This review was not supported by grants. We thankSanypet S.p.a. (Padua, Italy) for kindly providing the dietary supplement and placebo used in this study. We also thank San Patrignano Community which kindly participated in the study by supplying all dogs.

This clinical evaluation was planned accordingly with the European legislation (86/609/EU) and the experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics and Welfare Animal Committee of the AIRMO Research Center (Milan, Italy).
1. Dogs and Food Selection
<ol>
	<li>Randomly divide 32 dogs of different breeds (7.01 &#177; 0.20 year [mean &#177; standard error of mean (SEM)]; 34.05 &#177; 1.47 Kg [mean &#177; SEM]; 12 males and 20 females) suffering from chronic halitosis into 2 groups, providing them with either the dietary supplement or the placebo over a period of 30 days.</li>
	<li>Ensure that each dog receives the appropriate dose of dietary supplement or placebo based on the animal&#8217;s weight in kilograms, according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions.&#160;(Table 1).</li>
	<li>After a 30 day treatment, ensure that both groups have a 10 day wash out, where all animals are fed with placebo. &#160;At the end of the wash out period, the feeding regimen for the two groups are reversed such that the control group receives the dietary supplement for another 30 days and the treatment group receives the placebo.</li>
	<li>Two veterinary inspections performed on the dogs in both groups, one before and one after the 30 day treatment.</li>
</ol>
2. The Gas Chromatograph
Note: The gas chromatograph is a portable device which measures the volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide, which are the major causative factors of halitosis, providing information about the concentration of each gas measured. Measuring each VSC helps to identify the cause of halitosis and assess treatment efficacy.
<ol>
	<li>Using the procedure outlined in sections 3 and 4, examine volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) before treatment with the dietary supplement (time 0), 10 days post-treatment (time 10), 20 days post-treatment (time 20) and at the end of treatment (time 30).</li>
</ol>
3. Gas Chromatograph Setting
<ol>
	<li>Turn on the main switch at the back of the unit. Note: The initial screen displays the word &#8220;MEASUREMENT MODE&#8221;.</li>
	<li>Press the ENTER key to select MEASUREMENT MODE. 
	Note: WAIT is displayed on the screen and the standby time required to stabilize the measuring device is displayed next to the word &#8220;COUNTER&#8221;. When the standby time has come to an end, the device is automatically ready to measure and the READY indicator lamp turns on.</li>
</ol>
4. Dogs Breath Sampling and Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Run the Data Manager software.</li>
	<li>Click &#8220;Measurement&#8221; after confirming that &#8220;Current status&#8221; is &#8220;Ready to measure&#8221;</li>
	<li>Enter ID and click &#8220;Select&#8221;. Note: A message is displayed at the upper right-hand corner of the window.
	<ol>
		<li>If the message displayed is &#8220;Inject oral gas&#8221;, start the measurement.</li>
		<li>If the message displayed is &#8220;The device is being ready&#8221;, then wait.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>By means of a 1&#160;ml disposable syringe, collect the breath from the dog&#8217;s mouth by placing the syringe in the dog&#8217;s labial commissure, slowly pulling the plunger and removing the syringe from the dog&#8217;s mouth .</li>
	<li>Adjust the volume of the syringe to 1 ml.</li>
	<li>Attach the supplied needle to the end of the syringe and, after opening the lid, eject the sample into the inlet on the device main unit by pushing the plunger. 
	Note: Measurements start automatically and the READY indicator lamp goes off. Measurement is completed in 8 min and the result is automatically displayed (display can be changed to &#8220;Chromatogram&#8221;). The Judgment window appears upon completing the measurement. Measurement history and measured data can be displayed .</li>
	<li>Push ENTER to store the results into the unit. 
	Note: Data are expressed in standard units of parts per billion (ppb) and/or ng/10 ml.</li>
	<li>Then wait 1 min to stabilize the device and perform a new measurement. Note: At the end of this time, the lamp turns on meaning that the device is ready.</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Halitosis is a common problem in dogs, representing a psychosocial issue significantly affecting the pet-owner relationship19. Bad breath comes from microbial metabolism of both exogenous and endogenous protein substrates within the oral cavity20 which results in volatile sulphur compound production, and is worsened by other factors including acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis, infected extraction site, debris under dental appliances, ulcers, tonsilloliths and low hygiene21-23. The main agents responsible for bad breath production are Gram-negative bacteria24 and their increase is related to a thickening of dental plaque25. Good oral hygiene along with specific diets can reduce the microbial load to the physiological level, reducing halitosis and avoiding gengivitis and periodontal diseases that have unpleasant effects on breath26.
