本研究は、中国の国家自然科学基金 (81572111)、臨床科学技術プロジェクト財団の江蘇省 (BL2012002)、南京の科学研究プロジェクト (201402007)、自然科学に支えられました。江蘇省 (BK20161385) の基礎と中国医師協会 (2015COS0810) の特別な基礎。

ここで説明したすべてのメソッドは、機関動物ケアおよび使用委員会 (IACUC) 南京大学によって承認されています。
1. CoCrMo 粒子の作製
<ol><li>作製した高真空 3 電極直流4CoCrMo 粒子を取得します。現在 10-3 Pa の真空、0.04 MPa アルゴン、水素 3:2 (v/v)、下で楽器の CoCrMo 合金と 650 A 陰極を配置します。</li>
	<li>CoCrMo 粒子の直径を測定します。<ol>
<li>1.5 mL の無水エタノールに CoCrMo 粒子の 1 mg を追加します。</li>
		<li>28 kHz、600 W 5 分の超音波振動による CoCrMo 粒子を無水エタノールで再懸濁します。</li>
		<li>透過電子顕微鏡 (TEM) の目的のテーブルに生成される懸濁液の一滴 (約 20 μ L) を適用します。一連の 200 kV 加速電圧と 0.24 nm 分解能の TEM 写真をキャプチャします。</li>
		<li>付属のソフトウェアを使用して、TEM 顕微鏡写真の平均直径と粒度分布を計算します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>エンドトキシンを消毒します。<ol>
<li>オートクレーブで 121 ° C、15 psi 15 分の粒子の 50 g。</li>
		<li>カブトガニ含まライセート (ラル) 定量によるエンドトキシンの検出 (< EU/mL はエンドトキシンの不在を示すと考えられた 0.25%)5。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>リン酸緩衝生理食塩水 (PBS) 原液6として 50 mg/mL の濃度で粒子を再懸濁します。</li>
</ol>2. 頭蓋骨融解モデルの構築
<ol><li>6 週古い C57BL/J6 マウス (グループごと 6 マウス) withpentobarbital (50 mg/kg) を麻酔します。ピンチのテストを使用すると、麻酔のレベルを評価します。通常生理食塩水で目の乾燥を防ぐ。</li>
	<li>傾向がある位置にマウスを配置します。髭剃りと頭蓋に毛皮を削除し、75% のエタノールを含む医療脱脂綿を使用して皮膚を消毒します。</li>
	<li>ポイントのローカリゼーションの 2 つの目と耳の間の中点をそれぞれ含む 2 つの点を識別します。上記の点を 2 つのラインを決定し、ハサミ (図 1 a) 上記のラインに沿って皮膚を切開します。</li>
	<li>メス (図 1 b)6と頭蓋骨から頭蓋骨膜を削除します。</li>
	<li>簡単な縫合と両端に皮膚を縫合します。</li>
	<li>切開部を縫合線を作る結びなし。縫合線の両端を保持します。</li>
	<li>Calvarias (図 1)2の途中で CoCrMo 粒子懸濁液 (PBS で 50 mg/mL) の 50 μ L を埋め込みます。</li>
	<li>簡単な縫合 (図 1) 内で最後のステッチを結び目。</li>
	<li>別の 2 週間のマウスを維持します。</li>
</ol>3. マイクロ Ct で頭蓋骨融解モデルの評価
<ol><li>二酸化炭素とマウスを犠牲に。水平面内マウスの首をはねます。内部では、脳組織と皮膚を削除し、毛皮の外。さらに実験の calvarias を収穫します。</li>
	<li>軽くピンセットで、頭蓋骨にすべての軟部組織をオフにします。マイクロ CT スキャンの前に PBS の 24 h で calvarias 24 時間浸 4 ° C で 4% パラホルムアルデヒドでクリアの calvarias を修正します。</li>
	<li>18 μ m の等尺性解像度と 45 の x 線エネルギー設定で高分解能マイクロ CT を用いたマウス calvarias を分析 kV と 550 mA。</li>
	<li>ソフトウェアとマイクロ CT データの三次元再構成を行います。</li>
	<li>定性・定量分析。<ol>
<li>まず、関心領域として正中縫合糸の周りの正方形の領域を選択します。</li>
		<li>第二に、骨のミネラル密度 (BMD) の測定、骨量/総ボリューム (BV/TV)、骨梁数 (Tb.N)、骨梁の厚さ (Tb.Th)、海綿分離/間隔 (Tb.Sp)、マイクロ CT の提供されたソフトウェアと総気孔率の割合</li>
		<li>第三に、一方向の分散分析による様々 な測定の 3 つのグループを比較します。事後分析の分散、ボンフェローニの方法2が適用されます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. H & E 染色による頭蓋骨融解モデルの評価
<ol><li>15% エチレンジアミン四酢酸 (EDTA) の頭蓋冠由来サンプルをめし-4 ° C で PBS脱灰液に 3 週間毎日を変更します。</li>
	<li>2 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm キューブのパラフィンで脱灰試料を埋め込み、粒子沈着の領域で 2 μ m のセクションにそれらをスライスします。</li>
	<li>ヘマトキシリンでセクションを汚し、エオシン前述した7。</li>
	<li>光学顕微鏡検査によって全体的な pathomorphism の顕微鏡写真をキャプチャします。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Dong, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antisense+oligonucleotide+targeting+TNF-alpha+can+suppress+Co-Cr-Mo+particle-induced+osteolysis.">Antisense oligonucleotide targeting TNF-alpha can suppress Co-Cr-Mo particle-induced osteolysis.</a> J Orthop Res. 26 (8), 1114-1120 (2008).</li><li>Deng, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SIRT1+protects+osteoblasts+against+particle-induced+inflammatory+responses+and+apoptosis+in+aseptic+prosthesis+loosening.">SIRT1 protects osteoblasts against particle-induced inflammatory responses and apoptosis in aseptic prosthesis loosening.</a> Acta Biomater. 49, 541-554 (2017).</li><li>Langlois, J., Hamadouche, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+animal+models+of+wear-particle+osteolysis.">New animal models of wear-particle osteolysis.</a> Int Orthop. 35 (2), 245-251 (2011).</li><li>Wang, P., Zhao, F. X., Zhang, Z. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+ultrafine+zinc+powders+by+DC+arc+plasma+evaporation+method.">Preparation of ultrafine zinc powders by DC arc plasma evaporation method.</a> Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals. 21 (9), 2236-2241 (2011).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fibroblast+expression+of+RANKL+in+CoCrMo-particle-induced+osteolysis+is+mediated+by+ER+stress+and+XBP1s.">The fibroblast expression of RANKL in CoCrMo-particle-induced osteolysis is mediated by ER stress and XBP1s.</a> Acta Biomater. 24, 352-360 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+mediated+CoCrMo+particle-induced+peri-implant+osteolysis+by+promoting+osteoblast+apoptosis.">Autophagy mediated CoCrMo particle-induced peri-implant osteolysis by promoting osteoblast apoptosis.</a> Autophagy. 11 (12), 2358-2369 (2015).</li><li>Wang, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Particle-induced+osteolysis+mediated+by+endoplasmic+reticulum+stress+in+prosthesis+loosening.">Particle-induced osteolysis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in prosthesis loosening.</a> Biomaterials. 34 (11), 2611-2623 (2013).</li><li>Yang, S. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adeno-associated+virus-mediated+osteoprotegerin+gene+transfer+protects+against+particulate+polyethylene-induced+osteolysis+in+a+murine+model.">Adeno-associated virus-mediated osteoprotegerin gene transfer protects against particulate polyethylene-induced osteolysis in a murine model.</a> Arthritis Rheum. 46 (9), 2514-2523 (2002).</li><li>Liu, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+mediated+TiAl(6)V(4)+particle-induced+peri-implant+osteolysis+by+promoting+expression+of+TNF-alpha.">Autophagy mediated TiAl(6)V(4) particle-induced peri-implant osteolysis by promoting expression of TNF-alpha.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 473 (1), 133-139 (2016).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ER+Stress+Mediates+TiAl6V4+Particle-Induced+Peri-Implant+Osteolysis+by+Promoting+RANKL+Expression+in+Fibroblasts.">ER Stress Mediates TiAl6V4 Particle-Induced Peri-Implant Osteolysis by Promoting RANKL Expression in Fibroblasts.</a> PLoS One. 10 (9), e0137774 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TiAl6V4+particles+promote+osteoclast+formation+via+autophagy-mediated+downregulation+of+interferon-beta+in+osteocytes.">TiAl6V4 particles promote osteoclast formation via autophagy-mediated downregulation of interferon-beta in osteocytes.</a> Acta Biomater. 48, 489-498 (2017).</li><li>Chen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lycorine+suppresses+RANKL-induced+osteoclastogenesis+in+vitro+and+prevents+ovariectomy-induced+osteoporosis+and+titanium+particle-induced+osteolysis+in+vivo.">Lycorine suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and prevents ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis and titanium particle-induced osteolysis in vivo.</a> Sci Rep. 5, 12853 (2015).</li><li>Neuerburg, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+calcitonin+receptor+signalling+in+polyethylene+particle-induced+osteolysis.">The role of calcitonin receptor signalling in polyethylene particle-induced osteolysis.</a> Acta Biomater. 14, 125-132 (2015).</li><li>Catelas, I., Jacobs, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biologic+activity+of+wear+particles.">Biologic activity of wear particles.</a> Instr Course Lect. 59, 3-16 (2010).</li><li>Liu, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biological+response+to+nanometre-sized+polymer+particles.">The biological response to nanometre-sized polymer particles.</a> Acta Biomater. 23, 38-51 (2015).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

