This research was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Dredging Operations and Environmental Research Program, Todd Bridges, Director. Permission was granted by the Chief of Engineers to publish this material.

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Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the U.S. Army. Citations of commercial organizations or trade names in this report do not constitute an official Department of the Army endorsement or approval of the products or services of these organizations. Authors Burton C. Suedel and Justin L. Wilkens, both of the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, declare that they have no competing financial interests.

적혀 기술은 자동화 된 컴퓨터 제어 시스템을 사용하여 관리하고 노출 시간의 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 정지 퇴적물을 제어하여 기존의 방법과 4,9 부유물 농도를 향상시킨다. 이 기술은 여러 수생 종 및 종류에 따라 성인 계란에서 다양한 크기의 성장 단계에 현탁 침전물의 효과를 평가하기 위해 사용될 수 있다는 유연성 등이다. 향후,이 기술은 잠긴 수생 식물에 부유 퇴적물의 효과를 평가 할 수있다. 달아 난다는 성공적으로 뿌옇게 흐린 5, 10, 대서양 철갑 상어 (11)와 굴 (12) 등의 다양한 종에 대한 효과 데이터 (예를 들어, 생존과 성장)을 생성하는 데 사용되었습니다. 모두 신선한에서 수생 종에 미국 전역의 다양한 위치에서 수집 된 다른 부유 퇴적물의 효과를 평가하는 설계대로 수행 달아 난다물과 해양 환경. 기술의 이동성과 포장도 필드를 사용하는 것이 도움이 있습니다. 방법론에서 가장 중요한 단계에있다 성공을 보장하기 위해 : TSS와 탁도의 관계가되어 목표 TSS 농도를 일치 수 있도록 정량화 ​​할 수 있도록 1) 모든 테스트 퇴적물로 도망을 교정; 2) 실험 결과 적절한 규제 기준 및 표준과 비교 될 수 있도록 탁도 TSS에 아닌 기초 실험을 수행하는 단계; 침전물 / 물 슬러리 펌프를 파괴하지 않고 전달 될 수 있도록 3) 적절한 더블 다이어프램 펌프를 사용한다; 부유 퇴적물의 물리적 효과는 화학적 오염에 의해 혼동되지 않도록 4) 화학적으로 오염되지 않은 것으로 간주 퇴적물을 사용합니다. 이 기술은 각 수족관에 장착 OBS를 통해 각 수족관에서 NTUs 등의 탁도를 측정, 아직 두 측정 사이의 구별과 상당한 차이가 있습니다의 9. 일시 중단 된 퇴적물 측정은 질량이 입자를 감지하고 종종 중량 측정 또는 음향 기술로 측정된다. 탁도 탁계 의해 물 시료 물질에 의해 산란 광으로 측정 명확성 척도이다. 탁도가 중요한 요소가 정지 퇴적물들을 설명하지만, 이는 침전물의 입자 크기, 형상 및 개수에 의해 영향 및 다른 침전물을 사용하면 환경에 따라서 실험 및 실험에 광범위하게 변할 수있다. 그들은 수층 존재 입자의 질량을 직접 정량화 수생 생물 (4)의 효과에 관한 때문에이 기술을 이용한 실험에서, 측정 TSS (㎎ / ℓ)을 노출 농도를 개발하기 위해 사용된다. TSS는 규제 기관이 혼탁에 대한 환경 창 임계 값을 설정하는 데 사용하는 측정 단위입니다. 