著者は、施設、顕微鏡 &amp; シドニー大学で微量分析 (ACMM) のシドニー顕微鏡 &amp; 微量分析研究施設 (AMMRF) およびオーストラリアの中心の科学的な技術的な支援を認めます。これらの研究に支えられたオーストラリアの国民の健康と医療研究評議会 (NHMRC) プロジェクトを与える 161558 と APP1124011 (XZ)。

すべての動物の倫理およびプロトコルはシドニー ローカル健康地区動物福祉委員会と制度的動物ケア使用委員会 (IACUC) 天津医科大学によって承認されました。センテナリー大学、シドニー大学、天津医科大学のガイドライン/規制の下ですべての実験を行った 1。マウス モデルにおける脳海綿静脈奇形の誘導 <ol><li>クロス Cdh5-CreErt2;Ccm2 フロリダ州/フロリダ Ccm2 フロリダ州/フロリダ のリットルを生成するマウス Cdh5-CreErt2;Ccm2 フロリダ州/フロリダ (Ccm2 iECKO) 子犬と濾胞 (Ccm2 フロリダ州/フロリダ州)。前述の 19 をされている Cdh5 CreErt2 Ccm2 フロリダ州/フロリダ 動物.</li>
	<li>100% エタノールで第 4 はレディースを溶解し、30 μ L の因数で-80 ° C で保存 (第 4 はレディース濃度: 10 mg/mL)。コーン油 (0.5 mg/mL) の検体第 4 はレディースを希釈使用の日</li>。
	<li>第 4 はレディースの 50 μ L を注入量 (0.5 mg/mL) インスリン注射器を使用して実験の CCM 病変を誘発する P1 で新生児の子犬にします</li>。
</ol> 2。マイクロ CT スキャンのための試料調製 <ol><li>二酸化炭素窒息を通して P8 で新生児子犬を安楽死させる</li>。
	<li>マウス心臓の心室に PBS で 10 mL の注射器で 3 ml の 2% のパラホルムアルデヒドの 29 g 針を挿入して心臓内の血流を実行します 。
	注意: パラホルムアルデヒドは有毒である;適切な保護具を着用します</li>。
	<li>は、はさみを使って体から頭をデタッチします。頭、はさみを使用してすべての皮膚を削除し、剥離鉗子を使用して全体の脳を解剖する頭蓋骨</li>。
	<li>X 倍率、1 x 利得、0.6 ガンマと露出時間を 20 ms 7.82 顕微鏡で脳の画像を撮影します</li>。
	<li>は一晩 PBS 溶液中 4% パラホルムアルデヒドで切り裂かれた脳を修正します 。
	注意: パラホルムアルデヒドは有毒である;適切な保護具を着用します</li>。
	<li>次の日に、鉗子を使用して hindbrains を取り外し、PBS 溶液で洗浄します</li>。
	<li>インキュベート ルゴールで hindbrains &#39; 48 h. の s ヨード溶液</li>
	<li>次の孵化、簡単に空気乾燥過剰ルゴールを削除する hindbrains &#39; s ヨード</li>。
	<li>、ルゴールをパック &#39; s ヨード染色 0.65 mL 遠心チューブと組織収縮 ( 図 2 A) を避けるためにプラスチック パラフィン フィルムで完全にシールで hindbrains です</li>。
	<li>( 図 2 B) のスキャン中に移動からそれらを防ぐためにスポンジと 5 mL プラスチック チューブにマイクロ遠心チューブ用を配置します</li>。
</ol> 3。マイクロ CT スキャンの CCM マウス脳内 <ol><li>マイクロ CT システムのアルミ ホルダーをチューブでパック後脳を垂直にマウントします</li>。
	<li>540 予測と 50 のソースの条件と 2 s の露光時間にスキャン パラメーターを設定 (画像解像度 9.5 μ m/ピクセル) の断層のデータセットを取得する kV と 10 W</li>。
	<li>スキャンからレントゲン写真が自動的に再構築マイクロ CT システムによって提供されるハードウェア ベースの投影再構成ソフトウェアによって 16 ビット軸スライスの画像シリーズを生産 (&#34; TXM &#34; ファイル).</li>
</ol> 4。マイクロ ct 画像の解析 <ol><li>再建されたイメージ ファイルを開く (&#34; TXM &#34; ファイル) 3次元解析ソフトウェアで脳を使って視覚化し、&#34; ボリューム ・ レンダリング &#34; 関数</li>。
	<li>変換による目的のオリエンテーションに菱脳、&#34; 境界ボックス &#34; と &#34; クリップ平面 &#34; 関数</li>。
	<li>拡張モードで変換後のイメージをリサンプルし、ボクセル サイズを維持します</li>。
	<li>作成 &#34; 新しいラベル] フィールドを編集 &#34; (4.3) の変換後のイメージにグレースケール強度を使用して脳だけを強調表示します</li>。
	<li>が強調表示されている領域を追加し、実行 &#34; ラベルの分析 &#34; 全体菱脳 (すなわち、総体積と面積) の測定値を取得します。単位の Excel ファイルをエクスポートします</li>。
	<li>菱脳使って視覚化、&#34; 等値面表示 &#34; 機能</li>。
	<li>を別に作成 &#34; 新しいラベル] フィールドを編集 &#34; グレースケール強度による病変でイメージとハイライト部分を変換します</li>。
	<li>が強調表示されている領域を追加し、実行 &#34; ラベル &#34;、菱脳 (すなわち、総体積と面積) 内病変の測定分析。単位の Excel ファイルをエクスポートします</li>。
	<li>を使用して病変を可視化、&#34; 表面を生成する &#34; と &#34; 表面図 &#34; 関数</li>。
	<li>目的のオリエンテーションでは、菱脳の画像をスナップショットまたは病変の 3次元可視化のための映画を生成します</li>。
