本研究は、JDRF 1-FAC-2014-243-A-N、ADA 7-14-ユニデン-07、NIH 5 P30 DK079638 05 パイロット PJ と、ロバートとジャニス ・ マクネイア財団によって賄われていた。
患者の募集、テクニカル サポート、博士ジョージ Makedonas 抗体とコントロール PCR の最適化に使用される DNA のギフトのためにサミュエル ・ ブラム、サンドラ ペーニャと Andrene マクドナルドに感謝します。

<ol>
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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correction+of+multi-gene+deficiency+in+vivo+using+a+single+'self-cleaving'+2A+peptide-based+retroviral+vector.">Correction of multi-gene deficiency in vivo using a single 'self-cleaving' 2A peptide-based retroviral vector.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 22 (5), 589-594 (2004).</li><li>Szymczak, A. L., Vignali, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+2A+peptide-based+strategies+in+the+design+of+multicistronic+vectors.">Development of 2A peptide-based strategies in the design of multicistronic vectors.</a> Expert Opin Biol Ther. 5 (5), 627-638 (2005).</li><li>Bettini, M. L., Bettini, M., Vignali, D. 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S., Holmdahl, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+percentage+of+peripheral+T+cells+with+two+different+T+cell+receptor+alpha-chains+and+of+their+potential+role+in+autoimmunity.">Evaluation of the percentage of peripheral T cells with two different T cell receptor alpha-chains and of their potential role in autoimmunity.</a> J Autoimmun. 16 (4), 423-429 (2001).</li><li>Lee, T., Shevchenko, I., Sprouse, M. L., Bettini, M., Bettini, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retroviral+Transduction+of+Bone+Marrow+Progenitor+Cells+to+Generate+T-cell+Receptor+Retrogenic+Mice.">Retroviral Transduction of Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells to Generate T-cell Receptor Retrogenic Mice.</a> J Vis Exp. (113), (2016).</li><li>Bettini, M. L., Bettini, M., Nakayama, M., Guy, C. S., Vignali, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+T+cell+receptor-retrogenic+mice:+improved+retroviral-mediated+stem+cell+gene+transfer.">Generation of T cell receptor-retrogenic mice: improved retroviral-mediated stem cell gene transfer.</a> Nat Protoc. 8 (10), 1837-1840 (2013).</li><li>Cohen, C. J., Zhao, Y., Zheng, Z., Rosenberg, S. A., Morgan, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+antitumor+activity+of+murine-human+hybrid+T-cell+receptor+(TCR)+in+human+lymphocytes+is+associated+with+improved+pairing+and+TCR/CD3+stability.">Enhanced antitumor activity of murine-human hybrid T-cell receptor (TCR) in human lymphocytes is associated with improved pairing and TCR/CD3 stability.</a> Cancer Res. 66 (17), 8878-8886 (2006).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

