著者のテクニカル サポート パオラ ・ ロペス Pieraldi を感謝したいです。A.H.M. は助成金 8G12MD007600 と U54 NS083924 このパブリケーションをサポートに感謝しています。NIH NIMHD-G12 MD007583 助成施設支援に感謝いたします。D.E.R.A. は、NIHNIGMS R25GM110513 によって提供される交わりに感謝しています。共通の計測領域の使用のため感謝しております、博士プリシラ サナブリアの RCMI プログラムでの光イメージング施設の使用のための援助を与える G12MD007583。さらに、私たちは撮影・編集視覚的プロトコルの彼の顕著な役割のホセパディーヤを感謝したいと思います。

<ol>
	<li>Goldstein, L. B., Bertels, C., Davis, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interrater+reliability+of+the+NIH+stroke+scale.">Interrater reliability of the NIH stroke scale.</a> Arch Neurol. 46 (6), 660-662 (1989).</li><li>Hinkle, J. L., Guanci, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+ischemic+stroke+review.">Acute ischemic stroke review.</a> J Neurosci Nurs. 39 (5), 285-293 (2007).</li><li>Kassner, A., Merali, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Disruption+in+Stroke.">Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Stroke.</a> Stroke. 46 (11), 3310-3315 (2015).</li><li>Moskowitz, M. A., Lo, E. 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著者が明らかに何もありません。

このプロトコルでは、ラット皮質アストロ サイトの分離について説明します。このメソッドは、線維芽細胞、オリゴデンドロ サイト、ミクログリアなど他の細胞の種類と汚染を減らすために重要です。ミクログリアの数を減らすためには、いくつかの手順を取ることができる: メディア、揺れ、軌道と化学治療を変更します。選択的細胞マーカーを用いた蛍光抗体法によって、最も顕著な細胞汚染物質文化の純度を確認すると、実験を実行できます。例えば、イオン化カルシウム結合アダプター分子 1 (Iba-1) に対する抗体は、ミクログリアを検出する使用できます。神経細胞死は文化初期段階から始まりますとこれらの細胞がフラスコめねじオリゴデンドロ サイト前駆細胞 (Opc) と共に除去してメディア変更 3 日目31。Oligodendrocytic の前駆細胞は、olig2 など NG2 抗体を使用して識別できます。GalC は未熟か成熟オリゴデンドロ サイトを識別するために使用することができますが、この文化段階でこれらで発見される可能性はありません。または、非 GFAP 陽性細胞を定量化することができ、汚染物質を推定できます。この最後の方法は、特定のセルの間の識別はないより速くより経済学方法論文化の非アストロ サイト細胞のパーセンテージを決定になります。
濃縮アストロ サイト文化が生成され、一度は、アストロ サイトの反応性を研究する OGD 実験を実施できます。代わりに酸素をバブリングによって窒素を含むソリューションを削除は、一般的に使用されるプロトコル32です。私たちの方法論で 0.025 L の総ボリュームのための 10 分間、15 L/分の流量で、ブドウ糖自由な媒体に (95% N2, 5% CO2) 窒素ガスで酸素をパージするバブルのメソッドを使用してください。酸素が削除されたことを確認、液体や空気のため酸素計を使用して残りのメディアで酸素濃度を測定しました。メディアで残りの 10 分を削除した後の酸素濃度は、0.3 mg/l 7.9 mg/L から減少酸素、N2パージを交換する商工会議所を削除必要がありますどのくらいの時間を決定するため行った商工会議所製造元の提案 (20 L/分、2-5 分) 未満を使用していません。15 L/分でパージの 5 分後にチャンバ内酸素濃度 0% であった。他の方法論と同様の部屋を使用している 8-20 L/分の流量で酸素窒素33,34を代わりに 5-10 分の回パージされます。
他の携帯電話モデルと同様、OGD は制限があり結果は慎重に解釈する必要があります。OGD はニューロンに有害であることができます、アストロ サイトが最大 24 h35のこれらの条件に耐えることができますただし。別の制限は、アストロ サイトを分離するこのシステムは、他のセルからの信号に欠けているであります。この制限を克服する方法の 1 つは、同じ虚血のような条件の下で他の細胞からエアコンのメディアを使用することです。また、OGD36後、メディアに、サイトカインやその他の要因を追加することができます。
細胞のエネルギー不足の効果を研究する方法として、ウアバインをメディアに追加します。 この化合物は主にナトリウム/カリウム ポンプは、ATP、OGD37,38の効果と同様の細胞の生産の消費量を抑制します。ただし、このメソッドには、非現実的な虚血性脳卒中のシナリオを構成する変数を紹介するすべてのメカニズムは完全に理解されていないし、オフターゲット効果の欠点があります。
要約すると、OGD 方法は、直接別のアストロ サイト薬剤ターゲット体外神経保護に貢献できるさらの効果をテストすることができます分離細胞システムです。また、アストロ サイトの基本的な生物学を勉強するためのツールを提供します。このモデルは、ストロークの体内モデルを用いた医薬品の開発のための実験条件を正当化する証拠の強固な基盤を作成できます。

