이 작품은 Agence Nationale Pour la Recherche (ANR-12-MALZ-0003-02-P2X7RAD), 협회 France Alzheimer 및 Bpifrance의 교부금으로 지원되었습니다. 우리 연구소는 Inserm, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie-Curie 및 &quot;Investissements d&#39; avenir&quot;ANR-10-IAIHU-06 (IHU-A-ICM) 프로그램도 지원합니다. CELIS 세포 배양 핵심 시설의 도움에 감사드립니다.

여기에 설명 된 모든 방법은 ICM 연구소의 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회와 다윈 프랑스 동물 동물위원회의 승인을 받았으며 프로토콜 01407.02로 보호됩니다. 1. 준비 <ol><li> 각 마우스에 다음을 결합하여 1.5 ML 튜브에서 소화 칵테일을 준비하십시오 : 1 ML 인산염 완충 식염수 (PBS); 13 wunsch / mL (원액), 최종 농도 1.6 wunsch / mL에서 123 μL 소화 효소 (물질 표 참조); 및 100 mg / mL (원액), 최종 농도 0.5 mg / mL에서 5 μL DNase I (물질 표 참조). </li></ol> 2. 관류 및 해부 <ol><li> 치사량의 pentobarbital (400 μg / mL에서 100 μL)로 마우스를 안락사하십시오. </li><li> 동물을 앙와위에 놓고 70 % 에탄올로 몸을 적시십시오. </li><li> xyphoid 프로세스 바로 아래의 미세 가위로 복부 피부를 잘라 흉부 캐비닛을 노출시킵니다.와이. </li><li> 횡격막을 절개하고 가슴을 노출시키기 위해 주둥이 방향에서 꼬리 방향으로 미세한 가위로 늑골의 측면을 잘라냅니다 (다른 장기 절단을 피하십시오). 좌심실 (LV)과 우심방 (RA)을 확인하십시오. </li><li> LV 내부에 25G 바늘이 달린 나비 카테터를 삽입하십시오. 미세 가위로 RA를 절개하고 혈류가 시작될 때 혈관에서 세포와 혈액을 제거하기 위해 20 mL PBS로 LV를 통해 10 mL / 분 유속으로 관류를 시작하십시오. 성공적인 관류는 혈액이 옮겨지면서 폐와 간이 희석되어 나타납니다. </li><li> 중간 가위로 동물의 목을 베십시오. 척추의 해부학적인 측면에서 복부 근육 조직을 절제하고 꼬리의 기저부에서 척추를 절단하여 척추를 정밀한 가위로 해부하여 체내에서 분리합니다. </li><li> 요추 측면에 PBS와 마운트 200 μL 피펫 팁을 포함하는 10 ML 주사기를 삽입척수를 제거하고 척수를 자궁 경부에 플러시하십시오. 참고 : 200 μL 피펫 팁은 가장 넓은 끝 (약 1 cm)에서 가위로 자르고 이전에 PBS로 채워진 10 mL 주사기에 단단히 삽입됩니다. </li><li> 두개골 위의 피부를 제거하고 포셉을 사용하여 뇌를 노출시킵니다. 두개골 바닥에 가위 날을 넣고 화살 봉합 후 두개골을 자릅니다. 작은 포셉을 절단 부위에 넣고 부드럽게 두개골을 들어 올리십시오. 마우스 머리에서 두뇌를 해부하고 후각 구근과 소뇌를 제거합니다. </li><li> 소화 칵테일 (단계 1.1에서) 1.128 ML PBS를 포함 1.5 ML 튜브에 뇌와 척수를 수집합니다. </li></ol> 3. 세포 해리 <ol><li> 작은 가위 ( 그림 1 )로 1-2 밀리미터 3 조각으로 1.5 ML 튜브 (단계 2.9)에서 뇌와 척수를 미세하게 자르십시오. </li><li> 인큐베이터에서 30 분 동안 다진 조직이 들어있는 1.5 ML 튜브를 품어5 % CO2로 37 ° C에서 건조시킨다. 참고 :이 단계에서 밀도 그래디언트를 준비하십시오. </li><li> 효소 반응을 중지 1.5 ML 튜브에 20 μL 0.5 M EDTA (재고 솔루션), 최종 농도 10 MM을 추가합니다. </li><li> 부드럽게 5 ML 피펫으로 위아래로 pipetting하여 세포 현탁액을 확인하십시오. </li><li> 10 ML 주사기의 플런저를 사용하여 50 ML 튜브에 나일론 메쉬 (70 μm의 기공 크기)를 통해 세포 현탁액을 전달하십시오. </li><li> 20 ML 5 % 태아 소 혈청 (FBS) -PBS와 나일론 메쉬를 씻으십시오. </li><li> 실온 (18 ° C)에서 7 분 (300 XG) 동안 원심 분리기. 흡인으로 상징액을 버리고 다음 단계로 진행하십시오. 뜨는 물을 제거 할 때 매우 조심하십시오. 