現在のプロトコルの単一セルの TCR 増幅特性とそれに続く補助的クローニング ペアの TCR アルファとベータ鎖のテンプレート レトロ ウイルス発現ベクターに効率的な方法をについて説明します。単一セル PCR のいくつかのプロトコルが開発されているが、どれもはこれまで即時サブ表現のベクトルへのクローニングと互換性があるされています。ほとんどの場合、可変領域を推定する十分なシーケンスで、非常に可変 CDR3 地域包括的な部分的なシーケンスは増幅されます。PCR の製品のサイズを小さくこの PCR 効率をサポートしますが、 de novo TCR 遺伝子合成機能の研究が必要になります。現在のプロトコルは、以前に発行された CDR3 に焦点を当てた単細胞 TCR シーケンス プロトコル、同時にクローン作成に適した全体変数領域を含む長い私アンプリコンを降伏時の効率を維持します。したがって、記述されているシステムは、定量的順序として機能の出力を与えることで増加する柔軟性を持ちます。
演説する科学的な質問、ソースと分析した T 細胞の特異性によって異なります。ただし、プロジェクトの最終的な目標は、生体内でTCR 関数の解析は場合、は、孤立した T 細胞の HLA の制限を知っている必要は。現在のプロトコルは、HLA ヒト化マウスにおける TCR 式体内に対応する設計にされています。これらのマウスの多くは生成されているし、HLA a2.1 適切、HLA DQ8 を含む市販されている現在 (HLA DQA1 * 301、hla-dqb1 * 302)、HLA DQ6 (DQA1 * 0102、HLADQB1 * 0602)、hla-dr4 (DRB1 * 0401)、HLA DR1 (DRA * 0101 DRB1 * 0101)、HLA A11 (A * 11:01/K)、HLA-B2705Hla-a24, と HLA-B * 0702 トランスジェニック マウス。このプロトコルは、人体 Tcr4,15,16のレトロ ウイルス仲介された骨髄幹細胞発現以前に公開されたプロトコルを正常に結合できます。我々 は自己免疫、該当して非常に便利な様々 な人間の Tcr の機能解析のためにヒトの TCR retrogenic システムがあることを期待、がんと感染症モデル。
現在の単一セル PCR のプロトコルは、重要な手順について説明し、ペア TCR α と TCR β シーケンスの正常な拡大に必要な提案を与えます。最初の重要なステップは cDNA 転写のタイムリーなパフォーマンスとマルチプレックス PCR の後の最初のラウンドです。タイムリーに関連するすべての手順を行わなければならないし、すべての試薬、細胞は RNA と cDNA の劣化を防ぐために氷で保たれます。第二に、プロトコルでは、テンプレートの低レベルに非常に敏感になることが可能なために、汚染に非常に敏感です。したがって、増幅 PCR 産物や TCR ベクトルのクローン作成から、テンプレート無料の領域で動作することが不可欠です。個別の部屋またはフード cDNA と PCR の反作用を設定する使わなければなりません。最初の PCR の反作用からのテンプレートは、PCR を設定した場所から別の領域に追加する必要があります。単一セル PCR 実験の検体の試薬の別のセットを使用することお勧めします。
具体的には最適化されているこのプロトコルは材料の表に記載されている試薬を用いると、任意の置換試薬のさらなる最適化が必要になります。抗原特異的細胞の初期の同定は、ペプチド-MHC テトラマーを使用して変更できます。HLA 制限と同様に、抗原特異性の同時評価四量体の染色が可能です。四量体試薬の不在で早期活性化マーカーの発現、炎症性サイトカインの分泌などの抗原反応の検出のため代替手段が考えられます。たとえば、T 細胞抗原と肝腎の二重特異性融合抗体は抗原反応性肝腎生産細胞を豊かにする磁気ビードの分離と結合できます。
私達のプロトコルで説明したキメラマウス人間コンストラクトは、マウス細胞との互換性を確保、一方人間 CD3 複合との互換性のレベルは不明です。私達によって形式的にテストが他17ヒト リンパ球の表面にマウスの一定領域を持つキメラの TCR 構造を表現できることを示しています。これはマウスの TCR 定数領域が人間 CD3 シグナリング複合との相互作用をサポートできることを示します。ただし、目的は人間の一次電池または Jurkat 細胞などの細胞ラインで識別された Tcr を表現より最適なアプローチは完全に人間の構造を使用するあります。これは、人間の一定領域を持つベクター内マウス定数領域を交換することによって実現できます。
TCR は、シャトル ベクターに挿入する必要があります、その後変異制限内でサイレントのヌクレオチドの変更を誘発するサイトによって指示される突然変異誘発キットを使用して特定の TCR 変数領域にクローニングに使用制限のサイトのいずれかがある場合サイトをカットします。別のアプローチは、不要な制限サイトを除外する変更の興味の TCR の可変領域のde novo合成です。
この手法の主な制限は、セカンダリの '質' のアルファ鎖の増幅を排除するためにできません。TCR α 遺伝子を通過しないような TCR β 遺伝子対立遺伝子排除したがって二次 '質' アルファ鎖14を表現する T 細胞のかなりの割合。記載されている PCR のプロトコルは、増幅のアルファ鎖ですが '質' のアルファ鎖増幅 β 鎖とペアにそれがである場合、1 つの TCR α 鎖の増幅の結果のみ。したがって、成功したチェーンを組み合わせるように HEK293T 細胞の TCR の細胞表面発現をテストすることが不可欠です。