摩耗粒子誘起融解マウスの 2 つの主な方法がある: 空気袋モデルと頭蓋骨融解モデル。空気袋モデルで生成された皮下の空気袋は最初設立、骨組織8に摩耗粒子導入と注入が続いてポーチ壁は、無菌を緩める骨膜を模倣します。ただし、骨移植は粒子と骨組織との直接の相互作用を評価するために難しくありませんの生物学的活性を持つ非血管性。頭蓋骨融解モデルには、空気袋相手にいくつかの利点があります。まず、摩耗粉は、直接摩耗粒子間の相互作用を行い、骨の恒常性は、骨吸収と骨芽細胞、破骨細胞とマクロファージの活動9,10 を含むこと、頭蓋骨にさらされています。.第二に、骨の損失の定量的測定が骨損失予防11のさまざまな潜在的な遺伝子解析と生物学的製剤の評価することが可能。第三に、摩耗粒子と様々 な形質転換などの遺伝的背景や遺伝子ノックアウト マウス12,13における骨量減少との関係を評価することが可能です。第四に、それは多数の様々 な用量で化合物をスクリーニングするために使用できます。Traditionalcalvarial 融解モデルの成功率が低いし、融解を測定する骨強度を使用する客観的1以下の結果になります。
モデルの成功率を改善しより客観的に結果を描画、いくつかの変更がなされました。最初に、ナノ粒子は、頭蓋骨との間の相互作用を高め、摩耗粒子に使用されました。確かに、ナノスケール粒子と、頭蓋骨との間の相互作用は、市販合金粒子、1.5 μ m14,15の平均直径と比較して強化されています。第二に、頭蓋骨骨上 1.0 cm2の領域は、頭蓋骨の十分な露出を達成するために区切られました。第三に、マイクロ CT と 3次元の再建は、骨の損失を定量化に使用されました。
現在のモデルのいくつかの制限があります。マウスの最初、マイクロ CT 装置は、研究者に広く利用可能ではない、スキャンや 3次元の復興に必要な技術者。第二に、現在のモデルで使用される CoCrMo ナノ粒子、市販は、彼らの生産は材料科学技術者からのサポートに依存しています。第三に、このモデルは、慢性骨量に及ぼす粒子を表さない、振動流体圧または機械力などの融解に関連する非生物要因に欠けています。モデルの有効性が大幅に増加をナノ粒子の助けと、頭蓋骨の十分な露出。骨の損失を定量化することができるとより客観的なデータを用いてマイクロ CT
CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によって確立されたマウス頭蓋骨融解モデルは CoCrMo 粒子、マクロファージ、線維芽細胞、骨芽細胞、無菌を緩める破骨細胞など別の細胞間の相互作用を評価するために理想的なツールです。さらに、このモデルを使用して無菌ゆるみ効果の薬のシリーズをテストできます。
この手順の多くの重要なステップがあります。最初は 50 の平均直径の CoCrMo ナノ粒子の応用 nm。第二に、頭蓋骨骨の十分な露出を実現しました。頭蓋骨骨上 1.0 cm2の領域このモデルで十分、慎重にそして完全に、頭蓋骨の骨膜を解剖する必要があります。骨膜の明確な郭清は、粒子と頭蓋骨との間の相互作用を強めます。第三に、マイクロ CT による骨損失の定量的な測定が可能です。三次元再構築、骨密度、BV/テレビ、Tb.N、Tb.Th、Tb.Sp、全孔隙率の割合などから骨の損失の定量的測定は様々 な治療法で骨の損失の違いを区別しやすくし、の固体証拠を提供伝統的な骨強度と比較して融解。

