4.jpg" /> 
Figure 4:&#160;Acquired raw images. (a, b) Transmitted intensity images, I(x, z), at &#955; = 1150 nm for a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere in water and &#955; = 1412 nm for a 0.5-mm-diameter steel sphere in maltose syrup, respectively. <a href="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407fig5.jpg" /> 
Figure 5: Absorbance images and temperature profiles for a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere in water. (a) &#916;A(x, z) images at &#955; = 1150 nm and t = 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 s after the onset of induction heating. (b) Plots of &#916;A(r&#697;) and their multi-Gaussian fits (solid curves). (c)&#916;T(r) profiles obtained by performing IATs on &#916;A(r&#697;). <a href="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407fig6v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 6:&#160;Absorbance images and temperature profiles for a 0.5-mm-diameter steel sphere in maltose syrup. (a) &#916;A(x, z) images at &#955; = 1412 nm and t = 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 s after the onset of induction heating for the heating power levels of 10%, 30%, and 50%. (b) Plots of &#916;A(r&#697;) and their multi-Gaussian fits (solid curves) for 50%. (c)&#916;T(r) profiles obtained by performing IATs on &#916;A(r&#697;) for 50%. <a href="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407fig6v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Supplemental Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407supfig1v2.jpg" /> 
Supplement 1: Outline of image processing. <a href="/files/ftp_upload/57407/Supplement1(Image-processing)-kakuta-v3.pdf" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Supplemental Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407supfig2.jpg" /> 
Supplement 2: Command script file for absorbance image construction (macro for ImageJ). <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57407/Supplement2(Macro-image).txt" target="_blank">Please click here to download this file.</a>
<img alt="Supplemental Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407supfig3.jpg" /> 
Supplement 3: Command script file for line profile extraction (macro for ImageJ). <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57407/Supplement3(Macro-radialprofile).txt" target="_blank">Please click here to download this file.</a>
<img alt="Supplemental Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407supfig4v2.jpg" /> 
Supplement 4: Matlab code for multi-Gaussian fitting and inverse Abel transform. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57407/Supplement4(temp_estimate)rev2.pdf" target="_blank">Please click here to download this file.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere at JoVE.com

Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

A technique utilizing wavelengths of 1150 and 1412 nm to measure the temperature of water surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented.

A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This ...

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8.1K Views.  Tokyo Metropolitan University. Een techniek met behulp van golflengten van 1150 en 1412 nm voor het meten van de temperatuur van het water rond een inductie-verwarmd kleine magnetische bol wordt gepresenteerd.

Video: Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

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This paper elaborates the sample preparation protocols required to obtain optimal domain patterns using the Bitter method, focusing on the extra steps compared to standard metallographic sample preparation procedures. The paper proposes a novel bespoke rig for dynamic domain imaging with in situ BH (magnetic hysteresis) measurements and elaborates the protocols for the sensor preparation and the use of the rig to ensure accurate BH measurement. The protocols for static and ordinary dynamic domain imaging (without in situ BH measurements) are also presented. The reported method takes advantage of the convenience and high sensitivity of the traditional Bitter method and enables in situ BH measurement without interrupting or interfering with the domain wall movement processes. This facilitates establishing a direct and quantitative link between the domain wall movement processes&#8211;microstructural feature interactions in ferritic steels with their BH loops. This method is anticipated to become a useful tool for the fundamental study of microstructure&#8211;magnetic property relationships in steels and to help interpret the electromagnetic sensor signals for non-destructive evaluation of steel microstructures.

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

This paper elaborates the sample and sensor preparation procedures and the protocols for using the test rig particularly for dynamic domain imaging with in situ BH measurements in order to achieve optimal domain pattern quality and accurate BH measurements.

This paper elaborates the sample preparation protocols required to obtain optimal domain patterns using the Bitter method, focusing on the extra steps ...

Bioengineering

Magnetic-, Acoustic-, and Optical-Triple-Responsive Microbubbles for Magnetic Hyperthermia and Pothotothermal Combination Cancer Therapy

The precision delivery of anti-cancer agents which aim for targeted and deep-penetrated delivery as well as a controlled release at the tumor site has been challenged. Here, we fabricate iron oxide nanoparticle shelled microbubbles (NSMs) through self-assembly, synergizing magnetic, acoustic, and optical responsiveness in one nanotherapeutic platform. Iron oxide nanoparticles serve as both magnetic and photothermal agents. Once intravenously injected, NSMs can be magnetically guided to the tumor site. Ultrasound triggers the release of iron oxide nanoparticles, facilitating the penetration of nanoparticles deep into the tumor due to the cavitation effect of microbubbles. Thereafter, magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy can be performed on the tumor for combinational cancer therapy, a solution for cancer resistance due to the tumor heterogeneity. In this protocol, the synthesis and characterization of NSMs including structural, chemical, magnetic and acoustic properties were performed. In addition, the anti-cancer efficacy by thermal therapy was investigated using in vitro cell cultures. The proposed delivery strategy and combination therapy holds great promise in cancer treatment to improve both delivery and anticancer efficacies.

Presented here is a protocol for the fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticle-shelled microbubbles (NSMs) through self-assembly, synergizing magnetic, acoustic, and optical responsiveness in one nanotherapeutic platform for magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal combination cancer therapy.

The precision delivery of anti-cancer agents which aim for targeted and deep-penetrated delivery as well as a controlled release at the tumor site has ...

Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

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