흡인 피펫으로 쉽게 흡입 할 수있는 펠릿을 방해하지 마십시오. </li></ol> 4. 밀도 구배 <ol><li> 밀도 그래디언트 매체에 10x PBS의 적절한 금액을 추가하여 밀도 기울기 매체의 재고 솔루션을 준비합니다. 참고 : 한 부분의 10X PBS를 9 부분 밀도 그 레이디 언트 매체에 추가하십시오. </li><li> 표 1에 설명 된대로 다른 비율에 대한 1x PBS로 주식 밀도 그래디언트 매체를 희석하십시오. </li><li> 4 ML 30 % 밀도 그래디언트 매체와 펠렛 (3.7 단계에서)을 Resuspend하고 15 ML 튜브로 전송할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 15 ML 튜브의 바닥에 파스퇴르 피펫을 놓고 천천히 37 % 밀도 그라디언트 매체의 4 ML. </li><li> 위에서 설명한대로 70 % 밀도 그라디언트 매체 4 ML을 추가합니다. </li><li> 실온 (18 ° C)에서 40 분 (800 XG) 동안 그라디언트를 원심 분리하십시오. 계기가 방해받지 않도록 원심 분리기가 최소 또는 전혀 브레이크가 걸리지 않도록하십시오. 참고 : 튜브가 계층화되어 나타납니다. 70 % -37 % 밀도 구배 계면에서 적층 된 세포는 단일핵화 된 면역 세포 (소교 세포 및 대 식세포 하위 집단); 상위 수준은 세포 파편과 myelin입니다 ( 그림 2 ). </li><li&gt; 전송 피펫을 사용하여 myelin의 층을 부드럽게 제거하십시오. </li><li> 깨끗한 15 ML 튜브에 macrophage subpopulations 세포를 포함하는 70-37 % 밀도 그라디언트 interphase 3-4 ML을 수집합니다. </li><li> PBS 15ml의 총 볼륨으로 세포를 3x 씻으십시오. 세포가 들어있는 밀도 구배 매체가 PBS로 적어도 세 번 희석되었는지 확인하고 &quot;on&quot;브레이크로 7 분 (500 xg, 4 ° C) 동안 원심 분리하십시오. </li><li> 세포 라벨 또는 다른 기능 assays 1 ML PBS로 세포 펠렛을 Resuspend. </li></ol> 5. 유동 세포 계측법을위한 세포 라벨링 <ol><li> 플로우 cytometry 튜브에 세포 (단계 4.10)를 전송합니다. </li><li> 단계 4.10에서 얻은 각 세포 샘플에 고칠 수있는 죽은 세포 얼룩 시약 1 μL를 추가합니다. 빛으로부터 보호 된 얼음에서 30 분 동안 품어 낸다. </li><li> 5 분 (300 XG, 4 ° C) 2 ML PBS와 원심 분리기로 한 번 세포를 씻으십시오. </li><li> 뜨는을 제거하고 세포 펠렛을400 μL PBS 1 % BSA, 0.1 % 아 지드. </li><li> 1 μg CD16 / CD32 항체를 100 μL의 세포에 첨가하여 Fc 수용체를 차단하십시오. 얼음에서 10-15 분 동안 인큐베이션하여 빛으로부터 보호합니다. </li><li> 세포 내 얼룩에 대한 세포 permeabilization에 대한 PBS 1 % BSA, 0.1 % azide 또는 PBS 1 % BSA, 0.1 % azide, 0.25 % 사포닌의 기본 항체 믹스를 준비합니다. </li><li> 1 차 항체 100 μL를 넣고 (2 배) 얼음에서 30 분 동안 인큐베이션하여 빛으로부터 보호합니다. 참고 : 최적의 결과를 얻으려면 실험을 수행하기 전에 모든 항체를 적정해야합니다. </li><li> 5 분 (300 XG, 4 ° C) 2 ML PBS와 원심 분리기로 세포를 씻으십시오. 이 단계를 세 번 반복하십시오. </li><li> 일차 항체가 fluorophore에 직접 접합되지 않은 경우 보조 항체 100 μL를 추가하고 빛으로부터 보호 된 얼음에서 30 분 동안 품어 둡니다. </li><li> 4시 300 XG에서 5 분 2 ML PBS와 원심 분리기로 세포를 씻으십시오 ° C). 이 단계를 세 번 반복하십시오. </li><li> 수정빛으로부터 보호 된 실온에서 15 분 동안 100 μL 1 % PFA가있는 세포. 참고 :주의 : PFA는 유독합니다. 흄 후드에 넣고 개인 보호 장비를 착용하십시오. </li><li> 4시 300 XG에서 5 분 PBS 2 ML 및 원심 분리기와 세포를 씻으십시오 ° C. 이 단계를 세 번 반복하십시오. </li><li> 200 μL PBS로 세포 펠렛을 Resuspend 및 흐름 cytometry 수집 및 분석 진행합니다. 그림 3 의 게이팅 전략을 따른다. </li></ol>