最も一般的な原因は、無菌を緩める (THA) 人工股関節、人工膝関節全置換術 (TKA) 障害の修正手術1必要があります。ただし、基になるメカニズムは、不明2残ります。長期フォロー アップが必要検出粒子誘起融解、その発生はまれです。したがって、臨床症例でその病因を探ることは難しい。したがって、細胞およびティッシュの複雑なメカニズムに焦点を当ててさらなる研究が必要で両方生体内で実験摩耗粒子誘起融解モデルおよび生体外の試金骨の恒常性3に関係する細胞です。有効な動物モデルは、さらに細胞試金のための証拠を提供する骨の損失に及ぼす摩耗粒子を明らかに重要です。
CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によって作成したマウス頭蓋骨融解モデルは粒子と無菌を緩める様々 な細胞間の相互作用を評価するための効果的かつ有効な方法です。このモデルでは、CoCrMo 粒子は、マクロファージの炎症性サイトカインを誘導し破骨細胞を活性化、骨芽細胞の増殖を阻害する、骨芽細胞のアポトーシスを促進して頭蓋骨の融解を引き起こします。
このモデルを確立する 2 週間たった。融解の可視化し、ヘマトキシリンとエオシン (H & E) 染色による定量化マイクロ計算された断層レントゲン写真撮影 (マイクロ CT)2することができます。さらに、このモデルは、比較的低コスト、トランスジェニック、ノックアウト マウス モデルは様々 な用量3化合物の数が多いを画面に使用できます。
確立し、このモデルを評価する手順は簡単です。まず、CoCrMo 粒子に高真空 3 電極直流電流によって得られ、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水 (PBS) 50 mg/mL の濃度で再停止されます。政教分離によって頭蓋骨膜シャープ郭清後、結果の懸濁液を 50 μ l 添加されたマウス頭蓋骨の中央に適用されます。2 週間後、マウスが犠牲になったし、頭蓋骨のサンプルを採取しました。H & E 染色及び CT による定性・定量分析を行った
CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によって作成したマウス頭蓋骨融解モデルは CoCrMo 粒子、マクロファージ、線維芽細胞、骨芽細胞、破骨細胞、無菌を緩めるなどの様々 な細胞間の相互作用を評価するための理想的なツールです。