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Fischer, A., Zalvide, J., Faurobert, E., Albiges-Rizo, C., Tournier-Lasserve, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+cavernous+malformations:+from+CCM+genes+to+endothelial+cell+homeostasis.">Cerebral cavernous malformations: from CCM genes to endothelial cell homeostasis.</a> Trends Mol Med. 19 (5), 302-308 (2013).</li><li>Liquori, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+a+gene+encoding+a+novel+protein+containing+a+phosphotyrosine-binding+domain+cause+type+2+cerebral+cavernous+malformations.">Mutations in a gene encoding a novel protein containing a phosphotyrosine-binding domain cause type 2 cerebral cavernous malformations.</a> Am J Hum Genet. 73 (6), 1459-1464 (2003).</li><li>Laberge-le Couteulx, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Truncating+mutations+in+CCM1,+encoding+KRIT1,+cause+hereditary+cavernous+angiomas.">Truncating mutations in CCM1, encoding KRIT1, cause hereditary cavernous angiomas.</a> Nat Genet. 23 (2), 189-193 (1999).</li><li>Sahoo, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+the+gene+encoding+KRIT1,+a+Krev-1/rap1a+binding+protein,+cause+cerebral+cavernous+malformations+(CCM1).">Mutations in the gene encoding KRIT1, a Krev-1/rap1a binding protein, cause cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM1).</a> Hum Mol Genet. 8 (12), 2325-2333 (1999).</li><li>Denier, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+within+the+MGC4607+gene+cause+cerebral+cavernous+malformations.">Mutations within the MGC4607 gene cause cerebral cavernous malformations.</a> Am J Hum Genet. 74 (2), 326-337 (2004).</li><li>Bergametti, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+within+the+programmed+cell+death+10+gene+cause+cerebral+cavernous+malformations.">Mutations within the programmed cell death 10 gene cause cerebral cavernous malformations.</a> Am J Hum Genet. 76 (1), 42-51 (2005).</li><li>McDonald, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+mouse+model+of+cerebral+cavernous+malformations+based+on+the+two-hit+mutation+hypothesis+recapitulates+the+human+disease.">A novel mouse model of cerebral cavernous malformations based on the two-hit mutation hypothesis recapitulates the human disease.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 20 (2), 211-222 (2011).</li><li>Boulday, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+timing+of+CCM2+loss+influences+cerebral+cavernous+malformations+in+mice.">Developmental timing of CCM2 loss influences cerebral cavernous malformations in mice.</a> J Exp Med. 208 (9), 1835-1847 (2011).</li><li>Chan, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+2+distinct+genetic+pathways+result+in+cerebral+cavernous+malformations+in+mice.">Mutations in 2 distinct genetic pathways result in cerebral cavernous malformations in mice.</a> J Clin Invest. 121 (5), 1871-1881 (2011).</li><li>Zheng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+cavernous+malformations+arise+independent+of+the+heart+of+glass+receptor.">Cerebral cavernous malformations arise independent of the heart of glass receptor.