T 細胞受容体 (TCR) は、開発、定常状態/恒常性やその周囲1,2,3の抗原的な刺激の中に T 細胞の運命の決定を決定します。深い技術の最近の展開は、抗原特異的 T 細胞応答内以前過小評価 TCR の多様性を発見しました。TCR の多様性では、機能的な T 細胞の反応の可能性を示唆しています。実験的システムと生体内でのモデル選択の後続機能解析のために利用に対応する TCR 機能アッセイと TCR シーケンス レパートリー解析を統合するためにシーケンスのアプローチを設計する必要があります。Tcr。人間の TCR シーケンスの分離のための効率的な方法を開発し、HLA ヒト化マウス4TCR 式と互換性のあるキメラマウス人間 TCR テンプレートのベクターへのクローニングはサブを合理化します。ヘテロ二量体型 Tcr の対応するアルファとベータ鎖の分離には、単一のセルから両方の鎖の PCR 増幅が必要です。とはいえ、いくつかの単一セル TCR のクローニング プロトコルが開発され利用どれもこれまでのところされている高スループット合理化された直接クローニングによる未知の Vα/Vβ Tcr の retroviral ベクトル再式の生体内での必要に簡単に互換性のあります。 4,5,6,7。以前の研究は、シーケンスを外挿法で推定したり、全体 TCR シーケンス4,5,6を増幅するための十分な TCR の限られた部分を選択的に増幅する 2 つの主要なアプローチを活用して,7します。 最初のアプローチを介して TCR 系列の下流の機能解析が必要です高価なインシリコアセンブリおよびde novoの建設、TCR。2 番目のアプローチでは、TCR の完全な配列を提供しています、人間の一定の領域はマウス モデルでクローンの Tcr の体内式と互換性ありません。我々 のアプローチは生体内機能解析 Tcr のマウスのモデルに対応する設計します。我々 は、効率的で合理化された単一電池直接補助的クローニング PCR のフラグメントのテンプレートの発現ベクターには、PCR のプロトコルを開発しました。
我々 のアプローチは、2 つの手順で実行される高感度多重入れ子に PCR 反応を利用しています。最初の多重反応 40 プライマーすべての V β 鎖の特定のプールと 44 プライマー シーケンス (表 1) の事前知識がなくて TCR アルファまたは TCR β を増幅するための V α 鎖すべての特定のプールをステップします。前方のプライマーが 5' の PCR の製品に組み込まれているアダプターのシーケンスです。逆のプライマーは、TCR の一定した領域に基づいています。もとは、ユニークな制限のサイト人間変数またはジャンクション TCR 地域から欠席し、新しく再設計された TCRα と TCRβ のプライマー (図 1) にこれらを組み込みます。2 番目の入れ子になった反応アダプター シーケンスの特定のプライマーおよび一定した領域内で入れ子になった逆プライマーを使用して高められた特定性 (表 1、図 1) と TCR チェーンをさらに増幅します。単一細胞の分離後、2 つの PCR のラウンド (Vα と Vβ の両方のプライマーのプールと 2 番目アダプター プライマーの最初の反応) 直接補助的クローン作成できるテンプレート retroviral ベクトルに PCR の製品の結果します。1 つのオープンリーディング フレーム (ORF)、'自己切断' 蛋白質シーケンスによって接続されているマウスの一定領域と組み合わせて人間の可変領域で、TCR の最終的な構成要素をエンコード P2A (hVα-mCα-P2A-hVβ-mCβ)8。P2A シーケンスは、複数のシステムで使用されている、Tcr8,9,10,11の表現のために具体的には広範囲にテストされています。とはいえ、P2A シーケンスの残物のほとんどに接続されている後の翻訳ベータ鎖信号シーケンスが追加プロリン、この変更適用範囲が広いリンカーによって接続されているアルファ鎖の C 末端に TCR 機能に有害な影響がないです。マウスの一定の領域が下流のシグナル伝達コンポーネント潜在的な変更された相互作用を避けるために人間ではなく構成要素で使用が場合再マウスの細胞で発現します。単一 ORF は、アルファおよびベータ鎖9,11の化学量論的個別式になります。現在のプロトコルは試薬および広く利用可能、アプローチに基づいており、合理的で効率的な方法で実行するように設計。このプロトコルは同定と人間 Tcr の特定の機能評価に広く適用することができますが、特に自己免疫性糖尿病に関与する自己反応性 T 細胞の Tcr を試金するこのテクニックを使いました、見込んでください。自己免疫性エピトープ、がん抗原や病原体とワクチンへの応答。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="815">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">CFSE&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">eBioscience&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">65-0850-84</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">5 &#956;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-human CD4 (OKT4) BV421</td>
			<td>Biolegend&#160;</td>
			<td>317433</td>
			<td>2 &#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-human CD3 (OKT3) PerCP/Cy5.5</td>
			<td>Biolegend&#160;</td>
			<td>317336</td>
			<td>2 &#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-mouse CD3 AF647</td>
			<td>Biolegend&#160;</td>
			<td>100322</td>
			<td>2.5 &#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Recombinant RNAse inhibitor biotech grd 2.5KU&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97068-158</td>
			<td>0.7 U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Applied Biosystems High capaity cDNA RT kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Invirtogen&#160;</td>
			<td>4368814</td>
			<td>9 U (RT enzyme)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NF-H2O: Nuclease-free water 1000mL</td>
			<td>Invirtogen&#160;</td>
			<td>AM9932</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gotaq DNA polymerase 2500U</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>PAM3008</td>
			<td>1 U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">96 Well Half Skirt PCR Plate</td>
			<td>Phenix</td>
			<td>MPX-96M2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MicroAmp Clear Adhesive Film&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher&#160;</td>
			<td>4306311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UltraPure Agarose&#160;</td>
			<td>Invirtogen&#160;</td>
			<td>15510-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SnaBI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs&#160;</td>
			<td>R0130</td>
			<td>15 U (insert) 30 U (vector)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SacII</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs&#160;</td>
			<td>R0157</td>
			<td>40 U (insert) 80 U (vector)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MfeI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs&#160;</td>
			<td>R3589S</td>
			<td>40 U (insert) 80 U (vector)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BstBI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs&#160;</td>
			<td>R0519</td>
			<td>40 U (insert) 80 U (vector)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Calf Intestinal Phosphatase (CIP)</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs&#160;</td>
			<td>M0290S</td>
			<td>10 U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Quick ligase&#160;</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs&#160;</td>
			<td>M2200S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Wizard Plus minipreps DNA purification systems&#160;</td>
			<td>Promega&#160;</td>
			<td>A1460</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Wizard Plus midipreps DNA purification systems&#160;</td>
			<td>Promega&#160;</td>
			<td>A7640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNA clean &#38; concentrator-25 kit</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>11-304C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ZR-96 DNA clean &#38; concentrator-5 kit</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>11-306A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QIAquick gel extraction kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QIAquick PCR purification kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Subcloning Efficiency DH5a Competent Cells&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher&#160;</td>
			<td>18265017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Transit LT-1 Reagent 1mL (transfection reagent)</td>
			<td>Mirus&#160;</td>
			<td>MIR2300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD FACS Aria II (sorter)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD Fortessa (flow cytometer)</td>
			<td>BD&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