<table><tbody><tr><td>CoCrMo alloy from prosthesis</td><td>Waldemar Link GmbH &amp;amp; Co</td><td>GEMINI MK II</td><td>Raw material to obtain CoCrMo nanoparticles</td></tr><tr><td>Fabricated high-vacuum three-electrode direct current</td><td>College of Materials Science &amp;amp; Engineering , Nanjing University of Technology</td><td></td><td>Self designed machine</td></tr><tr><td>6 week old male C57BL/6J mice</td><td>Model animal research center of Nanjing University</td><td>N000013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100% Ethanol</td><td>Nanjing Reagent</td><td>C0691514023</td><td>Solvent of CoCrMo nanoparticles for transmission electron microscope scanning</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td><td>Taizhou Weierkang Medical Supplies co., LTD</td><td>W603</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microanalytical balance</td><td>Shenzhen Qun long Instrument Equipment Co,. LTD</td><td>EX125DZH</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic shaker</td><td>Shanghai Yuhao scientific instrument co., LTD</td><td>YH-200DH</td><td>To suspend CoCrMo nanoparticles</td></tr><tr><td>Transmission Electron Microscope</td><td>FEI</td><td>Tecnai G20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SimplePCI software</td><td>Compix Inc.</td><td>6.6 version</td><td>To calculate the mean diameter and particle size distribution.</td></tr><tr><td>High-handed sterilization pan</td><td>QIULONGYIQI</td><td>KYQL-100DS</td><td>To decontaminate endotoxin</td></tr><tr><td>Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) Assay</td><td>Charles River</td><td>R13025</td><td>To detect endotoxin&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>15 ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td><td>Taizhou Suyi Medical</td><td>B122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate-buffered saline</td><td>Boster Biological Technology</td><td>AR0030</td><td>Solvent of CoCrMo nanoparticles stock solution</td></tr><tr><td>Pentobarbital Sodium</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P3761</td><td>To anesthetize mice</td></tr><tr><td>Normal saline</td><td>SACKLER</td><td>SR8572EP-15</td><td>To prevent drying of mice eyes</td></tr><tr><td>75% Ethanol</td><td>Nanjing Reagent</td><td>C0691560275</td><td>Disinfection</td></tr><tr><td>Medical cotton ball</td><td>Shuitao</td><td>1278298933</td><td>Disinfection</td></tr><tr><td>Shaver</td><td>Kemei</td><td>KM-3018</td><td>To shave the fur</td></tr><tr><td>Scissor</td><td>RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td><td>S12005-10</td><td>To incise skin</td></tr><tr><td>Suture</td><td>RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td><td>F34001-01</td><td>To suture skin</td></tr><tr><td>Needle holder</td><td>RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td><td>F33001-01</td><td>To suture skin</td></tr><tr><td>Needle</td><td>RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td><td>R14003-12</td><td>To suture skin</td></tr><tr><td>Vessel forceps</td><td>RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td><td>F22003-09</td><td>To suture skin</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel</td><td>RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td><td>S31010-01</td><td>To harvest calvaria</td></tr><tr><td>Tweezers</td><td>RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td><td>F12006-10</td><td>To harvest calvaria</td></tr><tr><td>100 &amp;micro;L pipettes</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>3120000240</td><td>To embed particles suspension in the calvatias</td></tr><tr><td>100 &amp;micro;L pipette tips</td><td>AXYGEN</td><td>T-200-Y</td><td>To embed particles suspension in the calvatias</td></tr><tr><td>5 ml Microtubes</td><td>Taizhou Weierkang Medical Supplies co., LTD</td><td>W621</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4% Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Servicebio</td><td>G1101</td><td>Fixation</td></tr><tr><td>Micro Computed Tomography&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SkyScan</td><td>SkyScan1176</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid</td><td>Servicebio</td><td>G1105</td><td>Decalcification</td></tr><tr><td>Paraffin</td><td>Servicebio</td><td>#0001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraffin slicing machine</td><td>Leica</td><td>RM2125RTS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass slide</td><td>Servicebio</td><td>G6004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cover glass</td><td>Servicebio</td><td>200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HE staining kit</td><td>Servicebio</td><td>#1-5</td><td>HE staining</td></tr><tr><td>Light microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>E200</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

construction and evaluation of a murine calvarial osteolysis model by exposure to cocrmo particles in aseptic loosening

摩耗粒子誘起融解は無菌ゆるみ、膝関節障害の主な原因が、基になるメカニズムは不明のまま。長いフォロー アップ必要な検出と散発的な発生のためのための臨床例で病原性 ofparticle 誘起融解を評価することは難しい。したがって、最適な動物モデルはさらなる研究の必要があります。CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によって確立された頭蓋骨の融解のマウスモデルは粒子と無菌を緩める様々 な細胞間の相互作用を評価するための効果的かつ有効なツールです。このモデルで CoCrMo 粒子は最初高真空 3 電極直流電流によって得られ、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水 50 Mg/ml の濃度で再停止されます。政教分離によって頭蓋骨膜シャープ郭清後、結果の懸濁液を 50 μ l 添加されたマウス頭蓋骨の中央に適用されます。2 週間後、マウスが犠牲になったし、頭蓋骨標本が収穫されました。ヘマトキシリンとエオシン染色とマイクロ コンピューター断層撮影による定性的および定量的な評価を行った。このモデルの長所は、手順のシンプルさ、骨の損失の定量的評価、融解開発、遺伝子の潜在的な使用またはノックアウト モデル、および比較的安価の速さ。ただし、このモデルは機械的な力と無菌ゆるみにおける粒子の慢性的な影響を評価するために使用することはできません。CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によって生成されたマウス頭蓋骨融解モデルは、摩耗粒子と様々 な細胞、例えばマクロファージ、線維芽細胞、骨芽細胞や破骨細胞、無菌を緩める間の相互作用を評価するための理想的なツールです。