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+isolation+of+live+microglia+with+preserved+phenotypes+from+adult+mouse+brain.">Efficient isolation of live microglia with preserved phenotypes from adult mouse brain.</a> J Neuroinflammation. 9, 147 (2012).</li><li>Mizutani, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fractalkine+receptor+but+not+CCR2+is+present+on+microglia+from+embryonic+development+throughout+adulthood.">The fractalkine receptor but not CCR2 is present on microglia from embryonic development throughout adulthood.</a> J Immunol. 188 (1), 29-36 (2012).</li><li>Lecoeur, H., Ledru, E., Gougeon, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cytofluorometric+method+for+the+simultaneous+detection+of+both+intracellular+and+surface+antigens+of+apoptotic+peripheral+lymphocytes.">A cytofluorometric method for the simultaneous detection of both intracellular and surface antigens of apoptotic peripheral lymphocytes.</a> J Immunol Methods. 217 (1-2), 11-26 (1998).</li><li>Richter, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glioma-associated+microglia+and+macrophages/monocytes+display+distinct+electrophysiological+properties+and+do+not+communicate+via+gap+junctions.">Glioma-associated microglia and macrophages/monocytes display distinct electrophysiological properties and do not communicate via gap junctions.</a> Neurosci Lett. 583, 130-135 (2014).</li><li>Mahad, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulating+CCR2+and+CCL2+at+the+blood-brain+barrier:+relevance+for+multiple+sclerosis+pathogenesis.">Modulating CCR2 and CCL2 at the blood-brain barrier: relevance for multiple sclerosis pathogenesis.</a> Brain. 129 (Pt 1), 212-223 (2006).</li></ol>

저자는 아무 것도 공개하지 않는다.

microglia와 MDM은 중추 신경계에서 서로 다른 기능과 표현형을 가지고 있으며 따라서 대 식세포 subpopulation의 확인과 분석은 신경계 질환 9 , 18 , 25 를 더 잘 이해하기 위해 필수적이라는 것이 입증되었습니다. 두 마커 (CD11b 및 CD45)를 사용하여 유동 세포 계측법 분석은 각 하위 집단 사이의 구별을 허용합니다 ( 그?...