ストロークは、「、急性神経障害血管由来の症状と脳の焦点区域の関与に対応する徴候の突然または急速な開発と」1,2として定義されます。ストロークの 2 つの種類があります: 出血性および虚血性。動脈瘤や、動脈の破裂の後弱体化を伴う動静脈の故障により血管機能不全が引き起こされるときほとんどの場合、死につながる3出血性脳卒中と呼びます。血栓または塞栓は、血流を妨げ、脳の領域に酸素とグルコースの一時剥奪の原因と呼びます虚血性脳卒中4。影響を受ける地域や恒常性、代謝の不均衡、エネルギッシュな不全、神経細胞死および炎症5患者6生涯障害を誘発することができますに虚血性の芯線の周りの細胞に栄養を与えるに失敗しました。
虚血性脳卒中は多因子性傷害を含むいくつかの種類の細胞が反応し、異なる時点でその効果を発揮します。多くの相互作用は、個々 の細胞の挙動を調べるための困難な環境を作成します。だから、どのようにこのような複雑な環境下で特定のセルタイプの寄与を調べたか?虚血の認められた体外モデルは、平地の環境に、細胞の修復に続く一定の期間酸素とグルコースの剥奪 (OGD) へ細胞を公開するための構成されます。このシステムは、脳虚血再潅流をシミュレートします。この方法では細胞や組織が削除されるは特殊な低酸素室を用いた酸素環境のブドウ糖自由な媒体に公開されます。最大 24 h で、テストしたい仮説によって数分から OGD インキュベーション時間は異なります。研究が示している OGD 回数に応じて、平地環境、ストローク (すなわち、急性または亜慢性) の特定の表現型が実現できます。平地の条件に後部修復 OGD にさらされる主の孤立したアストロ サイトは、ストローク体外7を模倣するよく研究細胞モデルです。OGD を使用してストロークのような環境下での隔離されたセルの独立した分子メカニズムを明らかにすることができます。
アストロ生物学の知識が増えると、彼らがシナプスを維持し、神経の修復、開発、および可塑性8を維持するために重要なことは明白になりました。通常の条件下でアストロ サイトは解放し、サイトカイン、ケモカイン、成長因子、gliotransmitters、新陳代謝のバランスとシナプス5,9内の恒常性を維持に対応します。虚血性脳卒中などの急性 neuroinflammation でこれらの細胞が反応になって、長期的な過剰発現のグリア線維性酸性タンパク質 (GFAP) を示し肥大の形態5,10,11,12. 虚血性梗塞が発展すると、アストロ サイトによって提供される恒常性、通常グルタミン酸取り込み、エネルギー代謝、活性と抗酸化活性13の交換に関する影響になります。
再アクティブ化されたアストロ サイトは、白血球の破壊領域14に向けて移行中周囲の梗塞組織増殖します。アストロ サイトの増殖は、増殖細胞核抗原 (PCNA)、キ67、ブロモデオキシウリジン (BrdU)15などのマーカーを使用して測定できます。この増殖応答が時間依存的に生成されます、それグリア瘢痕、外傷9後破損したサイトの実質に沿って不可逆的反応性アストロ サイトの配列を形成できます。この傷跡の初期の機能の 1 つはこの区域から免疫細胞漏出を制限します。しかし、研究では、傷跡が拡張、軸索の成長を阻害する分子をリリースおよび軸索が16患部の周りを拡張することを防ぐ物理的な障壁を作成する軸索の物理的な障害になることを示しています。それにもかかわらず、脊髄損傷後完全にグリア瘢痕の形成を防止するが17軸索の再生を損なうことができるを示す科学的な証拠があります。したがって、傷害の検討の枠組みに、測定する特定のアストロ サイトの応答コンテキストを考慮されなければなりません。
酸素無グルコース後アストロ サイトの個別の機能の研究に提示された方法論を適用できるし、調査官が答えたい質問に応じて変更することができます。たとえば、形態変化、OGD 時期を表明したマーカーのほか OGD にさらされているアストロ サイトから清さらに分析できる可溶性因子これらの細胞によって解放または評価するために調節されたメディアとして使用を識別するために、他の脳細胞に影響します。このアプローチにより、支配すると虚血性脳卒中のシナリオでその応答を調節する因子の解明につながる可能性がアストロ サイトの反応性に関する研究です。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="933">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:395px;">Instruments for Surgery - Step 1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Operating scissor 5.5&#8221;</td>
			<td>Roboz Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-6812</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Tools used to decapitate the rats.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Curved forceps 7&#8221;&#160;</td>
			<td>Roboz Company</td>
			<td>RS-5271</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Holds the skin of the rat while the skull is removed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Micro-dissecting scissors 4&#8221;&#160;</td>
			<td>Roboz Company</td>
			<td>RS-5882</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Cuts both the skin and skull of the rat.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Micro-dissecting forceps 4&#8221; angled, fine sharp&#160;</td>
			<td>Roboz Company</td>
			<td>RS-5095</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Holds the skin of the rat while the skull is removed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Micro-dissecting forceps 4&#8221; slightly curved 0.8</td>
			<td>Roboz Company</td>
			<td>RS-5135</td>
			<td>Tool used to separate cortices.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Micro-dissecting tweezers</td>
			<td>Roboz Company</td>
			<td>RS-4972</td>
			<td>Peels brain meninges.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Dissection microscope</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SZX16</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Important for removing the meninge from the cortices.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">DMEM Preparation - step 2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>GibCo. Company</td>
			<td>11995-065</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Supports the growth of cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>S7277</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Supplement for the cell culture media.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>GibCo. Company</td>
			<td>10437-010</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Serum-supplement for the cell culture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td>GibCo. Company</td>
			<td>15140-148</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Inhibits the growth of bacterias in the cell culture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Filter System 1L with 0.22um pore</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Astrocyte culture - step 3</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Serological pipets 5mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89130-896</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">To pipette DMEM to containers with cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Serological pipets 10mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89130-898</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">To pipette DMEM to containers with cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Serological pipets 25mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89130-900</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">To pipette DMEM to containers with cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Centrifuge conical tube 15mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-200250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Safe-lock tube 1.5mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">022363204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Barrier Tips 200 uL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-201725</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Barrier Tips 1 mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-201727</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Biohazard Orange Bag 14 x 19&#34;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>14220-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">60mm petri dishes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>351007</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Sterile gauze pads</td>
			<td>Honeywell Safety</td>