streamlined single cell tcr isolation and generation of retroviral vectors for in vitro and in vivo expression of human tcrs

1 つの T 細胞からペアの T 細胞受容体 (TCR) アルファとベータ鎖の配列のためのいくつかの方法が開発されているが、どれもはこれまで TCR ヘテロの下流に資する生体内機能解析をされています。人間の TCR アルファとベータ鎖の可変領域を全体にまたがる PCR の製品の結果を持つ多重ネストの 2 段階 PCR に基づく改良されたプロトコルを開発しました。ユニークな制限のサイトを識別し、PCR のプライマーに組み込む、によって行った PCR の製品テンプレート レトロウイルスベクターに直接補助的クローニングと互換性があります。結果としてレトロ ウイルス構築キメラ人間/TCR を持つマウス マウス細胞やマウスモデルの生体内での機能はマウスの細胞内ドメインをエンコードします。全体的に、ここで説明されているプロトコルは生体外でそして生体内の TCR 式のレトロウイルスベクター容易に適応できるの合理化された世代対単一細胞 TCR アルファとベータ チェーン識別を組み合わせたものです。ビデオとそれに伴う材料は、重要なステップは続くと潜在的な落とし穴を回避できるように、単一セル PCR の非常に詳細な説明を与えるに設計されています。また、発現ベクターを生成に必要なクローン作成の手順の詳細な説明を提供します。一度マスター、TCR 式に並べ替え 1 つのセルから全体の手順は 2 週間の短期間で実行でした。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs at JoVE.com

Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs

単一のセル対人間 TCR アルファとベータ鎖シーケンスで現在のプロトコル結合合理化レトロウイルスベクターの in vitroとin vivoの TCR 式と互換性の世代です。

合理化単細胞 TCR 分離し体外の Retroviral ベクトルの生成、人間 Tcr の生体内で発現

Although, several methods for sequencing of paired T cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta chains from single T cells have been developed, none so far have ...

streamlined-single-cell-tcr-isolation-generation-retroviral-vectors

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs

9.3K ビュー.  Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital. 単一のセル対人間 TCR アルファとベータ鎖シーケンスで現在のプロトコル結合合理化レトロウイルスベクターの in vitroとin vivoの TCR 式と互換性の世代です。

ビデオ: Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs

Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

The migration of T lymphocytes involves the adhesive interaction of cell surface integrins with ligands expressed on other cells or with extracellular matrix proteins. The precise spatiotemporal activation of integrins from a low affinity state to a high affinity state at the cell leading edge is important for T lymphocyte migration 1. Likewise, retraction of the cell trailing edge, or uropod, is a necessary step in maintaining persistent integrin-dependent T lymphocyte motility 2. Many therapeutic approaches to autoimmune or inflammatory diseases target integrins as a means to inhibit the excessive recruitment and migration of leukocytes 3. To study the molecular events that regulate human T lymphocyte migration, we have utilized an in vitro system to analyze cell migration on a two-dimensional substrate that mimics the environment that a T lymphocyte encounters during recruitment from the vasculature. T lymphocytes are first isolated from human donors and are then stimulated and cultured for seven to ten days. During the assay, T lymphocytes are allowed to adhere and migrate on a substrate coated with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a ligand for integrin LFA-1, and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). Our data show that T lymphocytes exhibit a migratory velocity of ~15 &mu;m/min. T lymphocyte migration can be inhibited by integrin blockade 1 or by inhibitors of the cellular actomyosin machinery that regulates cell migration 2.

Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

T lymphocyte migration occurs during homing to lymphoid organs, exit from the vasculature, and entering into peripheral tissues. Here, we describe a protocol that can be used to analyze T lymphocyte migration in vitro.

移行のヒトTリンパ球の単離、培養および解析インビトロ</em

The migration of T lymphocytes involves the adhesive interaction of cell surface integrins with ligands expressed on other cells or with extracellular ...

免疫・感染学

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs)1. This recognition leads to the activation of T-cells and a series of functional outcomes (e.g. cytokine production, killing of the target cells). Understanding the functional role of TCRs is critical to harness the power of the immune system to treat a variety of immunology related diseases (e.g. cancer or autoimmunity).
It is convenient to study TCRs in mouse models, which can be accomplished in several ways. Making TCR transgenic mouse models is costly and time-consuming and currently there are only a limited number of them available2-4. Alternatively, mice with antigen-specific T-cells can be generated by bone marrow chimera. This method also takes several weeks and requires expertise5. Retroviral transduction of TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells is a quick and relatively easy method to obtain T-cells of desired peptide-MHC specificity. Antigen-specific T-cells can be generated in one week and used in any downstream applications. Studying transduced T-cells also has direct application to human immunotherapy, as adoptive transfer of human T-cells transduced with antigen-specific TCRs is an emerging strategy for cancer treatment6.
Here we present a protocol to retrovirally transduce TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells. Both human and mouse TCR genes can be used. Retroviruses carrying specific TCR genes are generated and used to infect mouse T-cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. After in vitro expansion, transduced T-cells are analyzed by flow cytometry.

We present a protocol to produce antigen-specific mouse T-cells using retroviral transduction

マウスT細胞におけるT細胞受容体のレトロウイルス導入

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen ...