이 견인 할 수 부유 퇴적물의 최대 수량이 기술에 약간의 제한이 있습니다RT. 지금까지 실시한 실험에 기초하여, TSS 농도는 성공적으로 600 ㎎ / ℓ까지 유지되었다. 달아 난다는 지속적으로 최소한의 펌프 유지 보수 30 연속 일 동안 일곱 연속 일 동안 600 NTUs과 10 ~ 30 NTUs까지 생산하고있다. 적혀 800 ㎎ / ℓ 접근 TSS 농도를 유지할 수 있지만,이 금액을 초과하는 농도가 증가 용량의 연마제 유지 탱크를 필요로한다. 약 800 ㎎ / ℓ를 초과하는 일시 중단 된 퇴적물 농도는 잠재적으로 큰 입자가 정확하게 실제 노출을 반영하지 않습니다 NTU 판독 결과, 서스펜션 중퇴 될 것입니다. 그럼에도 불구하고,에 500-600 밀리그램 / L까지 농도가 운영 준설에 직접 인접 예상되는 최대 농도로 간주됩니다, 그래서 더 큰 농도는 대부분의 준설 작업 4와 관련이 없습니다. 이 기술에 대한 다른 제한은 퇴적물 입경 분포이다. 입자는 약 250 &amp; #보다 큰 크기181; m는 큰 입자가 펌프를 세금이나 수족관에 정착하지 않도록 사용하기 전에 체질 될 필요가있다. 이 소스에서 멀리 마이그레이션함으로써 수생 동물에 해를 입힐 수있는 큰 잠재력을 가지고있는 미세한 실트 및 점토 입자를하기 때문에 이러한 제한은 크게 고려되지 않습니다. 컴퓨터 프로그램은 각각의 수족관 연속 부유물 농도를 산출하도록 프로그램 될 수 있지만, 또한 실험 목적에 따라 달라질 또는 펄스하도록 프로그램 될 수있다. 그러나 일부 경우, 높은 비율의 점토 분율 퇴적물 적절히 펄스 노출을 모방하기에 충분히 만족하지있다. 자동화 및 프로그래밍 정확하고 정밀하게 TSS 수준을 유지 할 수있는 시스템에 적혀 결과의 기능뿐만 아니라 깨끗한 물을 소개합니다. 이 때문에 이러한 기능을 쉽게 다른 실험 요구에 맞게 수정 될 수 달아 난다. 예를 들어, 각각의 수족관 슬러리 저장조로 앞뒤로 처리 될 수 도망이 슬러리 m는 수조 외부의 다른 노출 챔버 내로 도입 될 수있다. 큰 노출 수족관 다음 원하는 경우 시스템은 이러한 요구 사항을 충족하도록 확장 할 수 있습니다. 도망 탱크도 침강의 영향을 연구하기 위해 개조 될 수있다. 달아 난다는 내구성이 뛰어난 시스템과 최소한의 유지 보수가 필요합니다. 수족관 펌프 하우징은 정비를 필요로하기 전에 여러 번 사용될 수있다. 하우징은 각 실험 후 검사 청소 숨긴해야합니다. 일반적으로 임펠러는 상기 하우징의 나머지 부분에 의해 결국 실패 하였다 첫 번째 부분이다. 공기 작동 더블 다이어프램 펌프는 각 실험 후 검사가 필요하지 않습니다 일반적으로 매우 내구성과; 그러나, 적어도 매년 검사되도록, 용도에 따라, 추천합니다. 펌프 제조 업체는 일반적으로 일반적으로 착용 부품에 대한 수리 키트를 제공한다. 깨끗한 물이 남아있는 슬러리를 제거하고 OU를 청소하기 위해 각 실험 후 슬러리 라인을 통해 펌핑한다솔레노이드 밸브에서 t. 수족관, 수조 및 저수지를 포함 적혀의 나머지는 적절한 실험실 절차에 따라 청소해야합니다. 달아 난다는 다른 사이트로 전송을 위해 설계되었습니다. 배관은 각 모듈 사이의 전기적 및 데이터 연결은 그래서 그들은 쉽게 전송을 위해 분리하고 새 위치에 다시 연결할 수있다 노조로 만든 또는 플러그된다. 반송되면 도망 특정 실험 요구를 충족하기 위해 요구 될 수있는 로컬 물 소스를 이용할 수있다. 이 기능은 다른 인해 실험실 환경에서의 전송 제한이나 생존에는 달성 될 수있다 수생 종의 테스트를 할 수 있습니다. 이 논문은 다양한 수생 종에 부유 퇴적물의 효과를 평가하기위한 자동화 된 실험실 시스템을 설명합니다. 적혀 기술 준설 동작을 반영 TSS 농도로 수생 생물을 노출 할 수있는 선박 트래픽 증수의, 폭풍 14. 이 기술은 수생 종에 표면 수역에서 부유 퇴적물의 효과에 대한 질문에 대답에 관심이있는 연구자에 의해 사용될 수 있습니다.