			<td>89133-086</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Stomacher 80 Biomaster</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sewar Lab System</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">030010019</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Triturate the brain tissue.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Stomacher 80 Blender Sterile Bags</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sewar Lab System</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BA6040</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sterile bag for the stomacher cell homogenizer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Beaker 400mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Sterile cell dissociation sieve, mesh #60&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>S1020</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">To obtain a uniform single cell suspension.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Sterile cell dissociation sieve, mesh #100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>S3895</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">To obtain a uniform single cell suspension.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Invert phase microscope</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Eclypse Ti-S</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Verify cells for contamination or abnormal cell growth.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">75cm2 sterile flasks</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353136</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Multi-well plate</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Micro cover glasses (coverslips), 18mm, round</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48380-046</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Bright-Line hemacytometer</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z359629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Pasteur pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-678-20D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Ethyl alcohol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E7023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">L-leucine methyl ester hydrochloride 98% (LME)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>L1002</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Promotes the elimination of microglia cells in the primary cortical astrocyte cultutre.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cytosine &#946;-D-arabinofuranoside (Ara-C)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>C1768</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly-D-Lysine Hydrobromide, mol wt 70,000-150,000</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>P0899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>GibCo. Company</td>
			<td>15400-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) tablets</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>524650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Sterile Water</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">W3500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">&#160;OGD Medium Preparation - step 5</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Centrifuge conical tube 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89039-658</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium-free glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>D5030</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Supports the growth of cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>S7277</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Supplement for the cell culture media.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td>GibCo. Company</td>
			<td>15140-148</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Inhibits the growth of bacterias in the cell culture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">200mM&#160; L-glutamine&#160;</td>
			<td>GibCo. Company</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Amino acid that supplements the growth of cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phospahet buffer saline (PBS) tablets</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>524650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Filter System 50mL with 0.22um pore</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Centrifuge conical tube 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89039-658</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Single Flow Meter&#160;</td>
			<td>Billups-Rothenberg</td>
			<td>SMF3001</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Measure gas flow in oxygen purge.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Hypoxia Incubator Chamber&#160;</td>
			<td>StemCell</td>
			<td>27310</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Generates a hypoxic environment for the cell culture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Traceable Dissolved Oxygen Meter</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>21800-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">95% N2/ 5% CO2 Gas Mixture</td>
			<td>Linde</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Purges the environment of oxygen.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:395px;">primary astrocyte immunofluorescence - step 6</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) tablets</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>524650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Formaline Solution Neutral Buffer 10%</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HT501128</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Solution used to fix cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Methanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A4544</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Solution used to fix cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T8787</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>GibCo. Company</td>
			<td>10437-010</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Serum-supplement for the cell culture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Anti-NeuN</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>24307</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Detects mature neurons, serves to validate the astrocytic culture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-PCNA</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>2586</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Detects proliferating cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Propidium Iodide (PI)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>P4170</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Apoptosis staining.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Olig1</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>AB68105</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Detects mature oligodendrocytes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Iba1+</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>016-20001</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Detects microglial cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Anti-GFAP Conjugated with Cy3&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>C9205</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Detects reactive astrocytes in the treated cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Molecular Probe Life Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1101</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Anti-Mouse Secondary Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Alexa Fluor 555</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Molecular Probe Life Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A21428</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Anti-Rabbit Secondary Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">4&#8217;,6&#8217;-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D9542</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Nuclear staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