미세 아교 세포는 중추 신경계 (CNS)의 실질 조직 내성 대 식세포입니다. 그들은 두 가지 중요한 기능적 역할을합니다 : 면역 방어와 CNS 항상성 유지. 골수에서 조혈 줄기 세포로부터 계속적으로 재생되는 MDM과 달리, 소구 세포는 배아 발달 중 뇌를 식민지로 만든 난황낭 (YS)에서 기원하는 조혈 전구 세포와 구별된다. 설치류에서 전사 인자 Myb는 모든 골수 유래 단핵 세포와 대 식세포의 발달에 중요한 역할을하지만, YS 유도 된 미세 아교 세포에 대해서는이 인자가 필요없고 분화는 전사 인자 PU.14에 의존한다. 건강한 CNS에서, 미세 아교 세포는 끊임없이 그들의 환경을 채취하는 역동적 인 세포입니다. sca침입하는 병원체 또는 조직 손상에 대한 육안 검사 및 측량 5 . 이러한 신호의 검출은 상해를 해결하기위한 경로를 시작합니다. microglia 신속하게 ramified 형태에서 amoeboid 하나, 다음 phagocytosis 및 프로 또는 항 염증성 cytokines 등 다양한 중재자의 릴리스 스위치. 따라서, 그들의 microenvironment에 따라, 활성화 된 microglia는 스펙트럼의 별개 프라이밍 상태 6을 얻을 수 있습니다. microglia는 근본적으로 많은 신경 장애의 발달과 진행에 영향을 미칩니다. 알츠하이머 병 (AD) 7 , 근 위축성 측삭 경화증 (ALS) 8 , 다발성 경화증 (MS) 9 또는 파킨슨 병 (PD) 10 의 설치류 모델에서, 소아 글 리아는 해로운 신경 독성 또는 행동을 유도하는 이중 역할을하는 것으로 나타났다 신경 보호적인 방식으로,n 특정 질병, 병기 및 질병이 전신 면역 부 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11의 영향을 받았는지 여부. 상기 언급 된 질병에서 관찰 된 대부분의 중추 신경계 병변은 실질 세포 미세 소견뿐만 아니라 혈관 주위 및 수막 상피 세포뿐만 아니라 중추 신경계 침윤성 MDM을 포함하는 골수 세포의 이종 집단을 포함한다. 이러한 세포 유형은 손상 및 수리와 관련된 병리학 적 기전에 차별적으로 기여할 수있다 ( 7 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15) . 이러한 질병 모델을 연구하는 연구자가 현재 직면 한 문제는 말초 단핵 세포와 대 식세포가 CNS에 침투하는지 여부를 확인하는 것이고, 그렇다면 dist이 세포에서 상주 microglia를 잉태하십시오. 실제로, 소교 세포는 매우 플라스틱입니다. 그들이 활성화되면, microglia는 일반적으로 말초 monocytes 및 macrophages에 의해 표현되는 마커를 다시 표현합니다. 따라서이 문제는 상주 소아 글로불린과 침윤 단핵구 및 대 식세포를 구분할 수있는 마커를 확인하는 데 달려있다. 면역 조직 학적 적용에 의한 뇌 조각에 대한 이들 집단의 차별은 특이 항체가 부족하기 때문에 제한적이다. 그러나, 유동 세포 계측법 분석은 여러 마커의 발현을 평가하고 세포 집단 (예 : 림프구, 대 식세포 / MDM CD11b + CD45 high 및 microglia CD11b + CD45 med )을 구별하는 효율적인 기술이며 세포 아군 16 , 17 , 18 . 이 프로토콜은최적화 된 효소 조직 해리 및 밀도 구배 원심 분리를 사용하여 신경계 질환 모델에서 마우스 CNS 유래의 단핵구; 뿐만 아니라, 유동 세포 계측법을 사용하여 중추 신경계에서 미 글로리아 및 MDM 모집단을 구별하는 방법을 제공한다. 또 다른 접근법은 특정 항체 19 , 20 , 21에 접합 된 ​​자기 구슬을 사용하여 미엘린을 제거하고 세포를 정제하는 것입니다. 안티 - myelin 자기 구슬을 사용하여 myelin 제거는 더 비싸며 분리 된 세포의 생존력과 수율에 영향을 미칩니다 22 . 이 단계와 microglia의 다음 immunomagnetic 분리는 특정 면역 세포 인구의 추가 연구를 제한 21 , 22 . 이 절차는 질병 발달에서 대 식세포 하위 집단을 연구하는 쉬운 방법을 제공하며,대 식세포 표현형 및 활성화 상태에 대한 약물 효과 또는 유전자 변형을 결정한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="908">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">5-month-old Mice</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Janvier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C57BL/6J</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Liberase TL Research Grade</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5401020001</td>
			<td>Digestion enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Deoxyribonuclease I from bovine pancreas</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DN25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Percoll</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17-0891-01&#160;</td>
			<td>Density gradient medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Cell Strainer size 70 &#181;m Nylon</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">731751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Venofix 25G</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">BRAUN</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4056370</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Piston syringe 10 mL</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS+10ES1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Pasteur pipette 230 mm</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Dustcher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">1,5 mL&#160; tube</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0030 123.328</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">15 mL&#160; tube</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">91015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">50 mL&#160; tube</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">91050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">5 mL polystyrene round bottom tube</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">D-PBS (1X) without Ca2+/Mg2+</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14190-094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">D-PBS (10X) without Ca2+/Mg2+</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14200-067</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10270-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E4884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Bovine Serum Albumin solution 30%</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A7284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Paraformaldehyde 32% Solution</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15714-S</td>
			<td>Caution -Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Saponin</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Sodium Azide</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">47036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">PerCPCy5.5 Rat anti-mouse CD11b (clone M1/70)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">45-0112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Rat IgG2b K Isotype Control PerCP-Cyanine5.5</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">45-4031&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">BV421 Rat anti-mouse CD45 (clone 30-F11)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">563890</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">BV421 Rat IgG2b, &#954; Isotype Control RUO</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">562603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Rabbit anti-mouse TMEM119 (clone28-3)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ab209064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">AlexaFluor 647 Donkey anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A31573</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Anti-Mouse CD16/CD32 Purified</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-0161</td>
			<td>Mouse Fc Block</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Fixable Dead Cell Stain Kits</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L34969</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Mouse CCR2 APC-conjugated Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">R&#38;D</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FAB5538A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Rat IgG2B APC-conjugated Isotype Control</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">R&#38;D</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IC013A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Mouse CX3CR1 PE-conjugated Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">R&#38;D</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FAB5825P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Goat IgG PE-conjugated Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">R&#38;D</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IC108P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5804R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Cell analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD FACSVERSE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Data Analysis Software</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">FlowJo LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FlowJo</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Fine scissors</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">F.S.T</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14090-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Standard Pattern Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">F.S.T</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11000-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Mayo Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">F.S.T</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14010-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:399px;">Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">F.S.T</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11251-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages from the central nervous system by flow cytometry