준설 작업은 항만 및 탐색 채널에서 바닥 퇴적물을 제거하는 기계적인 방법을 사용합니다. 제거하는 동안 방해 침전물의 일부는 잠재적으로이 수생 종에 대한 물리적 스트레스의 소스 만들기, 물 컬럼에 일시 중단됩니다. 정지 될뿐만 아니라, 퇴적물이 물에 열을 밖으로 정착하기 전에 거리 주변 조건에 의해 준설에서 전송 될 수있다. 이 두 메커니즘의 조합이 동작 준 근처 발생하는 수생 생물이 부유 퇴적물에 노출 악영향 고통 될 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 이러한 우려, 정기적으로 줄이거 나 수자원 1,2에 준설 활동 중단 퇴적물의 유해 영향의 위험을 제거하기 위해 경영 실천으로 사용되는 환경 창 (계절 준설 제한)를 해결하기 위해. 환경 창이 가장 일반적으로 멸종 위기에 처한 보호하기 위해 설립, 위협 또는같은 뿌옇게 흐린 눈 (샌더의 vitreus)와 같은 상업적으로 가치있는 종 동부 굴 (Crassostrea의 virginica) 3. 환경 창을 부과에 대한 지원 정당화는 종종 준설 활동이 잠재적으로 물리적으로 생명 역사의 특정 부분을 완료 (예를 들어, 부유 퇴적물) 동물의 능력을 방해 할 수있는 방법에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. 일반적으로 인용 수명 단계는 소하 종 3 오픈 이동 경로를 유지 계란과 애벌레입니다. 그러나, 리스크 관리 도구로 환경 창을 사용하여 통보 할 수 부유 퇴적물 4,5 관련된 종 고유의 생물학적 효과에 관한 제한된 정보가있다. 이러한 이유로 도망 설계, 구축하고, 침전물의 현탁액을 시뮬레이션하고, 수중 생물의 초기 성장 단계에서 그 효과를 확인 하였다. , 연구 세분화 된 퇴적물 입자 (즉, 주로 실트 (silts)를 사용 달아 난다가능성이 가장 높은 점토, 미세 모래는) 서스펜션에 남아 소스에서 멀리를 마이그레이션 할 수 있습니다. 달아 난다는 테스트 생선 계란과 애벌레 할 수 있지만 또한 고유의 기능을하고, 다른 수중 생물을 수용 할 수 있도록 개조 할 수있다. 얻어진 생물학적 반응 데이터는 부유 침전물의 효과를 평가하기 위해 사용될 수있다. 다음 절차는 기술 지어진 각종 수생 종을 반복하여 부유물의 농도 및 효과 데이터를 생성하도록 동작 할 수있는 방법에 대한 개요를 제공한다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Parts List for one FLEES Module, Water Bath, and Aquarium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>post, wood - used to build module (cut to 78 in)</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 4 
			Size: 4 in x 4 in x 8 ft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plywood, marine grade - fastened to wooden posts about 18 in off ground - for holding water bath (60 in x 42 in)</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: 3/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plywood - fastened on top of wooden posts - for holding pipes, solenoids and electrical (60 in x 42 in)</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: 1/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stud, wood - used to brace plywood and wooden posts (cut to fit)</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 4 
			Size: 2 in x 4 in x 96 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tank, fiberglass - water bath with two drains: 1) to supply chiller; and 2) to drain water</td>
			<td>Hydro Composites, LLC, Stockdale, TX, USA</td>
			<td>FBT-226</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: 150-gal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chiller, water with self contained pump - for water bath; chiller sits under module</td>
			<td>Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA</td>
			<td>CFF-500</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: 1/2 hp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tank, domed bottom - FLEES aquaria - sit inside water bath</td>
			<td>United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA</td>
			<td>5197</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 
			Size: 19 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tank, stand - acrylic stand, 12 in x 12 in x 6 in - to hold aquaria</td>
			<td>custom built by ERDC shops</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 
			Size: custom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>urethane, liquid- to seal carboy plug and prevent leaking</td>
			<td>Forsch Polymer Corporation, Englewood, CO</td>
			<td>60A Liquid Urethane</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 
			Size: epoxy kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pump, magnetic drive - to suspend sediment in each aquarium</td>
			<td>March Manufacturing Inc., Glenview, IL, USA</td>
			<td>MDX-3-1/2 115 v</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 
			Size: 28 liter per min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>light, LED - installed over water bath</td>
			<td>C2 Development, Inc., Ames, IA, USA</td>
			<td>Hydra 26</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2 
			Size: based on area to light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pipe, PVC schedule 40 - installed in drain of water bath to control water level</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: - 
			Size: 1 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fittings, bulkhead - for aquaria/water bath connections to pumps, drains, water and slurry lines</td>
			<td>Lifegard Aquatics, Cerritos, CA, USA</td>
			<td>R270900</td>
			<td>Quantity: 20 
			Size: 1/2 in FPT x FPT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fittings, quick-disconnect, male pipe threaded inserts - insert in tank bulkhead</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>EW-31303-36</td>
			<td>Quantity: 10 
			Size: 1/2 in MPT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fittings, quick-disconnect, valved hose barbs - connection between aquarium and insert in tank bulkhead</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>EW-31303-11</td>
			<td>Quantity: 10 
			Size: 1/2 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fittings, black HDPE threaded elbow - for aquaria vinyl tube connections to slurry/water line and pump</td>
			<td>United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA</td>
			<td>62043</td>
			<td>Quantity: 20 
			Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fittings, black HDPE threaded adapter - for connections between pump and tank bulkhead</td>
			<td>United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA</td>
			<td>62017</td>
			<td>Quantity: 10 
			Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tube, vinyl - connect slurry/water line to aquaria and to connect pumps to aquaria</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 25 ft 
			Size: 1/2 in ID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tube, vinyl - connect to aquaria drains inserts and water bath drain</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 25 ft 
			Size: 5/8 in ID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>clamp, hose, stainless steel - to clamp vinyl tube to hose barbs</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 40 
			Size: #8</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
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			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments 
			&#160;</td>
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			<td>Parts list for Slurry System</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>chiller, water with self contained pump - sits off to side of slurry tank</td>
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			Size: 1/2 hp</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand - 42 in x 35 in - contains the water and sediment to make slurry</td>
			<td>United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA</td>
			<td>8586</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: 125 gal</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Cover for 125 gallon tank</td>
			<td>United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA</td>
			<td>8935</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: 42 in x 35 in</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>valve, PVC - connect tank drain to pump - isolate for maintenance</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2 
			Size: 1-1/2 in</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>pump, double diaphragm mounted on stand - used to recirculate slurry</td>
			<td>Wilden-pumps.co.uk &#38; Air Pumping Ltd., Essex, UK</td>
			<td>P2/PPPP/WF/WF/PTV/400</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			 
			contact distributor</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>sensor, optical backscatter - measure NTU in slurry tank</td>
			<td>Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA</td>