社内生産ナノスケール CoCrMo 粒子が約 50 nm (3.56 の標準誤差) 直径、量 TEM (図 2)。マウス calvarias の CoCrMo 粒子、動物への暴露後 (n = グループあたり 6) 別の 2 週間を維持されました。2 週間以内頭蓋骨切開は、完全に癒されましたし、の縫合が落ちることがあります。任意の局所感染や偽関節 5 月骨損失の評価に影響を与えます。マウス犠牲後頭蓋冠由来サンプルが収穫されました。すべての軟部組織が優しく晴れたし、マイクロ CT は、骨の損失を定量化に使用されました。三次元再構成画像と断面で代表的なコロナの写真の両方で、重要な骨の損失 CoCrMo 粒子 (図 3) を投与したマウスで観察されました。骨のミネラル密度 (BMD)、骨のボリューム/総ボリューム (BV/TV)、骨梁数 (Tb.N)、骨梁の厚さ (Tb.Th) は有意に小さく全孔隙率と骨分離/間隔 (Tb.Sp) が有意に、CoCrMo で増加中群制御と偽の操作グループ (図 4)。スチューデント t 検定はグループと p の違いを評価するために使用された < 0.05 は、統計的に有意と考えられていた。さらに、H & E 染色頭蓋骨セクションの CoCrMo 粒子 (図 5) を投与したマウスの骨量の減少を確認しました。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56276/56276fig1.jpg"> 図 1: 粒子誘起融解 (PIO) マウス モデルのスケマティック。左側は、モデリングでマウスの位置を示しています。(A)は、ローカリゼーションをポイントします。それぞれ、2 つの目と耳との間の中間点を決定し、それらの間の線に沿って皮膚を切開します。(B)を公開し、頭蓋骨から頭蓋骨膜を削除します。(C)埋め込む CoCrMo 粒子懸濁、頭蓋骨の真ん中に。(D)は、単純な縫合で皮膚を縫合します。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/56276/56276fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56276/56276fig2.jpg"> 図 2: CoCrMo 粒子の透過電子顕微鏡スキャンします。(A) CoCrMo 粒子の代表的な透過電子顕微鏡像。(B)ソフトウェアの CoCrMo 粒子の粒径分布の定量化を行った。各バーは、パーティクルの総数に正規化周波数を表します。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/56276/56276fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56276/56276fig3.jpg"> 図 3: PBS (間歇) と CoCrMo 粒子コントロール マウスおよびそれらからのサンプルの 3次元マイクロ CT 解析が扱われます。白い水平の線は、断面画像の位置を示します。白い矢印は、CoCrMo 注入群の骨の損失を示します。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/56276/56276fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56276/56276fig4.jpg"> 図 4: 三次元再構成後のマイクロ CT 画像の定量解析します。骨ミネラル密度 (BMD) (A)、骨量/総ボリューム (BV/テレビ) (B)、総気孔率(C), 骨梁数 (Tb.N) (D), 骨梁の厚さ (Tb.Th) (E)の割合の定量化と骨梁分離/間隔 (Tb.Sp) (F) 、mean±standard エラーが発生します。スチューデント t 検定 p のグループ間の違いを評価するために使用された < 0.05 を有意と見なされます。* *、P < 0.01;、P < 0.001。n = グループあたり 6 マウス。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/56276/56276fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56276/56276fig5.jpg"> 図 5: コントロール マウスから頭蓋骨のサンプル (10 ×) の H & E 染色の代表的な画像処理 PBS (間歇) CoCrMo 粒子と。赤い矢印は、融解を示します。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/56276/56276fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction and Evaluation of a Murine Calvarial Osteolysis Model by Exposure to CoCrMo Particles in Aseptic Loosening at JoVE.com

Construction and Evaluation of a Murine Calvarial Osteolysis Model by Exposure to CoCrMo Particles in Aseptic Loosening

無菌を緩める CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によるマウス頭蓋骨融解モデルの構築と評価

本稿では、摩耗粒子と無菌を緩める様々 な細胞間の相互作用を評価するための理想的な動物モデルを構成する CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によってマウス頭蓋骨融解モデルについて説明します。

Wear particle-induced osteolysis is a major cause of aseptic loosening in arthroplasty failure, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Due to long ...

construction-evaluation-murine-calvarial-osteolysis-model-exposure-to

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.8K ビュー.  Nanjing University. 本稿では、摩耗粒子と無菌を緩める様々 な細胞間の相互作用を評価するための理想的な動物モデルを構成する CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によってマウス頭蓋骨融解モデルについて説明します。

ビデオ: Construction and Evaluation of a Murine Calvarial Osteolysis Model by Exposure to CoCrMo Particles in Aseptic Loosening

Measuring Bone Remodeling and Recreating the Tumor-Bone Microenvironment Using Calvaria Co-culture and Histomorphometry

Bone is a connective tissue constituted of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts and a mineralized extracellular matrix, which gives it its strength and flexibility and allows it to fulfill its functions. Bone is continuously exposed to a variety of stimuli, which in pathological conditions can deregulate bone remodeling. To study bone biology and diseases and evaluate potential therapeutic agents, it has been necessary to develop in vitro and in vivo models.
This manuscript describes the dissection process and culture conditions of calvarias isolated from neonatal mice to study bone formation and the bone tumor microenvironment. In contrast to in vitro and in vivo models, this ex vivo model allows preservation of the three-dimensional environment of the tissue as well as the cellular diversity of the bone while culturing under defined conditions to simulate the desired microenvironment. Therefore, it is possible to investigate bone remodeling and its mechanisms, as well as the interactions with other cell types, such as the interactions between cancer cells and bone.
The assays reported here use calvarias from 5-7 day old BALB/C mice. The hemi-calvarias obtained are cultured in the presence of insulin, breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), or conditioned medium from breast cancer cell cultures. After analysis, it was established that insulin induced new bone formation, while cancer cells and their conditioned medium induced bone resorption. The calvarial model has been successfully used in basic and applied research to study bone development and cancer-induced bone diseases. Overall, it is an excellent option for an easy, informative, and low-cost assay.