수많은 연구가 중추 신경계 (CNS) 병리학에서 면역 세포, 특히 대 식세포의 역할을 입증했다. 중추 신경계에 두 가지 주요 대 식세포 개체군이있다 : (i) 중추 신경계의 상주 대 식세포이며 배아 발생 과정에서 난황낭 전구 세포에서 유래 된 미세 아교 세포 및 (ii) 단핵구에서 유래 된 대 식세포 (MDM) 질병 중 중추 신경계는 골수 선조 세포에서 유래한다. 각 macrophage subpopulation의 역할은 연구중인 병리학에 따라 다릅니다. 또한, 이러한 macrophage subpopulation에 사용되는 histological 마커 또는 구분 기준에 대한 합의가 없습니다. 그러나, 유동 세포 계측법에 의한 CD11b 및 CD45 마커의 발현 프로파일의 분석은 우리가 MDM (CD11b + CD45 high )으로부터 미 글 리아 (CD11b + CD45 med )를 구별 할 수있게한다. 이 프로토콜에서는 밀도 구배 원심 분리유동 세포 계측법 분석은이 CNS 대식 세포 하위 집단을 특성화하고 최근에 출판 한 것처럼 이들 세포가 나타내는 여러 마커를 연구하는데 사용될 수 있습니다. 따라서,이 기술은 신경 질환의 마우스 모델에서 대 식세포의 역할에 대한 우리의 이해를 더할 수 있으며, 또한 이들 세포에 대한 약물 효과를 평가하는데 사용될 수있다.

밀도 구배 원심 분리 및 항체 염색 후, 세포를 유동 세포 계측기 (flow cytometer)상에서 획득하고 형태 학적 게이팅 전략을 사용하여하기와 같이 분석 하였다. 첫 번째 게이트는 이중 세포 ( 그림 3A )에서 단일 세포를 구별하기 위해 전방 산란 영역 (FSC-A) 대 전방 산란 - 높이 (FSC-H)로 정의되었다. 그런 다음 단일 세포를 FSC-A 대 Side Scattered-Area...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry

이 프로토콜은 유행 세포 계측법에 의한 성체 마우스 중추 신경계에서 대 식세포 모집단의 분석을 제공하며, 이들 세포에 의해 표현되는 다중 마커의 연구에 도움이됩니다.