			<td>OBS-3+</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: 0-1000 NTU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pipe, PVC Schedule 40 - to recirculate slurry</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 20 ft 
			Size: 1 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pipe, flexible PVC - fitted with union and used to connect to next module</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 10 ft 
			Size: 1 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>union, PVC Schedle 80 Socket - connect slurry line with next module</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 8 
			Size: 1/2 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>solenoid, plastomatic (normally closed) - introduce slurry</td>
			<td>Plast-O-Matic Valves, Inc., Cedar Grove, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>EASYMT4V12R24-PV</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 
			Size: 1/2 in NPT threaded, 24 VAC 
			contact distributor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fitting, PVC tee - connect slurry pipe with solenoid</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 
			Size: 1 in x 1 in x 1 in slip x slip x FIPT</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>fittings, 1 in PVC ball valve threaded - shut off for slurry delivery to solenoid/water lines</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 7 
			Size: 1/2 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fittings, 1 in PVC union threaded - connect slurry solenoid to shut off valve</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 
			Size: 1/2 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tube, vinyl - connection between water solenoid and slurry solenoid</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 50 ft 
			Size: 1/4&#34; ID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments 
			&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parts list for Water System</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td> 
			&#160;</td>
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			<td>chiller, water with self contained pump - sits off to side of reservoir</td>
			<td>Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA</td>
			<td>CFF-500</td>
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			Size: 1/2 hp</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand - 42 in x 35 in - contains the water and sediment to make slurry</td>
			<td>United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA</td>
			<td>8586</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: 125 gal</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Cover for 125 gallon tank</td>
			<td>United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA</td>
			<td>8935</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: 42 in x 35 in</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>valve, PVC - connect tank drain to water pump</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2 
			Size: 1 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pump, magnetic drive, in-line use - used to recirculate water to aquaria and chiller</td>
			<td>Little Giant, Fort Wayne, IN, USA</td>
			<td>3-MD-SC</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: 1/12 hp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>solenoid, alco - introduce water</td>
			<td>discontinued; ASCO, Florham Park, NJ,USA for similar</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 
			Size: 24 v, 1/4 in NIPT</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>fittings, black HDPE reducer connector - connect 1/4 in hose water line from solenoid&#160; to 1/2 in hose</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 
			Size: 1/2 in hose ID x 1/4 in hose ID</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>fittings, black HDPE tee - connect 1/2 in hose water line and slurry to aquaria</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 
			Size: 1/2 in NPT x 1/2 in hose ID x 1/2 in hose ID</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>fittings, street elbow</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 
			Size: 1/2 in 90&#176; MIPT x FIPT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fittings, PVC threaded pipe nipples - connect union fittings with solenoids and other connections</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 12 
			Size: 1/2 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fittings, union threaded - connect slurry/water lines with next module</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 6 
			Size: 1 in PVC&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fittings, reducer bushing - connect to reducer tee in water line</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 
			Size: 1/2 in male by 1/4 in female FIPT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fittings, threaded pipe nipples - connection between bushing and water solenoid</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 
			Size:&#160; 4 in long&#160; x 1/4 in&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pipe, PVC&#160; - make connections between tank, pump and chiller</td>
			<td>local plumbing vendor</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 ft 
			Size: Schedule 40</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments 
			&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parts list for Sensors, Data Acquisition Device, and Computer Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td> 
			&#160;</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>software, LabView</td>
			<td>National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA</td>
			<td>LabView 2015 Base</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCXI-1001 12-Slot Chassis, U.S. 120 VAC</td>
			<td>National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA</td>
			<td>776571-01</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCXI 1100 - 32-Channel, &#177;10 V Analog Input Module</td>
			<td>National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA</td>
			<td>776572-00</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCXI 1303 - Terminal block designed for high-accuracy thermocouple measurements</td>
			<td>National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA</td>
			<td>777687-03</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2 
			Size: N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCXI 1102B - 32-Channel Thermocouple/Voltage Input Module</td>
			<td>National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA</td>
			<td>776572-02B</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCXI 1161 - General-Purpose Relay Module</td>
			<td>National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA</td>
			<td>776572-61</td>
			<td>Quantity: 6 
			Size: N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCXI 1300 - General-Purpose Voltage Module</td>
			<td>National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA</td>
			<td>777687-00</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCMCIA Card DAQCARD-AI-16E-4</td>
			<td>National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA</td>
			<td>N/A - legacy</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1 
			Size: N/A 
			used cards available online</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sensor, optical backscatter - measure NTU in each aquarium</td>
			<td>Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA</td>
			<td>OBS-3+</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5 
			Size: 0-1000 NTU</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a flow-through exposure system for evaluating suspended sediments effects on aquatic life