The ex vivo culture of bone explants can be a valuable tool for the study of bone physiology and the potential evaluation of drugs in bone remodeling and bone diseases. The presented protocol describes the preparation and culture of calvarias isolated from newborn mice skulls, as well as its applications.

カルバリア共培養と組織病量を用いた骨リモデリングと腫瘍-骨微小環境の再現

Bone is a connective tissue constituted of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts and a mineralized extracellular matrix, which gives it its strength ...

がん研究

Rapid Isolation of BMPR-IB+ Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells for Use in a Calvarial Defect Healing Model

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own body. The ability to grow bone de novo using a patient's own cells would allow bony defects to be filled with adequate tissue without the morbidity of harvesting native bone. There is interest in the use of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) as a source for tissue engineering because these are obtained from an abundant source: the patient's own adipose tissue. However, ASCs are a heterogeneous population and some subpopulations may be more effective in this application than others. Isolation of the most osteogenic population of ASCs could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a bone engineering process. In this protocol, ASCs are obtained from subcutaneous fat tissue from a human donor. The subpopulation of ASCs expressing the marker BMPR-IB is isolated using FACS. These cells are then applied to an in vivo calvarial defect healing assay and are found to have improved osteogenic regenerative potential compared with unsorted cells.

Adipose-derived stromal cells may be useful for engineering new tissue from a patient's own cells. We present a protocol for the isolation of a subpopulation of human adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) with increased osteogenic potential, followed by application of the cells in an in vivo calvarial healing assay.

頭蓋冠欠損治癒モデルで使用するためのBMPR-IB +脂肪由来間質細胞の迅速な単離

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own ...

発生生物学

Visualizing Angiogenesis by Multiphoton Microscopy In Vivo in Genetically Modified 3D-PLGA/nHAp Scaffold for Calvarial Critical Bone Defect Repair

The reconstruction of critically sized bone defects remains a serious clinical problem because of poor angiogenesis within tissue-engineered scaffolds during repair, which gives rise to a lack of sufficient blood supply and causes necrosis of the new tissues. Rapid vascularization is a vital prerequisite for new tissue survival and integration with existing host tissue. The de novo generation of vasculature in scaffolds is one of the most important steps in making bone regeneration more efficient, allowing repairing tissue to grow into a scaffold. To tackle this problem, the genetic modification of a biomaterial scaffold is used to accelerate angiogenesis and osteogenesis. However, visualizing and tracking in vivo blood vessel formation in real-time and in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds or new bone tissue is still an obstacle for bone tissue engineering. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a novel bio-imaging modality that can acquire volumetric data from biological structures in a high-resolution and minimally-invasive manner. The objective of this study was to visualize angiogenesis with multiphoton microscopy in vivo in a genetically modified 3D-PLGA/nHAp scaffold for calvarial critical bone defect repair. PLGA/nHAp scaffolds were functionalized for the sustained delivery of a growth factor pdgf-b gene carrying lentiviral vectors (LV-pdgfb) in order to facilitate angiogenesis and to enhance bone regeneration. In a scaffold-implanted calvarial critical bone defect mouse model, the blood vessel areas (BVAs) in PHp scaffolds were significantly higher than in PH scaffolds. Additionally, the expression of pdgf-b and angiogenesis-related genes, vWF and VEGFR2, increased correspondingly. MicroCT analysis indicated that the new bone formation in the PHp group dramatically improved compared to the other groups. To our knowledge, this is the first time multiphoton microscopy was used in bone tissue-engineering to investigate angiogenesis in a 3D bio-degradable scaffold in vivo and in real-time.

Visualizing Angiogenesis by Multiphoton Microscopy In Vivo in Genetically Modified 3D-PLGA/nHAp Scaffold for Calvarial Critical Bone Defect Repair

Here, we present a protocol to visualize blood vessel formation in vivo and in real-time in 3D scaffolds by multiphoton microscopy. Angiogenesis in genetically modified scaffolds was studied in a murine calvarial critical bone defect model. More new blood vessels were detected in the treatment group than in controls.

頭蓋骨の重要な骨欠損修復の多光子顕微鏡In Vivo遺伝子組み換え 3 D-PLGA/nHAp 足場による血管新生を可視化

The reconstruction of critically sized bone defects remains a serious clinical problem because of poor angiogenesis within tissue-engineered scaffolds ...