monitoring astrocyte reactivity and proliferation in vitro under ischemic-like conditions

虚血性脳卒中は血栓や塞栓脳の部分への血流を妨害によって引き起こされる複雑な脳損傷です。これは、酸素とブドウ糖のエネルギー不全や神経細胞死を引き起こすの剥奪に します。虚血性脳卒中の侮辱後、アストロ サイトは反応になるし、それが発展するにつれ、損傷部位の周囲増殖します。このシナリオの下では、虚血にさらされている脳の領域にアストロ サイトの特定の貢献を研究することは困難です。したがって、プライマリ アストロ サイトの反応と酸素無グルコース (OGD) と呼ばれる虚血のような環境の生体外モデルの下で増殖を検討する方法を紹介します。アストロ サイトは 1-4 日から分離された-古い新生児ラットと非特異的アストロ サイト細胞の数は、アストロ サイト選択的マーカー グリア線維性酸性蛋白質 (GFAP) と染色性が核を使用して評価されました。公開されている酸素の割合のと同様、OGD 条件に服従するアストロ サイトの期間をカスタマイズできます。この柔軟性により、細胞の試験管内のさまざまなグループの虚血のような条件の期間を特徴付けるための科学者です。この資料では、反応性アストロ サイト、肥大形態と増殖細胞核抗原 (PCNA) を用いた蛍光抗体法によって測定される増殖を誘発する OGD の時間枠について説明します。増殖、ほかアストロ サイトはエネルギーと酸化ストレスを受けるし、細胞培地に可溶性因子を放出し OGD に対応します。このメディアを収集し、分子細胞間相互作用のない初代神経細胞培養アストロ サイトによるリリースの影響を分析するために使用することができます。要約すると、傷害に孤立したアストロ サイトの役割を理解するこの一次電池文化モデルを効率的に使用できます。