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

연산 실행하는 일련의 도망 각 수조 (섹션 5.5 및 6.2)에 침전물의 적절한 농도를 제공되도록 실험을 시작하기 전에 수행된다. 그림 6은 NTU 농도가 목표 부유 퇴적물 농도를 달성하기 위해 실험 수족관에서 유지되는 방법을 보여줍니다. 이 예에서, 부유물 제안 시험 침전물 분야에서 통상 노광 시뮬레이션 같은 실험 전형적인 노출 시간으로 사흘 동안 유지 될 수 있는지 여부를 평가 달아 난다. 어항 각각 일관 사흘 동안 탁도를 유지하도록 하였다. 테스트 퇴적물은 0 ㎎ / ℓ TSS 농도가 더 추가 된 퇴적물과 제어 수족관 대표 30 일 월 2016 년에 4 시간에 걸쳐 소개되었다. 100, 250 및 500 ㎎ / ℓ 목표 농도에서, 수조 일관 90의 탁도, (240)를 유지<html> 430 NTU, 각각 세 가지 일 실험 기간 (그림 6) 이상. 부유 퇴적물의 프로그램 및 타임 추가의 반사 퇴적물 펄스는 그래프의 각 농도에서 볼 수 있습니다. 적혀의 유연성은 연구자가 목표 농도의 약 20 ~ 40 NTU 내에 할 수 있습니다. 이 데이터는 시간에 원하는 부유물 농도를 유지하기 위해 도망 기술의 능력을 입증한다. <img alt="그림 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/54937/54937fig6.jpg" /> 그림 6. 대표는 네 부유 퇴적물 농도 결과를 달아 난다. 0, 100, 250 및 500 ㎎ / ℓ의 총 부유 고형물의 농도를 달성하기 위해 설계된 실험 기간 동안 3 일 동안 5 분 간격으로 도망 컴퓨터 소프트웨어에 의해 기록 된 혼탁 탁도 유닛 (NTU) 데이터.arge.jpg &quot;대상 =&quot;_ 빈 &quot;&gt;이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오. 유사하게,도 7은 TSS 농도는 대기 조건을 나타내는 상당히 낮은 농도로 유지 될 수있는 방법의 결과를 나타낸다. <img alt="그림 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/54937/54937fig7.jpg" /> 그림 7. 대표는 주변 조건에 가까운 결과를 달아 난다. 시험 퇴적물 20 밀리그램 / L TSS의 등가 25 NTU을 달성하기 위해 설계된 실험 기간 동안 7 일 동안 5 분 간격으로 도망 컴퓨터 소프트웨어에 의해 기록 된 혼탁 탁도 유닛 (NTU) 데이터. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54937/54937fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> 달아 난다는 CALIBRA입니다TSS와 탁도의 관계를 정량화하기 위해 테스트 퇴적물을 사용하여 테드 대상 TSS 농도는 (섹션 5.4 및 5.5.2) 달성 보장합니다. 도 8은 도망 평가 시험 예 침전물위한 NTU TSS와의 관계를 도시한다. 이 예에서, 테스트 침전물 NTU 평가 각각 대응 TSS 농도에 대하여 지속적으로 높은 값을 나타내었다. 이러한 데이터는 이후 적절한 효과 평가 TSS에 적혀 리포트 결과를 보정하는데 사용될 수있다. <img alt="그림 8" src="/files/ftp_upload/54937/54937fig8.jpg" /> 그림 8. 예를 들어 테스트 퇴적물의 NTU-TSS 관계. 타겟 TSS 처리 농도가 0 (대조), 100, 250 및 500 ㎎ / ℓ이었다. 오차 막대는 SEM을 나타냅니다. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54937/54937fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">큰를 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오</a>이 그림의 R 버전입니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life at JoVE.com