</a> Stroke. 45 (5), 1505-1509 (2014).</li><li>McDonald, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fasudil+decreases+lesion+burden+in+a+murine+model+of+cerebral+cavernous+malformation+disease.">Fasudil decreases lesion burden in a murine model of cerebral cavernous malformation disease.</a> Stroke. 43 (2), 571-574 (2012).</li><li>Maddaluno, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EndMT+contributes+to+the+onset+and+progression+of+cerebral+cavernous+malformations.">EndMT contributes to the onset and progression of cerebral cavernous malformations.</a> Nature. 498 (7455), 492-496 (2013).</li><li>Gibson, C. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategy+for+identifying+repurposed+drugs+for+the+treatment+of+cerebral+cavernous+malformation.">Strategy for identifying repurposed drugs for the treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation.</a> Circulation. 131 (3), 289-299 (2015).</li><li>Choi, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro-CT+Imaging+Reveals+Mekk3+Heterozygosity+Prevents+Cerebral+Cavernous+Malformations+in+Ccm2-Deficient+Mice.">Micro-CT Imaging Reveals Mekk3 Heterozygosity Prevents Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Ccm2-Deficient Mice.</a> PLoS One. 11 (8), 0160833 (2016).</li><li>Zhou, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+cavernous+malformations+arise+from+endothelial+gain+of+MEKK3-KLF2/4+signalling.">Cerebral cavernous malformations arise from endothelial gain of MEKK3-KLF2/4 signalling.</a> Nature. 532 (7597), 122-126 (2016).</li><li>Metscher, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroCT+for+comparative+morphology:+simple+staining+methods+allow+high-contrast+3D+imaging+of+diverse+non-mineralized+animal+tissues.">MicroCT for comparative morphology: simple staining methods allow high-contrast 3D imaging of diverse non-mineralized animal tissues.</a> BMC Physiol. 9, 11 (2009).</li><li>Johnson, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virtual+histology+of+transgenic+mouse+embryos+for+high-throughput+phenotyping.">Virtual histology of transgenic mouse embryos for high-throughput phenotyping.</a> PLoS Genet. 2 (4), 61 (2006).</li><li>Anderson, R., Maga, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Procedure+for+Rapid+Imaging+of+Adult+Mouse+Brains+with+MicroCT+Using+Iodine-Based+Contrast.">A Novel Procedure for Rapid Imaging of Adult Mouse Brains with MicroCT Using Iodine-Based Contrast.</a> PLoS One. 10 (11), 0142974 (2015).</li><li>Zheng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+regulation+of+the+cerebral+cavernous+malformation+pathway+controls+vascular+stability+and+growth.">Dynamic regulation of the cerebral cavernous malformation pathway controls vascular stability and growth.</a> Dev Cell. 23 (2), 342-355 (2012).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