유동 세포 계측법에 의한 중추 신경계에서 유래 된 대장 세포 및 단구 세포 유래 대 식세포의 분석

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main ...

analysis-microglia-monocyte-derived-macrophages-from-central-nervous

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

23.6K 조회수.  Inserm U 1227, CNRS UMR 7225.  이 프로토콜은 유행 세포 계측법에 의한 성체 마우스 중추 신경계에서 대 식세포 모집단의 분석을 제공하며, 이들 세포에 의해 표현되는 다중 마커의 연구에 도움이됩니다. 

비디오: Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry

Culturing Microglia from the Neonatal and Adult Central Nervous System

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and pathological processes such as CNS maturation in development, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. Microglia can be activated and recruited to action by neuronal injury or stimulation, such as axonal damage seen in MS or ischemic brain trauma resulting from stroke. These immunocompetent members of the CNS are also thought to have roles in synaptic plasticity under non-pathological conditions. We employ protocols for culturing microglia from the neonatal and adult tissues that are aimed to maximize the viable cell numbers while minimizing confounding variables, such as the presence of other CNS cell types and cell culture debris. We utilize large and easily discernable CNS components (e.g. cortex, spinal cord segments), which makes the entire process feasible and reproducible. The use of adult cells is a suitable alternative to the use of neonatal brain microglia, as many pathologies studied mainly affect the postnatal spinal cord. These culture systems are also useful for directly testing the effect of compounds that may either inhibit or promote microglial activation. Since microglial activation can shape the outcomes of disease in the adult CNS, there is a need for in vitro systems in which neonatal and adult microglia can be cultured and studied.

We outline methods for the efficient and quick isolation/culture of viable microglia from the neonatal cerebral cortex and adult spinal cord. The dissection and plating of cortical microglia can be accomplished within 90 minutes, with the subsequent microglial harvest taking place ~ 10 days following the initial dissection.

신생아와 성인 중추 신경계에서 배양 소교 세포

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Culture of Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Differentiated Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. For initiation of experiments, fresh or frozen monocytes are cultured in flasks for 1 week with M-CSF to induce their differentiation into macrophages. Then, the macrophages can be harvested and seeded into culture wells at required cell densities for carrying out experiments. The use of defined numbers of macrophages rather than defined numbers of monocytes to initiate macrophage cultures for experiments yields macrophage cultures in which the desired cell density can be more consistently attained. Use of cryopreserved monocytes reduces dependency on donor availability and produces more homogeneous macrophage cultures.

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. The protocol utilizes cryopreservation of monocytes coupled with their bulk differentiation into macrophages. Then harvested macrophages can then be seeded into culture wells at required cell densities for carrying out experiments.

대 식세포 콜로니 자극 인자 차별화 된 인간 단핵구 유래 대 식세포의 문화

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. For initiation ...

Characterization of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells by Imaging Flow Cytometry: A Comparison between Two Monocyte Isolation Protocols

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells of the immune system that play a crucial role in lymphocyte responses, host defense mechanisms, and pathogenesis of inflammation. Isolation and study of DCs have been important in biological research because of their distinctive features. Although they are essential key mediators of the immune system, DCs are very rare in blood, accounting for approximately 0.1 - 1% of total blood mononuclear cells. Therefore, alternatives for isolation methods rely on the differentiation of DCs from monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The utilization of proper isolation techniques that combine simplicity, affordability, high purity, and high yield of cells is imperative to consider. In the current study, two distinct methods for the generation of DCs will be compared. Monocytes were selected by adherence or negatively enriched using magnetic separation procedure followed by differentiation into DCs with IL-4 and GM-CSF. Monocyte and MDDC viability, proliferation, and phenotype were assessed using viability dyes, MTT assay, and CD11c/ CD14 surface marker analysis by imaging flow cytometry. Although the magnetic separation method yielded a significant higher percentage of monocytes with higher proliferative capacity when compared to the adhesion method, the findings have demonstrated the ability of both techniques to simultaneously generate monocytes that are capable of proliferating and differentiating into viable CD11c+ MDDCs after seven days in culture. Both methods yielded &gt; 70% CD11c+ MDDCs. Therefore, our results provide insights that contribute to the development of reliable methods for isolation and characterization of human DCs.

This study compares two different methods of human monocyte isolation for obtaining in vitro dendritic cells (DCs). Monocytes are selected by adherence or negatively enriched by magnetic separation. Monocyte yield and viability along with MDDC viability, proliferation and CD11c/CD14 surface marker expression will be compared between both methods.