This view is supported by our study showing that, after 10 days of dietary supplement intake, an overall improvement was observed in 29 out of 32 dogs (90%) presenting a moderateto-severe malodor and, at the end of the evaluation, 19 out of 29 dogs (65%) who achieved an improvement acquired a stabile physiological condition regarding VSCs concentration.
Our investigation broaches the very intriguing issue of the possible administration of a dietary supplement to dogs with breath malodor by basically introducing fish hydrolized proteins, sage, Ribes nigrum L., thyme, lysozyme, propolis, bioflavonoids and vitamin C in the daily nutritional schedule. These compounds, widely used in traditional medicine, have been already proven effective both in vitro and in vivo.
Specifically, fish proteins were chosen on the basis of previous chromatographic studies which pointed out the presence of great amounts of hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, ethanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, and ethylene sulfide in beef proteins27. Literature studies have also shown an antimicrobial activity of sage and Ribes nigrum L. against Streptoccocus mutans which is known to be one of the oral pathogens (along with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Candida albicans) responsible for oral malodor and dental caries formation28-30. Bioflavonoids and vitamin C have been recognized as both antiinflammatory and bacteriostatic agents limiting the growth of certain bacteria associated with periodontal diseases31.
Regarding propolis and thyme, a reduction in malodor production from incubated whole saliva was demonstrated by Sterer et al.32 The bacteriostatic activity of propolis has been widely demontrated in literature, ranging from limiting the quantity of bacterial plaque33-37 to decreasing the tolerance of microorganisms to acid pH38, showing greater effectiveness than chlorhexidine gluconate solutions39. Moreover, propolis was proven effective in reducing teeth caries in rats limiting the number of microorganisms, slowing down synthesis of insoluble glucans, and glucosyltransferase activity40.
Our study presents some limitations such as the sensitivity of the instrument, if compared with other available techniques (e.g. bumpy WO3 hemitube nanostructure assisted by O2 plasma surface modification with functionalization of graphene-based material41, electrospun SnO2 nanofibers sensitized with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets42, benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA) test43, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)44 and Solid-Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS45). On the other hand, the device employed in this study might allow, for instance, fast data collection to rapidly achieve an early diagnosis of viral hepatitis B, which is also characterized by elevated dimethile sulfide levels46 or to establish a state of systemic and/or respiratory disease (such as pneumonia, pulmonary emphysema and bronchitis) that are characterized by elevated hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide levels47.
During the procedure we realized that the time available to collect the breath from a dog&#8217;s mouth was slightly lower than that required (few seconds against 30 sec suggested by the manufacturer). This problem was successfully overcome by repeating each measurement three times. A critical step during the experiment was breath collection. In order not to leave the dog with his mouth open for too long without damaging the syringe, we placed the syringe in the dog&#8217;s labial commissure in order to safely collect the breath.
As observed in humans, further applications of this technique will be the prevention of breath-related diseases, i.e. systemic and respiratory, in dogs and more generally in pets. In summary, our study showed that the dietary supplement was effective in reducing chronic halitosis in dogs. Our results might be also in agreement with what is proposed by Porter et al., who hypothesized a possible interplay between halitosis and the gastrointestinal tract suggesting that a therapy for halitosis with oral origin might also have some effect upon gut bacteria composition which is known to be responsible, in some cases, for volatile sulphur compounds production48.&#160;Nevertheless, a dysbiosis might also occur after a massive use of antibiotics49, or meat derived from intensive livestocks and commonly used in most of animal and human food50,51.&#160;