生物工学

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all limb bone fractures fail to heal completely due to the extent of the trauma, disease, or age of the patient. Our ability to improve bone regenerative strategies is critically dependent on the ability to mimic serious bone trauma in test animals, but the generation and stabilization of large bone lesions is technically challenging. In most cases, serious long bone trauma is mimicked experimentally by establishing a defect that will not naturally heal. This is achieved by complete removal of a bone segment that is larger than 1.5 times the diameter of the bone cross-section. The bone is then stabilized with a metal implant to maintain proper orientation of the fracture edges and allow for mobility. 
Due to their small size and the fragility of their long bones, establishment of such lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. As such, long bone defect models are confined to rats and larger animals. Nevertheless, mice afford significant research advantages in that they can be genetically modified and bred as immune-compromised strains that do not reject human cells and tissue.
Herein, we demonstrate a technique that facilitates the generation of a segmental defect in mouse femora using standard laboratory and veterinary equipment. With practice, fabrication of the fixation device and surgical implantation is feasible for the majority of trained veterinarians and animal research personnel. Using example data, we also provide methodologies for the quantitative analysis of bone healing for the model.

Animal models are frequently employed to mimic serious bone injury in biomedical research. Due to their small size, establishment of stabilized bone lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. Herein, we describe a simple method for establishing and analyzing experimental femoral defects in mice.

マウスの簡単な重要なサイズの大腿欠陥モデル

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all ...

医学

Establishment of a Segmental Femoral Critical-size Defect Model in Mice Stabilized by Plate Osteosynthesis

The use of tissue-engineered bone constructs is an appealing strategy to overcome drawbacks of autografts for the treatment of massive bone defects. As a model organism, the mouse has already been widely used in bone-related research. Large diaphyseal bone defect models in mice, however, are sparse and often use bone fixation which fills the bone marrow cavity and does not provide optimal mechanical stability. The objectives of the current study were to develop a critical-size, segmental, femoral defect in nude mice. A 3.5-mm mid-diaphyseal femoral ostectomy (approximately 25% of the femur length) was performed using a dedicated jig, and was stabilized with an anterior located locking plate and 4 locking screws. The bone defect was subsequently either left empty or filled with a bone substitute (syngenic bone graft or coralline scaffold). Bone healing was monitored noninvasively using radiography and in vivo micro-computed-tomography and was subsequently assessed by ex vivo micro-computed-tomography and undecalcified histology after animal sacrifice, 10 weeks postoperatively. The recovery of all mice was excellent, a full-weight-bearing was observed within one day following the surgical procedure. Furthermore, stable bone fixation and consistent fixation of the implanted materials were achieved in all animals tested throughout the study. When the bone defects were left empty, non-union was consistently obtained. In contrast, when the bone defects were filled with syngenic bone grafts, bone union was always observed. When the bone defects were filled with coralline scaffolds, newly-formed bone was observed in the interface between bone resection edges and the scaffold, as well as within a short distance within the scaffold. 
The present model describes a reproducible critical-size femoral defect stabilized by plate osteosynthesis with low morbidity in mice. The new load-bearing segmental bone defect model could be useful for studying the underlying mechanisms in bone regeneration pertinent to orthopaedic applications.

Although mouse models are invaluable tools for bone tissue engineering, models of long bone defects are sparse. This need motivated development of the present protocol which uses a locking plate with four screws and a dedicated jig to perform and stabilize a reproducible, femoral, critical-size defect with low morbidity.

プレート骨接合によって安定化マウスにおけるセグメント別大腿臨界サイズ欠陥モデルの確立

The use of tissue-engineered bone constructs is an appealing strategy to overcome drawbacks of autografts for the treatment of massive bone defects. As a ...

Calvarial Model of Bone Augmentation in Rabbit for Assessment of Bone Growth and Neovascularization in Bone Substitution Materials

The basic principle of the rabbit calvarial model is to grow new bone tissue vertically on top of the cortical part of the skull. This model allows assessment of bone substitution materials for oral and craniofacial bone regeneration in terms of bone growth and neovascularization support. Once animals are anesthetized and ventilated (endotracheal intubation), four cylinders made of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) are screwed onto the skull, on both sides of the median and coronal sutures. Five intramedullary holes are drilled within the bone area delimited by each cylinder, allowing influx of bone marrow cells. The material samples are placed into the cylinders which are then closed. Finally, the surgical site is sutured, and animals are awaken. Bone growth may be assessed on live animals by using microtomography. Once animals are euthanized, bone growth and neovascularization may be evaluated by using microtomography, immune-histology and immunofluorescence. As the evaluation of a material requires maximum standardization and calibration, the calvarial model appears ideal. Access is very easy, calibration and standardization are facilitated by the use of defined cylinders and four samples may be assessed simultaneously. Furthermore, live tomography may be used and ultimately a large decrease in animals to be euthanized may be anticipated.

Here we present a surgical protocol in rabbits with the aim to assess bone substitution materials in terms of bone regeneration capacities. By using PEEK cylinders fixed onto rabbit skulls, osteoconduction, osteoinduction, osteogenesis and vasculogenesis induced by the materials may be evaluated either on live or euthanized animals.

骨置換材料における骨成長と新生血管の評価のためのウサギにおける骨増強の卵子モデル

The basic principle of the rabbit calvarial model is to grow new bone tissue vertically on top of the cortical part of the skull. This model allows ...