CCM は、個人1の 0.5% まで影響を与える一般的な血管の奇形です。CCM は、散発的なまたは家族性の形で発生します。患者の予後の CCM 病変がストロークやその他の神経学的な結果を引き起こすことが突然破裂、しばしば明らかではありません。現在、唯一の治療法の選択肢は外科的伴われる高リスク病変を取り除くことです。
人間の CCM 条件で再現された?...

CCM は壁が薄く、人間の人口1で最大 0.5% の有病率と脳の血管の奇形を拡張します。CCM は、3 つの遺伝子の 1 つの機能喪失変異による支配的な障害として継承できる: CCM1 (別名Krit1)、 CCM2、およびCCM3 ( PDCD10とも呼ばれる)2,3,4 ,5,6。これらの遺伝子は、単一の複雑な信号に存在。
モデル CCM 疾患、CCM7,8,9,10は、CCM の遺伝子の下流の経路を理解し、様々 なモデルが開発されています。最も堅牢なモデルは、新生の子犬8,10P1 をタモキシフェン誘導Cdh5 CreERT2とCcmの遺伝子のいずれかを条件付きで削除することです。これらの子犬は、CCM 以降の P6 から脳の病変を開発し、検索メカニズムのための前臨床試験および CCM 病気の治療に治療薬のための理想的なモデルをする予定です。
マウス脳における CCM 病変負担を組織ベースのメソッドは、非常に時間がかかるアプローチによって主に測定し、捜査対象となるバイアス10、11,12。MRI 法は、成体マウス モデル9,13CCM 病変負担を評価するために使用されています。ただし、専門性の高い小さな動物 MRI 計測器と一夜にして数時間の長いスキャン時間は、CCM の病変を識別するための満足のいく解決を達成するために必要です。また、新生仔マウスの CCM の病変を検出するための MRI の使用かどうかは報告されていない、解像度は感度を制限可能性があります。
最近、画像、CCM 病変14,15を分析してマイクロ CT 技術を開発しました。この高解像度、時間とコスト効果の高い方法劇的に解明と治療研究で CCM 病モデルの値をブーストしました。コントラストを向上させる、全体のマウント染色法は、軟部組織、マウス胚16,17のマイクロ CT イメージングのために使用されています。以前は、染色、オスミウム ベース マイクロ CT イメージング脳14CCM 病変のコントラストを高めるために使用している我々。本稿で我々 は毒性の低い、非破壊、使用、コスト効率の高い試薬、ヨウ素によるマイクロ CT 画像のコントラストを高めるため、ルゴール液。ヨウ素脳内に拡散することができますで、血液18の親和性が高い。
詳しいプロトコルはイメージングと共に新生児マウス モデルにおける CCM 斑の誘導とコントラストに基づくマイクロ CT CCM 病変の解析の紹介します。このマイクロ CT 法 CCM 性病変の容積測定の定量的なグローバルの提供数とマウス脳における CCM 病変の 3次元位置を正確に識別、コストの大幅削減し、これらの動物の表現に必要な時間。

<table >
	
		
		
		
		
	
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >4-hydroxy tamoxifen</td>
			<td >Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td >H6278</td>
			<td >To activate Cdh5-CreErt2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Corn oil</td>
			<td >Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td >C8267-500ML</td>
			<td >To dilute 4-hydroxy tamoxifen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td >Leica</td>
			<td >M205FA</td>
			<td >To take macroscopic images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Lugol&#39;s Iodine solution</td>
			<td >Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td >L6146</td>
			<td >To stain samples for contrast micro-CT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Plastic paraffin film</td>
			<td >Parafilm</td>
			<td >PM992</td>
			<td >To package samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Micro-CT</td>
			<td >Xradia</td>
			<td >MicroXCT-400</td>
			<td >Micro-CT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >3D rendering software</td>
			<td >FEI Visualization Science group</td>
			<td >Avizo 3D image processing software</td>
			<td >To analyse micro-CT scans</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

induction and micro-ct imaging of cerebral cavernous malformations in mouse model

突然変異、 CCM1 (別名 KRIT1)、CCM2、またはCCM3 (別名 PDCD10)遺伝子は人間の脳海綿静脈奇形 (CCM) を引き起こします。CCM 病気のマウスモデルはCcm遺伝子は生後のタモキシフェンによる削除によって設けられています。これらのマウスのモデル分子機構と CCM の病気のための治療上のアプローチを調査するための非常に貴重なツールを提供します。これらの動物モデルの完全な値を活用する病変負担と進行を評価する正確な定量的な方法が欠かせません。ここでは、CCM 病マウスモデルでの誘導を示す、コントラストの使用強化 x 線マイクロ コンピューター断層撮影 (マイクロ CT) マウス脳におけるメジャー CCM 病変負担します。生後日 1 (P1)、 Ccm2の floxed の対立遺伝子を切断するのに Cdh5 CreErt2 遺伝子から Cre リコンビナーゼ アクティビティを有効にするのに 4-hydroxytamoxifen (第 4 はレディース) を使用しました。マウス脳における CCM の病変は、P8 で分析しました。マイクロ CT によるヨウ素・ ルゴール液脳組織のコントラストを高めるため使用しています。スキャン パラメーターを最適化し、約 25 μ m の最小機能サイズにつながる 9.5 μ m のボクセル ディメンションを利用しました。この解像度で世界的にかつ正確に、CCM 性病変の容積と数を測定し、高品質マウス脳の CCM 病変の 3次元マッピングを提供するのに十分です。このメソッドは、CCM と他の脳血管疾患の分子基盤と潜在的な療法を研究するため設立されたマウス モデルの価値を高めます。