이미징 유동 세포 계측법에 의해 인간 단핵구 유래 수지상 세포의 특성 : 두 단핵구 격리 프로토콜 사이의 비교

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells of the immune system that play a crucial role in lymphocyte responses, host defense mechanisms, and ...

Phenotypic Characterization of Macrophages from Rat Kidney by Flow Cytometry

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal disease. Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that have been implicated in kidney injury. Macrophages may be classified into two different phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages), that release pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote fibrosis; and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) that are associated with immunoregulatory and tissue-remodeling functions. These macrophage phenotypes need to be discriminated and analyzed to determine their contribution to renal injury. However, there are scarce studies reporting consistent phenotypic and functional information about macrophage subtypes in inflammatory renal disease models, especially in rats. This fact may be related to the limited macrophage markers used in rats, contrary to mice. Therefore, novel strategies are necessary to quantify and characterize the renal content of these infiltrating cells in a reliable way. This manuscript details a protocol for kidney digestion and further phenotypic and quantitative analysis of macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. Briefly, kidneys were incubated with collagenase and total macrophages were identified according to the dual presence of CD45 (leukocytes common antigen) and CD68 (PAN macrophage marker) in live cells.This was followed by surface staining of CD86 (M1 marker) and CD163 (M2 marker). Rat peritoneal macrophages were used as positive control for macrophage marker detection by flow cytometry. Our protocol resulted in low cellular mortality and allowed characterization of different intracellular and surface protein markers, thus limiting the loss of cellular integrity observed in other protocols. Moreover, this procedure allows the use of macrophages for further techniques, including cell sorting and mRNA or protein expression studies, among others.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for phenotypic and quantitative analysis of resident macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. The resulting stained cells can be also used for other applications, including cell sorting, gene expression analysis or functional studies, thus increasing the information obtained in the experimental model.

유동 세포 계측법에 의해 쥐의 신장에서 대 식세포의 표현형 특성

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.

This protocol allows a researcher to isolate and characterize tissue-resident macrophages in various hallmark inflamed tissues extracted from diet-induced models of metabolic disorders.

절연, 특성화 및 비만 관련 염증에 의해 영향을 받는 조직에서 세포의 정화

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. ...

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and their important role in lung development and function, as well as their lung-localized responses to infection and inflammation. To date, no unified method for identification, isolation, and handling of alveolar macrophages from humans and mice exists. Such a method is needed for studies on these important innate immune cells in various experimental settings. The method described here, which can be easily adopted by any laboratory, is a simplified approach to harvesting alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or from lung tissue and maintaining them in vitro. Because alveolar macrophages primarily occur as adherent cells in the alveoli, the focus of this method is on dislodging them prior to harvest and identification. The lung is a highly vascularized organ, and various cell types of myeloid and lymphoid origin inhabit, interact, and are influenced by the lung microenvironment. By using the set of surface markers described here, researchers can easily and unambiguously distinguish alveolar macrophages from other leukocytes, and purify them for downstream applications. The culture method developed herein supports both human and mouse alveolar macrophages for in vitro growth, and is compatible with cellular and molecular studies.

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

This communication describes methodologies for isolation and culture of alveolar macrophages from humans and murine models for experimental purposes.

고립과 Murine 인간과 치경 대 식 세포의 생체 외에서 문화

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and ...

Characterization of Human Monocyte Subsets by Whole Blood Flow Cytometry Analysis

Monocytes are key contributors in various inflammatory disorders and alterations to these cells, including their subset proportions and functions, can have pathological significance. An ideal method for examining alterations to monocytes is whole blood flow cytometry as the minimal handling of samples by this method limits artifactual cell activation. However, many different approaches are taken to gate the monocyte subsets leading to inconsistent identification of the subsets between studies. Here we demonstrate a method using whole blood flow cytometry to identify and characterize human monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate, and non-classical). We outline how to prepare the blood samples for flow cytometry, gate the subsets (ensure contaminating cells have been removed), and determine monocyte subset expression of surface markers &#8212; in this example M1 and M2 markers. This protocol can be extended to other studies that require a standard gating method for assessing monocyte subset proportions and monocyte subset expression of other functional markers.

Here we present a protocol for characterizing monocyte subsets by whole blood flow cytometry. This includes outlining how to gate the subsets and assess their expression of surface markers and giving an example of the assessment of the expression of M1 (inflammatory) and M2 markers (anti-inflammatory).