培養アストロ サイトの主な懸念の 1 つは、ニューロン、オリゴデンドロ サイト、線維芽細胞、ミクログリアなど他の細胞の存在です。図 1、ラット皮質から隔離されたセルごとに 3 日間メディアの変更があったし、か未処理または処理追加 LME 1, 24 時間後の細胞 GFAP の immunostained, DAPI で counterstained。未処理の細胞は、LME 処理細胞を示した 8% 陽性細胞 39% 非 GFAP の平均を示した。これらの結果は、どのように LME 治療とメディアは 4.75 倍、濃縮アストロ文化生産によって効果的に減らされた非 GFAP 陽性細胞を変更を示します。1 h や 6 h の OGD がこの方法論後アストロ サイトの生存率を与える影響かどうかは、図 2は、アストロ サイト文化、侮辱後 24 h の MTT の試金を示しています。二回とも使用できるアストロ サイトの反応性を研究する表示の状態で生存率に有意差が見つかりませんでした。細胞の増殖は、アストロ サイトの OGD によって引き起こされる効果の一つです。増殖細胞核抗原 (PCNA)図 3の 1 時間、予想される生体内でアストロ サイトの応答表示15OGD 後 30% による細胞の 10% から増加しました。最後に、アストロ サイトは、24 時間培養条件によって続いて OGD の 6 h にさらされました。この期間後、に対して GFAP 蛍光抗体法を行った。OGD 曝露細胞は培養条件下でアストロ サイトと比較されました。OGD なしアストロ サイトは、OGD を受けた細胞が反応性アストロ サイト (図 4 b) の特徴的な肥大を明確に提示しながら、伝統的な星状形態 (図 4 a) を表示します。この肥大は、平地、OGD 条件 (図 5) 下ラットの大脳皮質アストロ サイトの対応する微分干渉の対照 (DIC) イメージの視覚化できます。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55108/55108fig1.jpg"> 
図 1.主な皮質ラット アストロ サイト文化純度 GFAP と DAPI を検証する蛍光します。(A) 左側のパネルを表す GFAP 陽性細胞 (赤)、中央のパネル核 (DAPI、青)、右側のパネルを示しています LME-扱われる (アッパー パネル) と LME 処理 (下段) のイメージをマージ セルです。白い矢印表示非 GFAP 陽性細胞を染色します。(B) 非 GFAP 陽性核 LME と非 LME の定量化には、細胞が扱われます。対になっていない t 検定を行った (p &#60; 0.0001) と誤差範囲は、SEM. スケール バーを表す 50 ミクロンで平均を表し、20 倍の倍率で撮影されました。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55108/55108fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55108/55108fig2.jpg"> 
図 2.OGD 24 時間曝露によるアストロ サイトの生存率アッセイ。アストロ サイトは 96 ウェル プレートで培養し、平地、OGD、1 h や 6 h OGD 条件にさらされます。治療の後、細胞が 24 時間によるメディアに追加された、MTT の試金を使用しての生存率を測定しました。570 nm ショー OGD 公開と比較した場合の培養細胞の細胞生存率が細胞培養条件で吸光度。一方通行 ANOVA で解析したデータ (p = 0.9669)、SEM を使用平均を表すエラー バーが表示<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55108/55108fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55108/55108fig3.jpg"> 
図 3。ラット アストロ サイトの増殖酸素とグルコースの剥奪への露出に増加し、マーカーとして PCNA を使用して検出することができます。PCNA 陽性細胞 (緑) を表します (A) 左側のパネル、中央のパネルを示します (DAPI、青)、核と右側のパネルが培養細胞 (上部パネル) のマージされた画像を示していますが、1 h の OGD 扱う細胞 (下段)。(B) %ogd 対平地における PCNA 陽性細胞の細胞を扱われます。対になっていない試験を行った (p &#60; 0.0001) と誤差範囲は、SEM. スケール バーを表す 50 ミクロンで平均を表し、20 倍の倍率で撮影されました。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55108/55108fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55108/55108fig4.jpg"> 
図 4.初代ラット皮質アストロ サイト文化 Cy3 と共役表現のグリア線維性酸性蛋白質 (GFAP).(A) アストロ サイトによる環境ショー特性の星状の形態。GFAP、中間フィラメント蛋白質は細胞体を塗りつぶし、薄い細胞質プロセスに拡張します。(B) 後 6 h OGD の露出アストロ サイトは、肥大形態を採用しました。スケールは 20 ミクロンを表し、共焦点顕微鏡で 40 倍の倍率で撮影されました。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55108/55108fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55108/55108fig5.jpg"> 
図 5.平地と酸素グルコース欠乏ラット皮質アストロ サイトを用いた。蛍光抗体法による条件 (上左) または 6 h OGD (下左)、アストロ サイトの GFAP、Cy3 標識抗体を用いた染色します。対応する差動干渉の対照 (DIC) のイメージが右側のパネルに表示されます。スケール バーは、20 ミクロンを表し、20 倍の倍率で撮影されました。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55108/55108fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>目的</td>
			<td>抗体/マーカー</td>
			<td>説明</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="5">アストロ サイト文化検証</td>
			<td>Iba-1</td>
			<td>ミクログリア細胞を検出します。</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NeuN</td>
			<td>成熟したニューロンを識別します。</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olig1</td>
			<td>成熟オリゴデンドロ サイトを検出します。</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olig2、NG2</td>
			<td>オリゴデンドロ サイト前駆細胞を検出します。</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GalC</td>
			<td>未熟か成熟オリゴデンドロ サイトを識別します。</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>増殖</td>
			<td>PCNA</td>
			<td>バインド p36 蛋白質、細胞増殖に高レベルで表現</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">細胞生存率</td>
			<td>Propidium ヨウ化 (PI)</td>
			<td>DNA に結合、このマーカーはセル実行可能性の欠如を示します</td>
		</tr></tbody></table>tr ><tr>
			<td>MTT</td>
			<td>対策ミトコンドリア機能</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>反応性</td>
			<td>GFAP</td>
			<td>反応性アストロ サイトの指標</td>
		</tr>
	