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most commonly utilizing two plasmids with one expressing the piggyBac transposase enzyme and a transposon plasmid harboring the gene(s) of interest between inverted repeat elements which are required for gene transfer activity. PiggyBac mediates gene transfer through a "cut and paste" mechanism whereby the transposase integrates the transposon segment into the genome of the target cell(s) of interest. PiggyBac has demonstrated efficient gene delivery activity in a wide variety of insect1,2, mammalian3-5, and human cells6 including primary human T cells7,8. Recently, a hyperactive piggyBac transposase was generated improving gene transfer efficiency9,10.
Human T lymphocytes are of clinical interest for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer11. Of note, the first clinical trial involving transposon modification of human T cells using the Sleeping beauty transposon system has been approved12. We have previously evaluated the utility of piggyBac as a non-viral methodology for genetic modification of human T cells. We found piggyBac to be efficient in genetic modification of human T cells with a reporter gene and a non-immunogenic inducible suicide gene7. Analysis of genomic integration sites revealed a lack of preference for integration into or near known proto-oncogenes13. We used piggyBac to gene-modify cytotoxic T lymphocytes to carry a chimeric antigen receptor directed against the tumor antigen HER2, and found that gene-modified T cells mediated targeted killing of HER2-positive tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model14. We have also used piggyBac to generate human T cells resistant to rapamycin, which should be useful in cancer therapies where rapamycin is utilized15.
Herein, we describe a method for using piggyBac to genetically modify primary human T cells. This includes isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human blood followed by culture, gene modification, and activation of T cells. For the purpose of this report, T cells were modified with a reporter gene (eGFP) for analysis and quantification of gene expression by flow cytometry.
PiggyBac can be used to modify human T cells with a variety of genes of interest. Although we have used piggyBac to direct T cells to tumor antigens14, we have also used piggyBac to add an inducible safety switch in order to eliminate gene modified cells if needed7. The large cargo capacity of piggyBac has also enabled gene transfer of a large rapamycin resistant mTOR molecule (15 kb)15. Therefore, we present a non-viral methodology for stable gene-modification of primary human T cells for a wide variety of purposes.

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

We describe a method to genetically modify primary human T cells with a transgene using the non-viral piggyBac transposon system. T cells modified to using the piggyBac transposon system exhibit stable transgene expression.

プライマリーヒトT細胞のpiggyBacトランスポゾンシステムの変更

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most ...

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

Human skin has an important barrier function and contains various immune cells that contribute to tissue homeostasis and protection from pathogens. As the skin is relatively easy to access, it provides an ideal platform to study peripheral immune regulatory mechanisms. Immune resident cells in healthy skin conduct immunosurveillance, but also play an important role in the development of inflammatory skin disorders, such as psoriasis. Despite emerging insights, our understanding of the biology underlying various inflammatory skin diseases is still limited. There is a need for good quality (single) cell populations isolated from biopsied skin samples. So far, isolation procedures have been seriously hampered by a lack of obtaining a sufficient number of viable cells. Isolation and subsequent analysis have also been affected by the loss of immune cell lineage markers, due to the mechanical and chemical stress caused by the current dissociation procedures to obtain single cell suspension. Here, we describe a modified method to isolate T cells from both healthy and involved psoriatic human skin by combining mechanical skin dissociation using an automated tissue dissociator and collagenase treatment. This methodology preserves expression of most immune lineage markers such as CD4, CD8, Foxp3 and CD11c upon the preparation of single cell suspensions. Examples of successful CD4+ T cell isolation and subsequent phenotypic and functional analysis are shown.

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

We describe a protocol to efficiently isolate skin resident T cells from human skin biopsies. This protocol yields sufficient numbers of viable human skin resident lymphocytes for flow cytometric analysis and ex vivo culture.

表現型分析のためのヒト皮膚からリンパ球単離と<em&gt; ex vivoで</em&gt;細胞培養

Human skin has an important barrier function and contains various immune cells that contribute to tissue homeostasis and protection from pathogens. As the ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation. They are key players in the innate immune system and play major roles in cancer biology. Neutrophils have been proposed as key mediators of malignant transformation, tumor progression, angiogenesis and in the modulation of the antitumor immunity; through their release of soluble factors or their interaction with tumor cells. To characterize the specific functions of neutrophils, a fast and reliable method is coveted for in vitro isolation of neutrophils from human blood. Here, a density gradient separation method is demonstrated to isolate neutrophils as well as mononuclear cells from the blood. The procedure consists of layering the density gradient solution such as Ficoll carefully above the diluted blood obtained from patients diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), followed by centrifugation, isolation of mononuclear layer, separation of neutrophils from RBCsby dextran then lysis of residual erythrocytes. This method has been shown to isolate neutrophils &#8805; 90 % pure. To mimic the tumor microenvironment, 3-dimensional (3D) experiments were performed using basement membrane matrix such as Matrigel. Given the short half-life of neutrophils in vitro, 3D experiments with fresh human neutrophils cannot be performed. For this reason promyelocytic HL60 cells are differentiated along the granulocytic pathway using the differentiation inducers dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and retinoic acid (RA). The aim of our experiments is to study the role of neutrophils on the sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents. However these methods can be generalized to study the interactions of neutrophils or neutrophil-like cells with a large range of cell types in different situations.