Oral malodor, also known by the term halitosis, is a common complaint which causes embarrassment in interpersonal social relationships1 as much as body malodor2. Although most epidemiological data on oral malodor is limited in accuracy and sensitivity due to a subjective self-estimation, studies report that 30-50% of the population is affected by this pathology3-6. Some studies have also evidenced that it is more prevalent in men than in women regardless of age with a ratio 3:1 and the ratio is slightly higher in people over 20 years7.
Halitosis can be staged depending on its etiology: type 1 (oral), type 2 (airway), type 3 (gastroesophageal), type 4 (blood-borne) and type 5 (subjective); however, it has been hypothesized that halitosis could be potentially considered the sum of these types in any combination, superimposed on the physiologic odour present in health (Type 0)8,9. Scully et al., who widely described and characterized aetiopathogenesis and management of halitosis, reported that in some patients it has an extra-oral aetiology and, in a few of them, metabolic anomalies are involved10. The authors pointed out that volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) and some predisposing factors, e.g. poor oral hygiene, hyposalivation, dental appliances, gingival and periodontal disease and mucosal disease, are mainly responsible for the malodor. Further, they proposed oral health improvement, anti-malodor therapies and malodor counteractives as a basic conventional approach. Moreover, they also proposed the use of probiotics and vaccines against malodor causing bacteria.
Human and animal companions, i.e. cats and dogs, can be affected by food-related adverse reactions which can involve several systems such as the gastroenteric, cutaneous, otological, ocular, urinary and respiratory systems11-13. However, several animal studies have pointed out that the nasal chamber is one of most involved systems where tartar14, stomatitis15, and halitosis16 are quite often present. Furthermore, bacteria that cause halitosis can be transmitted from animal companions to humans17. Iwanicka-Grzegorek quantified sulphur compounds and low molecular mass amines in saliva from 84 patients suffering from halitosis and 40 healthy controls. More than 80% of patients belonging to the halitosis group reported having pets in childhood (P &#60;0.001) and over 70% still owned a pet (P &#60;0.001).
Therefore nutrition can be used to manage halitosis. Moreover, nutrition plays a pivotal role in tooth development, oral and gum tissue integrity, bone resistance and even dental and oral disease management18. Based on such considerations, at the Italian Association for Oncological Research Disease (AIRMO) Center, we run&#160;a randomized placebo-controlled crossover clinical evaluation involving 32 dogs suffering from halitosis in order&#160;to investigate the efficacy of a dietary supplement vs. a commercially available pet food.

<table><tbody><tr><td>OralChroma CHM-1</td><td>FIS Inc.</td><td>10061285</td><td>portable gas cromatograph</td></tr><tr><td>FORZA10 Oral Active</td><td>SANYpet .Sp.a.</td><td></td><td>dietary supplement</td></tr><tr><td>InJ/Light-100 PCS</td><td>Rays S.p.a.</td><td>INJ5171112</td><td>disposable syringes&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

therapeutic effectiveness of a dietary supplement for management of halitosis in dogs

Halitosis is a common complaint involving social and communicational problems in humans and also affects the pet-owner relationship. In this randomized placebo-controlled crossover clinical evaluation, we assessed&#160;the effectiveness of a dedicated dietary supplement to improve chronic halitosis in 32 dogs of different breeds and ages. This protocol describes how to evalute the presence of oral volatile suphur compunds, e.g. methyl mercaptan, hydrogen sulfide and dimethyl sulfide, by means of a portable gas chromatograph device coupled with a syringe, which was used to collect the breath, and a dedicated software, which allows the operator to monitor each compound concentration during each measurement, in a relatively short time (8 min).
A significant modification of halitosis parameters was observed after 30 days since the beginning of treatment (p &#60;0.05), while a long-lasting effect was still observed even 20 days after the suspension of the treatment. Portable gas chromatograph, which is also widely used in clinical practice, can be therefore used to confirm&#160;and control halitosis in humans and animals. Even though human and animal species present some differences,&#160;this innovative and alternative therapy for halitosis management might be extended to human clinical practice as an adjuvant dietary approach.