表 1。各種細胞、細胞プロセスを染色する試薬の一覧

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions at JoVE.com

Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions

虚血性脳卒中、酸素無グルコース (OGD) に影響を受ける脳の領域にアストロ サイトの特定の貢献がさらされて複雑なイベントは調査しにくい。孤立したアストロ サイトを取得し、反応性、OGD 条件下での増殖を研究する手法を紹介します。

反応性アストロ サイトと増殖の in Vitro虚血のような条件下での監視

Ischemic stroke is a complex brain injury caused by a thrombus or embolus obstructing blood flow to parts of the brain. This leads to deprivation of ...

monitoring-astrocyte-reactivity-proliferation-vitro-under-ischemic

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions

9.8K ビュー.  Universidad Central del Caribe. 虚血性脳卒中、酸素無グルコース (OGD) に影響を受ける脳の領域にアストロ サイトの特定の貢献がさらされて複雑なイベントは調査しにくい。孤立したアストロ サイトを取得し、反応性、OGD 条件下での増殖を研究する手法を紹介します。

ビデオ: Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions

Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5

An often-suggested mechanism of virus induced neuronal damage is oxidative stress. Astrocytes have an important role in controlling oxidative stress of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Astrocytes help maintain a homeostatic environment for neurons as well as protecting neurons from Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). CM-H2DCFDA is a cell-permeable indicator for the presence of ROS. CM-H2DCFDA enters the cell as a non-fluorescent compound, and becomes fluorescent after cellular esterases remove the acetate groups, and the compound is oxidized. The number of cells, measured by flow cytometry, that are found to be green fluorescing is an indication of the number of cells that are in an oxidative state. CM-H2DCFDA is susceptible to oxidation by a large number of different ROS. This lack of specificity, regarding which ROS can oxidize CM-H2DCFDA, makes this compound a valuable regent for use in the early stages of a pathogenesis investigation, as this assay can be used to screen for an oxidative cellular environment regardless of which oxygen radical or combination of ROS are responsible for the cellular conditions. Once it has been established that ROS are present by oxidation of CM-H2DCFDA, then additional experiments can be performed to determine which ROS or combination of ROSs are involved in the particular pathogenesis process. The results of this study demonstrate that with the addition of hydrogen peroxide an increase in CM-H2DCFDA fluoresce was detected relative to the saline controls, indicating that this assay is a valuable test for detecting an oxidative environment within G355-5 cells, a feline astrocyte cell line.

A screening method to detect oxidative cellular environments is to measure the oxidation of CM-H2DCFDA. Once oxidized within a cell, CM-H2DCFDA changes from non-fluorescent into a fluorescent compound. This change in fluorescence is measured by flow cytometry and indicates the number of cells in an oxidative environment.