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells. The isolation of neutrophils from human blood by density gradient separation method and the differentiation of human promyelocytic (HL60) cells along the granulocytic pathway are described here; to test their role on sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents.

治療薬にリンパ腫細胞の感度での役割を決定するために、好中球の単離と解析

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been successfully employed for editing genomes of various organisms. Here we describe a protocol for editing the vaccinia virus (VV) genome in the cytoplasm of VV-infected CV-1 cells using the RNA-guided Cas9. RNA-guided Cas9 induces double-stranded DNA breaks facilitating homologous recombination efficiently and specifically in the targeted site of VV and a transgene can be incorporated into these sites by homologous recombination. By using a site-specific homologous vector with transgene(s), a N1L gene-deleted VV with the red fluorescence protein (RFP) gene incorporated in this region was generated with a successful recombination efficiency 10 times greater than that obtained from the conventional homologous recombination method. This protocol demonstrates successful use of RNA-guided Cas9 system to generate mutant VVs with enhanced efficiency.

Vaccinia virus (VV) has been widely used in biomedical research and the improvement of human health. This article describes a simple, highly efficient method to edit the VV genome using a CRISPR-Cas9 system.

突然変異体ワクシニアウイルスベクターを構築するためのシンプルで効率的なアプローチ

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and reproducibility of this assay can be considered unstable, either because of user&#39;s errors or because of the sensitivity of NK cells to experimental manipulation. To eliminate these issues, a workflow that reduces them to a minimum was established and is presented here. To illustrate, we obtained blood samples, at various time points, from runners (n = 4) that were submitted to an intense bout of exercise. First, NK cells are simultaneously identified and isolated through CD56 tagging and magnetic-based sorting, directly from whole blood and from as little as one milliliter. The sorted NK cells are removed of any reagent or capping antibodies. They can be counted in order to establish an accurate NK cell count per milliliter of blood. Secondly, the sorted NK cells (effectors cells or E) can be mixed with 3,3&#39;-Diotadecyloxacarbocyanine Perchlorate (DiO) tagged K562 cells (target cells or T) at an assay-optimal 1:5 T:E ratio, and analyzed using an imaging flow-cytometer that allows for the visualization of each event and the elimination of any false positive or false negatives (such as doublets or effector cells). This workflow can be completed in about 4 h, and allows for very stable results even when working with human samples. When available, research teams can test several experimental interventions in human subjects, and compare measurements across several time points without compromising the data&#39;s integrity.

This work describes an advanced workflow for the accurate and fast determination of NK (Natural Killer) cell count and NK cell cytotoxicity in human blood samples.

ヒト全血中のナチュラルキラー細胞溶解活性のフローサイトメトリー分析

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and ...

Quantifying Human Monocyte Chemotaxis In Vitro and Murine Lymphocyte Trafficking In Vivo

Chemotaxis is migration along a specific chemical gradient1. Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that promote cellular trafficking with anatomic and temporal specificity2. Chemotaxis is a critical function of lymphocytes and other immune cells that can be quantitatively assessed in vitro. This manuscript describes methods that permit the evaluation of chemotaxis, both in vitro and in vivo, for diverse cell types including cell lines and native cells. The in vitro, plate-based format permits the comparison of several conditions simultaneously in real-time, and can be completed within 1-4 h. In vitro assay conditions can be manipulated to introduce agonists and antagonists, as well as differentiate chemotaxis from chemokinesis, which is random movement. For in vivo trafficking assessments, immune cells can be labeled with multiple fluorescent dyes and used for adoptive transfer. The differential labeling of cells allows for mixed cell populations to be introduced into the same animal, thereby decreasing variance and reducing the number of animals required for an adequately powered experiment. Migration into lymphoid tissue occurs in as little as 1 h, and multiple tissue compartments can be sampled. Flow cytometry following tissue harvest allows for a rapid and quantitative analysis of the migratory patterns of multiple cell types.