Both placebo and dietary supplement were adjusted in order to provide similar nutritional and caloric intake and to satisfy the nutritional requirement of adult dogs, in particular. Their analytical composition was: crude protein 26%, crude oils and fats 13%, crude fiber 2.5%, crude ash 8% and Metabolized Energy (EM) 3464 kcal/kg. Metabolized energy was calculated according to the Nutritional Guidelines for complete and complementary pet food for cats and dogs by The European Pet Food Industry Federation. Placebo was composed of dehydrated chicken meat, rice, animal fat,&#160;dehydrated eggs, oat, dry&#160;beet pulp, flax&#160;seeds, hydrolysed&#160;animal proteins, fish oil, vegetable oil, calcium carbonate, dry yeast beer, monocalcium phosphate, sodium chloride. Dietary supplement differed from the placebo for the presence of active substances contained in special heart-shaped cold pressed tablets (European patent n. EP 2526781) included in the complete food in a percentage of 6-7%, and for the protein source, fish meal instead chicken meal. Tablets contained propolis (0.0161%), Salvia officinalis (0.0087%), egg albumen (lysozyme 0.0078%), dehydrated orange extract (bioflavonoids 0.0077%), Thymus vulgaris (0.0127%), Ribes nigrum (0.0040%).
Data were analyzed, presented as the means &#177; standard error of the mean and checked for normality using the D&#8217;Agostino-Pearson normality test. A multiple t-test was used to compare changes in VSCs score at follow-up versus baseline for each treatment modality.
Figure 1A shows a significant decrease in hydrogen sulfide concentration in treated animals, from a baseline value of 0.43 ng/ml to 0.06 ng/ml, after 30 days treatment. Figure 1B shows a significant decrease of methyl mercaptan concentration in treated animals, from a baseline value of 0.30 ng/ml to 0.06 ng/ml, after 30 days treatment. Figure 1C shows a significant decrease in dimethyl sulfide concentration in treated animals, from a baseline value of 0.28 ng/ml to 0.13 ng/ml, after 30 days treatment.
Figure 2A shows a significant decrease in hydrogen sulfide concentration, from a baseline value of 0.37 ng/ml to 0.10 ng/ml, after 20 days treatment. In Figure 2B a similar trend is observed also for methyl mercaptan which shows a significant decrease of the compound concentration, from a baseline value of 0.24 ng/ml to 0.05 ng/ml, after 30 days treatment. As to dimethyl sulfide, Figure 2C, a significant decrease of the compound concentration, from a baseline value of 0.32 ng/ml to 0.11 ng/ml, was observed after 30 days treatment.
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BODY WEIGHT (Kg)</td>
			<td>DIETARY SUPPLEMENT AMOUNT PER DAY (g)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 - 10</td>
			<td>30 - 180</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>11 - 20</td>
			<td>190 - 300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>21 - 35</td>
			<td>310 - 455</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>36 - 50</td>
			<td>465 - 595</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1: Daily Amount of Food Provided to Dogs.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52717/52717fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: (A) Graphical Representation of Hydrogen Sulfide Concentration Trend in Treated (n = 16) vs Control (n = 16) Group During the 30 Days Treatment Period; *p &#60;0.05; (B) Graphical Representation of Methyl Mercaptan Concentration Trend in Treated (n = 16) vs Control (n = 16) Group During the 30 Days Treatment Period; *p &#60;0.05; (C) Graphical Representation of the&#160;Dimethyl Sulfide Concentration Trend in Treated (n = 16) vs Control (n = 16) Group During the 30 Days Treatment Period; *p &#60;0.05.
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52717/52717fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: (A) Graphical Representation of Hydrogen Sulfide Concentration Trends in Treated (n = 16) vs Control (n = 16) Group after the 10 Days Wash Out Period; *p &#60;0.05; (B) Graphical Representation of Methyl Mercaptan Concentration Trend in Treated (n = 16) v.s. Control (n = 16) Group after the 10 Days Wash Out Period; *p &#60;0.05; (C) Graphical Representation of Dimethyl Sulfide Concentration Trends in Treated (n = 16) v.s. Control (n = 16) Group after the 10 Days Wash Out Period; *p &#60;0.05.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Therapeutic Effectiveness of a Dietary Supplement for Management of Halitosis in Dogs at JoVE.com

Therapeutic Effectiveness of a Dietary Supplement for Management of Halitosis in Dogs

We describe a simple approach for diagnosis of halitosis in dogs as well as a dietary approach for its management. This protocol may be extended to the management of halitosis in humans in the near future.