第 4 はレディース P1 での単回投与は、CCM 小脳病変を誘発するのに十分だった。複方ヨードとは対照的マイクロ CT は十分に CCM 病変を検出し、そのボリュームと数を定量化することができます。最適化されたマイクロ CT を活用し、CCM 病変Ccm2iECKOマウスの hindbrains をイメージしています。異なる深さと方向で脳実質内病変全体の可視化を許可されて、マ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model at JoVE.com

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model

このプロトコルはマウス モデルにおける脳海綿静脈奇形病の誘導を示し、使用造影病変の負担を測定するマイクロ コンピューター断層撮影。このメソッドは、分子基盤と脳海綿静脈奇形の潜在的な治療とその他の脳血管疾患を勉強する確立されたマウス モデルの価値を高めます。

誘導およびマウス モデルにおける脳海綿静脈奇形のマイクロ CT イメージング

Mutations in the CCM1 (aka KRIT1), CCM2, or CCM3 (aka PDCD10) gene cause cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) in humans. Mouse models of CCM disease have ...

induction-micro-ct-imaging-cerebral-cavernous-malformations-mouse

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.8K ビュー.  Centenary Institute. このプロトコルはマウス モデルにおける脳海綿静脈奇形病の誘導を示し、使用造影病変の負担を測定するマイクロ コンピューター断層撮影。このメソッドは、分子基盤と脳海綿静脈奇形の潜在的な治療とその他の脳血管疾患を勉強する確立されたマウス モデルの価値を高めます。

ビデオ: Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model

Mouse Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Stroke is the most common fatal neurological disease in the United States 1. The majority of strokes (88%) result from blockage of blood vessels in the brain (ischemic stroke) 2. Since most ischemic strokes (~80%) occur in the territory of middle cerebral artery (MCA) 3, many animal stroke models that have been developed have focused on this artery. The intraluminal monofilament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) involves the insertion of a surgical filament into the external carotid artery and threading it forward into the internal carotid artery (ICA) until the tip occludes the origin of the MCA, resulting in a cessation of blood flow and subsequent brain infarction in the MCA territory 4. The technique can be used to model permanent or transient occlusion 5. If the suture is removed after a certain interval (30 min, 1 h, or 2 h), reperfusion is achieved (transient MCAO); if the filament is left in place (24 h) the procedure is suitable as a model of permanent MCAO. This technique does not require craniectomy, a neurosurgical procedure to remove a portion of skull, which may affect intracranial pressure and temperature 6. It has become the most frequently used method to mimic permanent and transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats and mice 7,8. To evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction, we stain brain slices with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to identify ischemic brain tissue 9. In this video, we demonstrate the MCAO method and the determination of infarct size by TTC staining.

We demonstrate in the video a method for producing a middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult mice using an intraluminal monofilament. We also show how to evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining.

中大脳動脈閉塞のマウスモデル

Stroke is the most common fatal neurological disease in the United States 1. The majority of strokes (88%) result from blockage of blood vessels in the ...