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

수산 생명에 일시 중지를 평가하면 퇴적물 효과에 대한 플로우를 통해 노출 시스템

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

a-flow-through-exposure-system-for-evaluating-suspended-sediments

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

8.3K 조회수.  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

비디오: A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most experiments examine only two or a few levels of CA concentration and a single soil type, but if CA can be varied as a gradient from subambient to superambient concentrations on multiple soils, we can discern whether past ecosystem responses may continue linearly in the future and whether responses may vary across the landscape. The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility applies a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 CA gradient to Blackland prairie plant communities established on lysimeters containing clay, silty clay, and sandy soils. The gradient is created as photosynthesis by vegetation enclosed in in temperature-controlled chambers progressively depletes carbon dioxide from air flowing directionally through the chambers. Maintaining proper air flow rate, adequate photosynthetic capacity, and temperature control are critical to overcome the main limitations of the system, which are declining photosynthetic rates and increased water stress during summer. The facility is an economical alternative to other techniques of CA enrichment, successfully discerns the shape of ecosystem responses to subambient to superambient CA enrichment, and can be adapted to test for interactions of carbon dioxide with other greenhouse gases such as methane or ozone.

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility creates a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 linear carbon dioxide gradient in temperature-controlled chambers housing grassland plant communities on clay, silty clay, and sandy soil monoliths. The facility is used to determine how past and future carbon dioxide levels affect grassland carbon cycling.

CO<sub&gt; 2</sub테스트 주식에 대한&gt; 농도 구배 시설<sub&gt; 2</sub초원 생태계 기능에&gt; 농축 및 토양 효과

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

연구

환경과학

Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon

Extracting the otoliths (ear bones) from fish that have very thick skulls can be difficult and very time consuming. The common practice of making a transverse vertical incision on the top of the skull with a hand or electrical saw may damage the otolith if not performed correctly. Sturgeons (Acipenseridae) are one family in particular that have a very large and thick skull. A new laboratory method entering the brain cavity from the ventral side of the fish to expose the otoliths was easier than other otolith extraction methods found in the literature. Methods reviewed in the literature are designed for the field and are more efficient at processing large quantities of fish quickly. However, this new technique was designed to be more suited for a laboratory setting when time is not pressing and successful extraction from each specimen is critical. The success of finding and removing otoliths using this technique is very high and does not compromise the structure in any manner. This alternative technique is applicable to other similar fish species for extracting the otoliths.

The goal of the protocol is to show an effective method to extract the otoliths from sturgeon carcasses.

철갑 상어에서 이석 제거의 다른 방법

Extracting the otoliths (ear bones) from fish that have very thick skulls can be difficult and very time consuming. The common practice of making a ...

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and rates of mortality in populations, which has a variety of applications in ecology, including agricultural ecosystems. Horizontal, or cohort-based, life tables provide for the most direct and accurate method of quantifying vital population rates because they follow a group of individuals in a population from birth to death. Here, protocols are presented for conducting and analyzing cohort-based life tables in the field that takes advantage of the sessile nature of the immature life stages of a global insect pest, Bemisia tabaci. Individual insects are located on the underside of cotton leaves and are marked by drawing a small circle around the insect with a non-toxic pen. This insect can then be observed repeatedly over time with the aid of hand lenses to measure development from one stage to the next and to identify stage-specific causes of death associated with natural and introduced mortality forces. Analyses explain how to correctly measure multiple mortality forces that act contemporaneously within each stage and how to use such data to provide meaningful population dynamic metrics. The method does not directly account for adult survival and reproduction, which limits inference to dynamics of immature stages. An example is presented that focused on measuring the impact of bottom-up (plant quality) and top-down (natural enemies) effects on the mortality dynamics of B. tabaci in the cotton system.

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Life tables allow quantification of the sources and rates of mortality in insect populations and contribute to understanding, predicting and manipulating population dynamics in agroecosystems. Methods for conducting and analyzing cohort-based life tables in the field for an insect with sessile immature life stages are presented.

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and ...

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several limitations that have resulted in the exclusion of many species. Advances in the field over the last two decades have led occupational health researchers to turn to molecular-based approaches for identifying fungal hazards. These methods have resulted in the detection of many species within indoor and occupational environments that have not been detected using traditional methods. This protocol details an approach for determining fungal diversity within air samples through genomic DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and taxonomic identification of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. ITS sequencing results in the detection of many fungal species that are either not detected or difficult to identify to species level using culture or microscopy. While these methods do not provide quantitative measures of fungal burden, they offer a new approach to hazard identification and can be used to determine overall species richness and diversity within an occupational environment.