Halitosis is a common complaint involving social and communicational problems in humans and also affects the pet-owner relationship. In this randomized ...

therapeutic-effectiveness-dietary-supplement-for-management-halitosis

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.3K Views.  Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena. We describe a simple approach for diagnosis of halitosis in dogs as well as a dietary approach for its management. This protocol may be extended to the management of halitosis in humans in the near future.

Video: Therapeutic Effectiveness of a Dietary Supplement for Management of Halitosis in Dogs

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

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In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, the traditional ways to monitor behavioral changes in dogs are complicated and not efficient. In the current clinical evaluation, a new, simple monitoring system was used to assess the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the intense and restless activity of 24 dogs of different ages and breeds. This protocol describes how to easily and rapidly evaluate improvement in a set of symptoms related to generalized anxiety by using a specific sensor, a mobile phone app, a wireless router, and a computer. The results showed that dogs treated with specific diets showed significant improvement in the times spent active and at rest after 10 days (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively). These dogs also showed an overall significant improvement in clinical and behavioral symptoms. A specific sensor, along with its related hardware, was demonstrated to successfully monitor behavioral changes relating to movement in dogs.

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Prior to testing novel therapeutics in humans, short and long term preclinical (i.e., animal), repetitive pharmacological and toxicological testing is required. In most cases, the preferred route of administration is via oral delivery. At the present time, oral delivery is mostly accomplished using an oral gavage procedure, in part, because it can achieve consistent and precise dosing in the animal model. Although this method is well established it does have complications that can result in a high rate of animal attrition. To this end, the procedure introduced here describes an alternative to the oral gavage method in which the desired drug is incorporated into a tastant, orally dissolving strip (ODS) that can simply be presented to the test animal where it is then rapidly taken up with minimal manipulation of the test subject. Herein, we demonstrate that preclinical, oral drug delivery using the ODS method represents a safe, convenient, and humane alternative to oral gavage.

The following protocol describes a novel method for chronic oral drug administration using an orally dissolving strip (ODS) in lieu of the more commonly used oral gavage method. We demonstrate that preclinical, oral drug delivery using the ODS method represents a safe, convenient, and humane alternative to oral gavage.

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Induction of Periodontitis via a Combination of Ligature and Lipopolysaccharide Injection in a Rat Model

Periodontitis (PD) is a highly prevalent, chronic immune-inflammatory disease of the periodontium, that results in a loss of gingival soft tissue, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. In this study, a simple method of PD induction in rats is described. We provide detailed instructions for placement of the ligature model around the first maxillary molars (M1) and a combination of injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis at the mesio-palatal side of the M1. The induction of periodontitis was maintained for 14 days, promoting the accumulation of bacteria biofilm and inflammation. To validate the animal model, IL-1&#946;, a key inflammatory mediator, was determined by an immunoassay in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and alveolar bone loss was calculated using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). This technique was effective in promoting gingiva recession, alveolar bone loss, and an increase in IL-1&#946; levels in the GCF at the end of the experimental procedure after 14 days. This method was effective in inducing PD, thus being able to be used in studies on disease progression mechanisms and future possible treatments.