医学

Monitoring Tumor Metastases and Osteolytic Lesions with Bioluminescence and Micro CT Imaging

Following intracardiac delivery of MDA-MB-231-luc-D3H2LN cells to Nu/Nu mice, systemic metastases developed in the injected animals. Bioluminescence imaging using IVIS Spectrum was employed to monitor the distribution and development of the tumor cells following the delivery procedure including DLIT reconstruction to measure the tumor signal and its location.
Development of metastatic lesions to the bone tissues triggers osteolytic activity and lesions to tibia and femur were evaluated longitudinally using micro CT. Imaging was performed using a Quantum FX micro CT system with fast imaging and low X-ray dose. The low radiation dose allows multiple imaging sessions to be performed with a cumulative X-ray dosage far below LD50. A mouse imaging shuttle device was used to sequentially image the mice with both IVIS Spectrum and Quantum FX achieving accurate animal positioning in both the bioluminescence and CT images. The optical and CT data sets were co-registered in 3-dimentions using the Living Image 4.1 software. This multi-mode approach allows close monitoring of tumor growth and development simultaneously with osteolytic activity.

An experimental mouse model of bone metastasis was established following intracardiac delivery of luciferase expressing mammary tumor cells. Tumor development and resulted osteolytic lesion were monitored longitudinally with bioluminescence and micro CT imaging.

生物発光とマイクロCTイメージングで腫瘍転移と溶骨性病変の監視

Following intracardiac delivery of MDA-MB-231-luc-D3H2LN cells to Nu/Nu mice, systemic metastases developed in the injected animals. Bioluminescence ...

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

口腔扁平上皮癌の同所性マウスモデルにおける腫瘍細胞の浸潤の多光子イメージング

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

The Application Of Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Ligation in the Mouse

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to develop suitable animal models to study the events that unfold during ischemic insult. These techniques include transient or permanent, focal or global ischemia models using many different animal models, with the most common being rodents.
The permanent MCA ligation method which is also referred as pMCAo in the literature is used extensively as a focal ischemia model in rodents 1-6. This method was originally described for rats by Tamura et al. in 1981 7. In this protocol a craniotomy was used to access the MCA and the proximal regions were occluded by electrocoagulation. The infarcts involve mostly cortical and sometimes striatal regions depending on the location of the occlusion. This technique is now well established and used in many laboratories 8-13. Early use of this technique led to the definition and description of &#x201C;infarct core&#x201D; and &#x201C;penumbra&#x201D; 14-16, and it is often used to evaluate potential neuroprotective compounds 10, 12, 13, 17. Although the initial studies were performed in rats, permanent MCA ligation has been used successfully in mice with slight modifications 18-20 .
This model yields reproducible infarcts and increased post-survival rates. Approximately 80% of the ischemic strokes in humans happen in the MCA area 21 and thus this is a very relevant model for stroke studies. Currently, there is a paucity of effective treatments available to stroke patients, and thus there is a need for good models to test potential pharmacological compounds and evaluate physiological outcomes. This method can also be used for studying intracellular hypoxia response mechanisms in vivo. 
Here, we present the MCA ligation surgery in a C57/BL6 mouse. We describe the pre-surgical preparation, MCA ligation surgery and 2,3,5 Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining for quantification of infarct volumes.

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) ligation is a technique to study focal cerebral ischemia in animal models. In this method, the middle cerebral artery is exposed by craniotomy and ligated by cauterization. This method gives highly reproducible infarct volumes and increased post-operative survival rates compared to other methods available.

マウスの永久中大脳動脈結紮の応用

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to ...

Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can accurately screen for brain injury, monitor injury evolution, or assess response to therapy. The energy used by neurons is derived largely from tissue oxidative metabolism, and neural hyperactivity and cell death are reflected by corresponding changes in cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2). Thus, measures of CMRO2 are reflective of neuronal viability and provide critical diagnostic information, making CMRO2 an ideal target for bedside measurement of brain health.
Brain-imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) yield measures of cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism, but these techniques require the administration of radionucleotides, so they are used in only the most acute cases.
Continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS) provides non-invasive and non-ionizing radiation measures of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen consumption. However, SO2 is less than ideal as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen metabolism as it is influenced by both oxygen delivery and consumption. Furthermore, measurements of SO2 are not sensitive enough to detect brain injury hours after the insult 1,2, because oxygen consumption and delivery reach equilibrium after acute transients 3. We investigated the possibility of using more sophisticated NIRS optical methods to quantify cerebral oxygen metabolism at the bedside in healthy and brain-injured newborns. More specifically, we combined the frequency-domain NIRS (FDNIRS) measure of SO2 with the diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measure of blood flow index (CBFi) to yield an index of CMRO2 (CMRO2i) 4,5.
With the combined FDNIRS/DCS system we are able to quantify cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics. This represents an improvement over CWNIRS for detecting brain health, brain development, and response to therapy in neonates. Moreover, this method adheres to all neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) policies on infection control and institutional policies on laser safety. Future work will seek to integrate the two instruments to reduce acquisition time at the bedside and to implement real-time feedback on data quality to reduce the rate of data rejection.