A Minimally Invasive Model to Analyze Endochondral Fracture Healing in Mice Under Standardized Biomechanical Conditions

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an increased use of mouse models in orthopedic research was noted, most probably because mouse models offer a large number of genetically-modified strains and special antibodies for the analysis of molecular mechanisms of fracture healing. To control the biomechanical conditions, well-characterized osteosynthesis techniques are mandatory, also in mice. Here, we report on the design and use of a closed bone healing model to stabilize femur fractures in mice. The intramedullary screw, made of medical-grade stainless steel, provides through fracture compression an axial and rotational stability compared to the mostly used simple intramedullary pins, which show a complete lack of axial and rotational stability. The stability achieved by the intramedullary screw allows the analysis of endochondral healing. A large amount of callus tissue, received after stabilization with the screw, offers ideal conditions to harvest tissue for biochemical and molecular analyses. A further advantage of the use of the screw is the fact that the screw can be inserted into the femur with a minimally invasive technique without inducing damage to the soft tissue. In conclusion, the screw is a unique implant that can ideally be used in closed fracture healing models offering standardized biomechanical conditions.

This protocol describes a minimally invasive osteosynthesis technique using an intramedullary screw for standardized stabilization of femur fractures, which can be used to analyze endochondral bone healing in mice.

癒しの標準化された生体力学的条件下でマウスの軟骨破壊を分析する低侵襲モデル

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an ...

Protocol for Developing a Femur Osteotomy Model in Wistar Albino Rats

Fracture healing is a physiological process resulting in the regeneration of bone defects by the coordinated action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoanabolic drugs have the potential to augment the repair of fractures but have constraints like high costs or undesirable side effects. The bone healing potential of a drug can initially be determined by in vitro studies, but in vivo studies are needed for the final proof of concept. Our objective was to develop a femur osteotomy rodent model that could help researchers understand the development of callus formation following fracture of the shaft of the femur and that could help establish whether a potential drug has bone healing properties. Adult male Wistar albino rats were used after Institutional Animal Ethics Committee clearance. The rodents were anesthetized, and under aseptic conditions, complete transverse fractures at the middle one-third of the shafts of the femurs were created using open osteotomy. The fractures were reduced and internally fixed using intramedullary K-wires, and secondary fracture healing was allowed to take place. After surgery, intraperitoneal analgesics and antibiotics were given for 5 days. Sequential weekly x-rays assessed callus formation. The rats were sacrificed based on radiologically pre-determined time points, and the development of the fracture callus was analyzed radiologically and using immunohistochemistry.

Here, we present a protocol to iatrogenically fracture the shaft of the femur of Wistar albino rats and follow up on the development of the callus. This femur osteotomy model can help researchers evaluate the process of fracture healing and to study how a drug could influence fracture healing.

Wistarアルビノラットにおける大腿骨骨切り術モデルを開発するためのプロトコル

Fracture healing is a physiological process resulting in the regeneration of bone defects by the coordinated action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. ...

ラット大腿骨の樹立と評価:空洞欠損モデル

Creating a Box-Cavity Defect Model in the Cortical Bone of Rat Femora

Severe bone defects or complex fractures can result in serious complications such as nonunion or insufficient bone healing. Tissue engineering, which involves the application of cells, scaffolds, and cytokines, is considered a promising solution for bone regeneration. Consequently, various animal models that simulate bone defects play a crucial role in exploring the therapeutic potential of tissue engineering for bone healing. In this study, we established a box-shaped cortical bone defect model in the mid-femur of rats, which could serve as an ideal model for assessing the function of biomaterials in promoting bone healing. This box-shaped cortical bone defect was drilled using an oral low-speed handpiece and shaped by a lathe needle. Post-operative micro-CT analysis was immediately conducted to confirm the successful establishment of the box-cavity cortical bone defect. The femurs on the operated side of the rats were then harvested at multiple time points post-surgery (0 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks). The healing process of each sample&#39;s defect area was evaluated using micro-CT, hematoxylin and eosin (H&#38;E) staining, and Masson trichrome staining. These results demonstrated a healing pattern consistent with intramembranous ossification, with healing essentially complete by 6 weeks. The categorization of this animal model&#39;s healing process provides an effective in vivo method for investigating novel biomaterials and drugs that target intramembranous ossification during bone tissue defect healing.

著者スポットライト:生体材料と骨再生の評価を強化するための箱腔皮質アプローチ

Here, we present a protocol for creating a box-cavity defect in rat femoral diaphysis tissue. This model can assess biomaterial performance under biomechanical stress and explore mechanisms of bone regeneration related to intramembranous osteogenesis.

ラット大腿骨の皮質骨における箱腔欠損モデルの作成

Severe bone defects or complex fractures can result in serious complications such as nonunion or insufficient bone healing. Tissue engineering, which ...

無菌を緩める CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によるマウス頭蓋骨融解モデルの構築と評価

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

カルバリア共培養と組織病量を用いた骨リモデリングと腫瘍-骨微小環境の再現

頭蓋冠欠損治癒モデルで使用するためのBMPR-IB +脂肪由来間質細胞の迅速な単離

頭蓋骨の重要な骨欠損修復の多光子顕微鏡In Vivo遺伝子組み換え 3 D-PLGA/nHAp 足場による血管新生を可視化

マウスの簡単な重要なサイズの大腿欠陥モデル

プレート骨接合によって安定化マウスにおけるセグメント別大腿臨界サイズ欠陥モデルの確立

骨置換材料における骨成長と新生血管の評価のためのウサギにおける骨増強の卵子モデル

癒しの標準化された生体力学的条件下でマウスの軟骨破壊を分析する低侵襲モデル

Wistarアルビノラットにおける大腿骨骨切り術モデルを開発するためのプロトコル

ラット大腿骨の皮質骨における箱腔欠損モデルの作成

ラット大腿骨の皮質骨における箱腔欠損モデルの作成