Determining the fungal diversity within an environment is a method utilized in occupational health studies to identify health hazards. This protocol describes DNA extraction from occupational air samples for amplification and sequencing of fungal ITS regions. This approach detects many fungal species that can be overlooked by traditional assessment methods.

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several ...

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using three recently developed experiments in which dust particles are exposed to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. The UV light source has a narrow bandwidth in wavelength centered at 172 nm. The beam electrons with the energy of 120 eV are created with a negatively biased hot filament. When the vacuum chamber is filled with the argon gas, a thermal plasma is created in addition to the electron beam. Insulating dust particles of a few tens of microns in diameter are used in the experiments. Dust particles are recorded to be lofted to a height up to a few centimeters with a launch speed up to 1 m/s. These experiments demonstrate that photo and/or secondary electron emission from a dusty surface changes the charging mechanism of dust particles. According to the recently developed &#34;patched charge model&#34;, the emitted electrons can be re-absorbed inside microcavities between neighboring dust particles below the surface, causing the accumulation of enhanced negative charges on the surrounding dust particles. The repulsive forces between these negatively charged particles may be large enough to mobilize and lift them off the surface. These experiments present the advanced understanding of dust charging and transport on dusty surfaces, and laid a foundation for future investigations of its role in the surface evolution of airless planetary bodies.

Dust charging and mobilization is demonstrated in three experiments with exposure to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. These experiments present the advanced understanding of electrostatic dust transport and its role in shaping the surfaces of airless planetary bodies.

먼지가 충전 및 자외선 또는 플라즈마에 노출 표면에 동원의 실험 방법

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol for performing in situ juvenile exposure tests within oligotrophic river catchments over one-month and three-month periods. Two methods (in both modifications) are presented to evaluate the juvenile growth and survival rate. The methods and modifications differ in value for the locality bioindication and each has its benefits as well as limitations. The sandy cage method works with a large set of individuals, but only some of the individuals are measured and the results are evaluated in bulk. In the mesh cage method, the individuals are kept and measured separately, but a low individual number is evaluated. The open water exposure modification is relatively easy to apply; it shows the juvenile growth potential of sites and can also be effective for water toxicity testing. The within-bed exposure modification needs a high workload but is closer to the conditions of a natural juvenile environment and it is better for reporting the real suitability of localities. On the other hand, more replications are needed in this modification due to its high-hyporheic environment variability.

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

In situ bioindications enable determination of the suitability of an environment for endangered mussel species. We describe two methods based on the juvenile exposure of freshwater pearl mussels in cages to oligotrophic river habitats. Both methods are implemented in variants for open water and hyporheic water environments.

Bioindication 영 민물 진주 홍합에 현장 노출 방법을 사용 하 여에 대 한 스트림 환경 적합성의 테스트

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol ...

Experimental Protocol for Examining Behavioral Response Profiles in Larval Fish: Application to the Neuro-stimulant Caffeine

Fish models and behaviors are increasingly used in the biomedical sciences; however, fish have long been the subject of ecological, physiological and toxicological studies. Using automated digital tracking platforms, recent efforts in neuropharmacology are leveraging larval fish locomotor behaviors to identify potential therapeutic targets for novel small molecules. Similar to these efforts, research in the environmental sciences and comparative pharmacology and toxicology is examining various behaviors of fish models as diagnostic tools in tiered evaluation of contaminants and real-time monitoring of surface waters for contaminant threats. Whereas the zebrafish is a popular larval fish model in the biomedical sciences, the fathead minnow is a common larval fish model in ecotoxicology. Unfortunately, fathead minnow larvae have received considerably less attention in behavioral studies. Here, we develop and demonstrate a behavioral profile protocol using caffeine as a model neurostimulant. Though photomotor responses of fathead minnows were occasionally affected by caffeine, zebrafish&#160;were markedly more sensitive for photomotor and locomotor endpoints, which responded at environmentally relevant levels. Future studies are needed to understand comparative behavioral sensitivity differences among fish with age and time of day, and to determine whether similar behavioral effects would occur in nature and be indicative of adverse outcomes at the individual or population levels of biological organization.

Here, we present a protocol to examine larval zebrafish and fathead minnow locomotor activities and photomotor responses (PMR) using an automated tracking software. When incorporated in common toxicology bioassays, analyses of these behaviors provide a diagnostic tool to examine chemical bioactivity. This protocol is described using caffeine, a model neurostimulant.

애벌레에서 행동 응답 프로필을 조사 하기 위한 실험 프로토콜: 신경 흥분 제 카페인에 응용

Fish models and behaviors are increasingly used in the biomedical sciences; however, fish have long been the subject of ecological, physiological and ...