Induction of Periodontitis via a Combination of Ligature and Lipopolysaccharide Injection in a Rat Model

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Effective aPDT Using Curcuminoids for Oral Candidiasis in Mice

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Adjunctive Diode Laser Therapy and Probiotic Lactobacillus Therapy in the Treatment of Periodontitis and Peri-Implant Disease

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Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries

Natural products provide structurally different substances, with a myriad of biological activities. However, the identification and isolation of active compounds from plants are challenging because of the complex plant matrix and time-consuming isolation and identification procedures. Therefore, a stepwise approach for screening natural compounds from plants, including the isolation and identification of potentially active molecules, is presented. It includes the collection of the plant material; preparation and fractionation of crude extracts; chromatography and spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-HRMS and NMR) approaches for analysis and compounds identification; bioassays (antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities; bacterial &#34;adhesion strength&#34; to the salivary pellicle and initial glucan matrix treated with selected treatments); and data analysis. The model is simple, reproducible, and allows high-throughput screening of multiple compounds, concentrations, and treatment steps can be consistently controlled. The data obtained provide the foundation for future studies, including formulations with the most active extracts and/or fractions, isolation of molecules, modeling molecules to specific targets in microbial cells and biofilms. For example, one target to control cariogenic biofilm is to inhibit the activity of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases that synthesize the extracellular matrix&#8217; glucans. The inhibition of those enzymes prevents the biofilm build-up, decreasing its virulence.

Natural products represent promising starting points for the development of new drugs and therapeutic agents. However, due to the high chemical diversity, finding new therapeutic compounds from plants is a challenging and time-consuming task. We describe a simplified approach to identify antimicrobial and antibiofilm molecules from plant extracts and fractions.

Natural products provide structurally different substances, with a myriad of biological activities. However, the identification and isolation of active ...

Biology

Investigating the Alleviating Effects of Bacillus cereus Administration on Colitis through Gut Microbiota Modulation

Gut microbiota dysbiosis is thought to exert a role in the progression of colitis. However, the precise standards for probiotic administration in alleviating colitis remain undefined. Most analysis methods rely on limited diversity and abundance of gut microorganisms. Therefore, observational studies cannot establish causation. In this study, we applied antibiotic-induced pseudo-germ-free mice to investigate the role of gut microbiota in regulating the probiotic effects of Bacillus&#160;cereus (B. cereus)&#160;on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. This process allows for evaluating the bidirectional regulating effect of B. cereus&#160;supplementation on health and provides stable and reproducible results. Here, the detailed protocols for B. cereus cultivation, gavage operation, stool collection, and antibiotic clearance treatment on colitis mice are provided. The optimization methods are also applicable for other chronic inflammatory-associated disorders. The results showed that B. cereus administration decreased body weight loss, colon length shortening, disease activity index, and histopathological scores. However, treatment with antibiotics suppressed the positive effect of B. cereus on colitis. These results indicate that gut microbiota are needed for the alleviating effects of B. cereus on colitis. Therefore, exploring the beneficial effects of probiotics in this research is a promising approach for developing novel treatment strategies for alleviating the symptoms of chronic inflammatory-associated disorders.

Investigating the Alleviating Effects of Bacillus cereus Administration on Colitis through Gut Microbiota Modulation

Here, we present a protocol to establish the antibiotic-induced pseudo-germ-free dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model to investigate the role of gut microbiota in regulating the positive effects of Bacillus cereus on colitis.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis is thought to exert a role in the progression of colitis. However, the precise standards for probiotic administration in ...

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Museum skull specimens represent a non-invasive, informative, and readily available means to study temporomandibular joint (TMJ) lesions, dental pathology, and anatomic variations in many mammalian species. Studying the teeth and jaws of an array of species can present a challenge requiring attention to detail and understanding of a species&#39; normal anatomy. In the present article, a systematic and precise protocol for examining skull specimens is discussed that has been applied to a variety of mammals to define characteristic diseases in the oromaxillofacial region. The procedure outlined is simultaneously precise, repeatable, and adaptable to the highly differing skull and tooth shapes and anatomy across species. Specifically, specimens are examined for missing teeth, periodontal disease, endodontal disease, TMJ pathology, and anatomical variations. Results gleaned from research on museum specimens may reflect the natural history, health, and disease status of individuals and species. Furthermore, these data can inform ecological and conservation research efforts, as well as the care of captive individuals.

The present protocol describes the techniques for the systematic assessment of skull specimens to characterize anatomical and developmental variations and abnormalities of the teeth, periodontal disease, endodontal disease, and temporomandibular joint pathology.

Therapeutic Effectiveness of a Dietary Supplement for Management of Halitosis in Dogs

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