We combined frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy measures of cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation with diffuse correlation spectroscopy measures of cerebral blood flow index to estimate an index of oxygen metabolism. We tested the utility of this measure as a bedside screening tool to evaluate the health and development of the newborn brain.

乳幼児の脳代謝と血行動態の非侵襲的光計測

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality  and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can  accurately ...

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Fairness of skin, UV sensitivity and skin cancer risk all correlate with the physiologic function of the melanocortin 1 receptor, a Gs-coupled signaling protein found on the surface of melanocytes. Mc1r stimulates adenylyl cyclase and cAMP production which, in turn, up-regulates melanocytic production of melanin in the skin. In order to study the mechanisms by which Mc1r signaling protects the skin against UV injury, this study relies on a mouse model with "humanized skin" based on epidermal expression of stem cell factor (Scf). K14-Scf transgenic mice retain melanocytes in the epidermis and therefore have the ability to deposit melanin in the epidermis. In this animal model, wild type Mc1r status results in robust deposition of black eumelanin pigment and a UV-protected phenotype. In contrast, K14-Scf animals with defective Mc1r signaling ability exhibit a red/blonde pigmentation, very little eumelanin in the skin and a UV-sensitive phenotype. Reasoning that eumelanin deposition might be enhanced by topical agents that mimic Mc1r signaling, we found that direct application of forskolin extract to the skin of Mc1r-defective fair-skinned mice resulted in robust eumelanin induction and UV protection 1. Here we describe the method for preparing and applying a forskolin-containing natural root extract to K14-Scf fair-skinned mice and report a method for measuring UV sensitivity by determining minimal erythematous dose (MED). Using this animal model, it is possible to study how epidermal cAMP induction and melanization of the skin affect physiologic responses to UV exposure.

Epidermal melanin is induced by topical application of forskolin in a murine model of the fair-skinned UV-sensitive human. Pharmacologic manipulation of cAMP levels in the skin and epidermal darkening strongly protect against UV-mediated inflammation (sunburn) as measured by the minimum erythematous dose (MED) assay.

ヒト化マウスモデルにおける表皮のメラニンと保護に対する日焼け薬理学的誘導

Fairness of skin, UV sensitivity and skin cancer  risk all correlate with the physiologic function of the melanocortin 1  receptor, a Gs-coupled signaling ...

Simultaneous PET/MRI Imaging During Mouse Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics disturbance in affected cells. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identifies regions that are damaged, potentially irreversibly, by hypoxia-ischemia. Alterations in glucose utilization in the affected tissue may be detectable by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-&#7429;-glucose ([18F]FDG) uptake. Due to the rapid and variable nature of injury in this animal model, acquisition of both modes of data must be performed simultaneously in order to meaningfully correlate PET and MRI data. In addition, inter-animal variability in the hypoxic-ischemic injury due to vascular differences limits the ability to analyze multi-modal data and observe changes to a group-wise approach if data is not acquired simultaneously in individual subjects. The method presented here allows one to acquire both diffusion-weighted MRI and [18F]FDG uptake data in the same animal before, during, and after the hypoxic challenge in order to interrogate immediate physiological changes.

The method presented here uses simultaneous positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In the cerebral hypoxia-ischemia model, dynamic changes in diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after injury. The evolving and irreproducible damage in this model necessitates simultaneous acquisition if meaningful multi-modal imaging data are to be acquired.

マウス脳低酸素性虚血の間に同時PET / MRIイメージング

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics ...