전체 혈액에 의해 인간 Monocyte 하위 집합의 Flow Cytometry 분석

Monocytes are key contributors in various inflammatory disorders and alterations to these cells, including their subset proportions and functions, can ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible genetic background. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a typical disease model of MS widely used for investigating the pathogenesis in which T lymphocytes specific for myelin antigens initiate an inflammatory reaction in CNS. It is very important to assess how lymphocytes in the CNS regulate the development of disease. However, the approach for measuring the quantity and quality of infiltrated lymphocytes in the CNS is very limited due to the difficulties in isolating and detecting infiltrated lymphocytes from the brain. This manuscript presents a protocol for that is useful for the isolation, identification, and characterization of infiltrated lymphocytes from the CNS and will be helpful for our understanding of how lymphocytes are involved in the development of the CNS autoimmune disease.

This manuscript presents a protocol to induce active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. A method for the isolation and characterization of the infiltrated lymphocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) is also presented to show how lymphocytes are involved in the development of CNS autoimmune disease.

실험적인 자가면역 뇌척수염 중 중추신경계에서 림프구 침투의 흐름 세포 분석

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible ...

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the brain and spinal cord and is enveloped by the meninges, membranous layers serving as a barrier between the periphery and the CNS. The CNS is an immunologically specialized site, and in steady state conditions, immune privilege is most evident in the CNS parenchyma. In contrast, the meninges harbor a diverse array of resident cells, including innate and adaptive immune cells. During inflammatory conditions triggered by CNS injury, autoimmunity, infection, or even neurodegeneration, peripherally derived immune cells may enter the parenchyma and take up residence within the meninges. These cells are thought to perform both beneficial and detrimental actions during CNS disease pathogenesis. Despite this knowledge, the meninges are often overlooked when analyzing the CNS compartment, because conventional CNS tissue extraction methods omit the meningeal layers. This protocol presents two distinct methods for the rapid isolation of murine CNS tissues (i.e., brain, spinal cord, and meninges) that are suitable for downstream analysis via single-cell techniques, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization methods. The described methods provide a comprehensive analysis of CNS tissues, ideal for assessing the phenotype, function, and localization of cells occupying the CNS compartment under homeostatic conditions and during disease pathogenesis.

This paper presents two optimized protocols for examining resident and peripherally derived immune cells within the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. Each of these protocols helps to ascertain the function and composition of the cells occupying these compartments under steady state and inflammatory conditions.

면역 세포의 다운스트림 분석을 위한 중추신경계 조직 및 관련 수막 분리

The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the brain and spinal cord and is enveloped by the meninges, membranous layers serving as a barrier ...

Isolation of Mouse Kidney-Resident CD8+ T cells for Flow Cytometry Analysis

Tissue-resident memory T cell (TRM) is a rapidly expanding field of immunology research. Isolating T cells from various non-lymphoid tissues is one of the key steps to investigate TRMs. There are slight variations in lymphocyte isolation protocols for different organs. Kidney is an essential non-lymphoid organ with numerous immune cell infiltration especially after pathogen exposure or autoimmune activation. In recent years, multiple labs including our own have started characterizing kidney resident CD8+ T cells in various physiological and pathological settings in both mouse and human. Due to the abundance of T lymphocytes, kidney represents an attractive model organ to study TRMs in non-mucosal or non-barrier tissues. Here, we will describe a protocol commonly used in TRM-focused labs to isolate CD8+ T cells from mouse kidneys following systemic viral infection. Briefly, using an acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection model in C57BL/6 mice, we demonstrate intravascular CD8+ T cell labeling, enzymatic digestion, and density gradient centrifugation to isolate and enrich lymphocytes from mouse kidneys to make samples ready for the subsequent flow cytometry analysis.

Isolation of Mouse Kidney-Resident CD8+ T cells for Flow Cytometry Analysis

Following viral infection, kidney harbors a relatively large number of CD8+ T cells and offers an opportunity to study non-mucosal TRM cells. Here, we describe a protocol to isolate mouse kidney lymphocytes for flow cytometry analysis.

유동 세포 분석용 마우스 신장 거주자 CD8+ T 세포의 격리

Tissue-resident memory T cell (TRM) is a rapidly expanding field of immunology research. Isolating T cells from various non-lymphoid tissues is one of the ...