Sampling, Sorting, and Characterizing Microplastics in Aquatic Environments with High Suspended Sediment Loads and Large Floating Debris

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only recently have microplastics in freshwater systems, such as rivers and lakes, been quantified. Microplastic sampling at the surface usually consists of deploying drift nets behind either a stationary or moving boat, which limits the sampling to environments with low levels of suspended sediments and floating or submerged debris. Previous studies that employed drift nets to collect microplastic debris typically used nets with &#8805;300 &#181;m mesh size, allowing plastic debris (particles and fibers) below this size to pass through the net and elude quantification. The protocol detailed here enables: 1) sample collection in environments with high suspended loads and floating or submerged debris and 2) the capture and quantification of microplastic particles and fibers &lt;300 &#181;m. Water samples were collected using a peristaltic pump in low-density polyethylene (PE) containers to be stored before filtering and analysis in the lab. Filtration was done with a custom-made microplastic filtration device containing detachable union joints that housed nylon mesh sieves and mixed cellulose ester membrane filters. Mesh sieves and membrane filters were examined with a stereomicroscope to quantify and separate microplastic particulates and fibers. These materials were then examined using a micro-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (micro ATR-FTIR) to determine microplastic polymer type. Recovery was measured by spiking samples using blue PE particulates and green nylon fibers; percent recovery was determined to be 100% for particulates and 92% for fibers. This protocol will guide similar studies on microplastics in high velocity rivers with high concentrations of sediment. With simple modifications to the peristaltic pump and filtration device, users can collect and analyze various sample volumes and particulate sizes.

Most microplastic research to date has occurred in marine systems where suspended solid levels are relatively low. Focus is now shifting to freshwater systems, which may feature high sediment loads and floating debris. This protocol addresses collecting and analyzing microplastic samples from aquatic environments that contain high suspended solid loads.

샘플링, 정렬, 및 높은 정지 퇴적 부하와 큰 부동 파편 수생 환경에서 Microplastics

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only ...

A Precise and Autonomous System for the Detection of Insect Emergence Patterns

Existing systems to measure insect emergence patterns have limitations; they are only partially automated and are limited in the maximum number of emerging insects they can detect. In order to obtain precise measurement of insect emergence, it is necessary for systems to be semi-automated and able to measure large numbers of emerging insects. We addressed these issues by designing and building a system that is automated and can measure emergence of up to 1200 insects. We modified the existing &#34;falling-ball&#34; system using Arduino microcontrollers to automate data collection and expand the sample size through multiple data channels. Multiple data channels enable the user to not only increase their sample size, but also allows for multiple treatments to be run simultaneously in a single experiment. Furthermore, we created an R script to automatically visualize the data as a bubble plot, while also calculating the median day and time of emergence. The current system was designed using 3D printing so the user can modify the system to be adjusted for different species of insects. The goal of this protocol is to investigate important questions in chronobiology and stress physiology, using this precise and automated system to measure insect emergence patterns.

Measurement of insect emergence patterns requires precision. Existing systems are only semi-automated and sample size is limited. We addressed these issues by designing a system using microcontrollers to precisely measure the time of emergence of large numbers of emerging insects.

곤충 출현 패턴의 검출을 위한 정확 하 고 자치 시스템

Existing systems to measure insect emergence patterns have limitations; they are only partially automated and are limited in the maximum number of ...

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure systems are often large and bulky, making transport to the field and operation at the source of emission or within the breathing zone difficult. Through miniaturization of these systems, the lab can be brought to the field, expediting processing time and providing a more appropriate exposure method that does not alter the aerosol prior to contacting the cells. The Portable In vitro Exposure Cassette (PIVEC) adapts a 37 mm filter cassette to allow for in vitro toxicity testing outside of a traditional laboratory setting. The PIVEC was characterized using three sizes of copper nanoparticles to determine deposition efficiency based on gravimetric and particle number concentration analysis. Initial cytotoxicity experiments were performed with exposed lung cells to determine the ability of the system to deposit particles while maintaining cell viability. The PIVEC provides a similar or increased deposition efficiency when comparing to available perpendicular flow in vitro exposure devices. Despite the lower sample throughput, the small size gives some advantages to the current in vitro ALI exposure systems. These include the ability to be worn for personal monitoring, mobility from the laboratory to the source of emission, and the option to set-up multiple systems for spatial resolution while maintaining a lower user cost. The PIVEC is a system capable of collecting aerosols in the field and within the breathing zone onto an air-interfaced, in vitro model.

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

Here, we present a protocol to perform portable cellular aerosol exposures and measure cellular response. The method uses cells, grown at the air-liquid interface, mimicking in vivo physiology. Cellular response to copper nanoparticle aerosols was observed as oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species generation and cytotoxicity as lactate dehydrogenase release.

새로운 휴대용 체 외에 노출 카세트 졸 샘플링에 대 한

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) ...