Quantifying Human Monocyte Chemotaxis In Vitro and Murine Lymphocyte Trafficking In Vivo

Protocols for quantitative assessment of lymphocyte chemotaxis and migration are important tools for immunology research. Here, an in vitro protocol is described that permits real-time, multiplexed evaluation of cell migration, as well as a complementary in vivo technique enabling tracking of native cells to spleen.

ひと単球走化性の in VitroおよびIn Vivoマウス リンパ球の定量化

Chemotaxis is migration along a specific chemical gradient1. Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that promote cellular trafficking with anatomic and ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

サルモネラの分離-大食細胞のファゴゾームを含む

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Assessment of the Cytotoxic and Immunomodulatory Effects of Substances in Human Precision-cut Lung Slices

Respiratory diseases in their broad diversity need appropriate model systems to understand the underlying mechanisms and enable development of new therapeutics. Additionally, registration of new substances requires appropriate risk assessment with adequate testing systems to avoid the risk of individuals being harmed, for example, in the working environment. Such risk assessments are usually conducted in animal studies. In view of the 3Rs principle and public skepticism against animal experiments, human alternative methods, such as precision-cut lung slices (PCLS), have been evolving. The present paper describes the ex vivo technique of human PCLS to study the immunomodulatory potential of low-molecular-weight substances, such as ammonium hexachloroplatinate (HClPt). Measured endpoints include viability and local respiratory inflammation, marked by altered secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;), and interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1&#945;) were significantly increased in human PCLS after exposure to a sub-toxic concentration of HClPt. Even though the technique of PCLS has been substantially optimized over the past decades, its applicability for the testing of immunomodulation is still in development. Therefore, the results presented here are preliminary, even though they show the potential of human PCLS as a valuable tool in respiratory research.

In view of the 3Rs principle, respiratory models as alternatives to animal studies are evolving. Especially for risk assessment of respiratory substances, there is a lack of appropriate assays. Here, we describe the use of human precision-cut lung slices for the assessment of airborne substances.

合理化単細胞 TCR 分離し体外の Retroviral ベクトルの生成、人間 Tcr の生体内で発現

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

移行のヒトTリンパ球の単離、培養および解析インビトロ

マウスT細胞におけるT細胞受容体のレトロウイルス導入

プライマリーヒトT細胞のpiggyBacトランスポゾンシステムの変更

表現型分析のためのヒト皮膚からリンパ球単離と

治療薬にリンパ腫細胞の感度での役割を決定するために、好中球の単離と解析

突然変異体ワクシニアウイルスベクターを構築するためのシンプルで効率的なアプローチ

ヒト全血中のナチュラルキラー細胞溶解活性のフローサイトメトリー分析

ひと単球走化性の in VitroおよびIn Vivoマウスリンパ球の定量化

サルモネラの分離-大食細胞のファゴゾームを含む

細胞毒性の評価と肺癌精密カットスライスで物質の免疫調節効果

合理化単細胞 TCR 分離し体外の Retroviral ベクトルの生成、人間 Tcr の生体内で発現

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

移行のヒトTリンパ球の単離、培養および解析インビトロ

マウスT細胞におけるT細胞受容体のレトロウイルス導入

プライマリーヒトT細胞のpiggyBacトランスポゾンシステムの変更

表現型分析のためのヒト皮膚からリンパ球単離と

治療薬にリンパ腫細胞の感度での役割を決定するために、好中球の単離と解析

突然変異体ワクシニアウイルスベクターを構築するためのシンプルで効率的なアプローチ

ヒト全血中のナチュラルキラー細胞溶解活性のフローサイトメトリー分析

ひと単球走化性の in VitroおよびIn Vivoマウス リンパ球の定量化

サルモネラの分離-大食細胞のファゴゾームを含む

細胞毒性の評価と肺癌精密カット スライスで物質の免疫調節効果

ひと単球走化性の in VitroおよびIn Vivoマウスリンパ球の定量化

細胞毒性の評価と肺癌精密カットスライスで物質の免疫調節効果