A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy

As the sheer number of transgenic mice strains grow and rodent models of pediatric disease increase, there is an expanding need for a comprehensive, standardized battery of neonatal mouse motor tests. These tests can validate injury or disease models, determine treatment efficacy and/or assess motor behaviors in new transgenic strains. This paper presents a series of neonatal motor tests to evaluate general motor function, including ambulation, hindlimb foot angle, surface righting, negative geotaxis, front- and hindlimb suspension, grasping reflex, four limb grip strength and cliff aversion. Mice between the ages of post-natal day 2 to 14 can be used. In addition, these tests can be used for a wide range of neurological and neuromuscular pathologies, including cerebral palsy, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and neuromuscular disorders. These tests can also be used to determine the effects of pharmacological agents, as well as other types of therapeutic interventions. In this paper, motor deficits were evaluated in a novel neonatal mouse model of cerebral palsy that combines hypoxia, ischemia and inflammation. Forty-eight hours after injury, five tests out of the nine showed significant motor deficits: ambulation, hindlimb angle, hindlimb suspension, four limb grip strength, and grasping reflex. These tests revealed weakness in the hindlimbs, as well as fine motor skills such as grasping, which are similar to the motor deficits seen in human cerebral palsy patients.

Presented is a concise battery of mouse neonatal motor tests. Using these tests, neonatal motor deficits can be demonstrated in a variety of neonatal motor disorders. By having a standardized set of tests, results from different studies can be compared, allowing for better and accurate reporting between groups.

脳性麻痺の新生児マウスモデルにおける運動テストのバッテリー

As the sheer number of transgenic mice strains grow and rodent models of pediatric disease increase, there is an expanding need for a comprehensive, ...

In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Cerebral malaria is a sign of severe malarial disease and is often a harbinger of death. While aggressive management can be life-saving, the detection of cerebral malaria can be difficult. We present an experimental mouse model of cerebral malaria that shares multiple features of the human disease, including edema and microvascular pathology. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we can detect and track the blood-brain barrier disruption, edema development, and subsequent brain swelling. We describe multiple MRI techniques that can visualize these pertinent pathological changes. Thus, we show that MRI represents a valuable tool to visualize and track pathological changes, such as edema, brain swelling, and microvascular pathology, in vivo.

In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

We describe a mouse model of experimental cerebral malaria and show how inflammatory and microvascular pathology can be tracked in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging.

磁気共鳴映像法を用いた実験的大脳マラリアモデルにおける浮腫発生と微小血管病変のin vivo追跡

Cerebral malaria is a sign of severe malarial disease and is often a harbinger of death. While aggressive management can be life-saving, the detection of ...

Quantitative Micro-CT Analysis of Aortopathy in a Mouse Model of &#946;-aminopropionitrile-induced Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection

Aortic aneurysm and dissection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the population and can be highly lethal. While animal models of aortic disease exist, in vivo imaging of the vasculature has been limited. In recent years, micro-computerized tomography (micro-CT) has emerged as a preferred modality for imaging both large and small vessels both in vivo and ex vivo. In conjunction with a method of vascular casting, we have successfully used micro-CT to characterize the frequency and distribution of aortic pathology in &#946;-aminopropionitrile-treated C57/Bl6 mice. Technical limitations of this method include variations in the quality of the perfusion introduced by poor animal preparation, the application of proper methodologies for vessel size quantification, and the non-survivability of this procedure. This article details a methodology for the intravascular perfusion of a lead-based radiopaque silicone rubber for the quantitative characterization of aortopathy in a mouse model of aneurysm and dissection. In addition to visualizing aortic pathology, this method may be used for examining other vascular beds in vivo or vascular beds removed post-mortem.

This article describes a detailed methodology of using a radiopaque lead-based silicone rubber to perfuse the murine vasculature for aortic diameter quantification in a mouse model of aortic aneurysm and dissection.

Aortopathy β-アミノプロピオニ トリルによる大動脈瘤と解離のマウスモデルでのマイクロ CT 定量分析

Aortic aneurysm and dissection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the population and can be highly lethal. While animal models of ...

誘導およびマウス モデルにおける脳海綿静脈奇形のマイクロ CT イメージング

誘導およびマウスモデルにおける脳海綿静脈奇形のマイクロ CT イメージング