猫のアストロサイト細胞株における酸化ストレスのためのスクリーニングアッセイ、G355 - 5

An often-suggested mechanism of virus induced neuronal damage is oxidative stress. Astrocytes have an important role in controlling oxidative stress of ...

神経科学

Monitoring Changes in the Intracellular Calcium Concentration and Synaptic Efficacy in the Mollusc Aplysia

It has been suggested that changes in intracellular calcium mediate the induction of a number of important forms of synaptic plasticity (e.g., homosynaptic facilitation) 1. These hypotheses can be tested by simultaneously monitoring changes in intracellular calcium and alterations in synaptic efficacy. We demonstrate how this can be accomplished by combining calcium imaging with intracellular recording techniques. Our experiments are conducted in a buccal ganglion of the mollusc Aplysia californica. This preparation has a number of experimentally advantageous features: Ganglia can be easily removed from Aplysia and experiments use adult neurons that make normal synaptic connections and have a normal ion channel distribution. Due to the low metabolic rate of the animal and the relatively low temperatures (14-16 &deg;C) that are natural for Aplysia, preparations are stable for long periods of time. 
To detect changes in intracellular free calcium we will use the cell impermeant version of Calcium Orange 2 which is easily 'loaded' into a neuron via iontophoresis. When this long wavelength fluorescent dye binds to calcium, fluorescence intensity increases. Calcium Orange has fast kinetic properties 3 and, unlike ratiometric dyes (e.g., Fura 2), requires no filter wheel for imaging. It is fairly photo stable and less phototoxic than other dyes (e.g., fluo-3) 2,4. Like all non-ratiometric dyes, Calcium Orange indicates relative changes in calcium concentration. But, because it is not possible to account for changes in dye concentration due to loading and diffusion, it can not be calibrated to provide absolute calcium concentrations. 
An upright, fixed stage, compound microscope was used to image neurons with a CCD camera capable of recording around 30 frames per second. In Aplysia this temporal resolution is more than adequate to detect even a single spike induced alteration in the intracellular calcium concentration. Sharp electrodes are simultaneously used to induce and record synaptic transmission in identified pre- and postsynaptic neurons. At the conclusion of each trial, a custom script combines electrophysiology and imaging data. To ensure proper synchronization we use a light pulse from a LED mounted in the camera port of the microscope. Manipulation of presynaptic calcium levels (e.g. via intracellular EGTA injection) allows us to test specific hypotheses, concerning the role of intracellular calcium in mediating various forms of plasticity.

Monitoring Changes in the Intracellular Calcium Concentration and Synaptic Efficacy in the Mollusc Aplysia

We demonstrate how changes in the intracellular free calcium concentration and synaptic efficacy can be simultaneously monitored in a ganglion preparation of Aplysia. We image intracellular calcium using a fluorescent dye, Calcium Orange, and induce and monitor synaptic transmission with sharp (intracellular) electrodes.

軟体​​動物細胞内カルシウム濃度とシナプス伝達効率での変更のモニタ<em&gt;アメフラシ</em

It has been suggested that changes in intracellular calcium mediate the induction of a number of important forms of synaptic plasticity (e.g., ...

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a straightforward manner. As we previously demonstrated 1, in a two-dimensional chamber, we first force the flies to form a tight group, subsequently allowing them to take their preferred distance from each other. After the flies have settled, we measure the distance to the closest neighbor (or social space), processing a static picture with free online software (ImageJ). The analysis of the distance to the closest neighbor allows researchers to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors on social interaction, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Diverse factors such as climbing ability, time of day, sex, and number of flies, can modify social spacing of flies. We thus propose a series of experimental controls to mitigate these confounding effects. This assay can be used for at least two purposes. First, researchers can determine how their favorite environmental shift (such as isolation, temperature, stress or toxins) will impact social spacing 1,2. Second, researchers can dissect the genetic and neural underpinnings of this basic form of social behavior 1,3. Specifically, we used it as a diagnostic tool to study the role of orthologous genes thought to be involved in social behavior in other organisms, such as candidate genes for autism in humans 4.

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The effect of genes and environment on social space of Drosophila melanogaster can be quantified through a powerful but straightforward analytical paradigm. We show here different factors that can affect this social space, and thus need to be taken into consideration when designing experiments in this paradigm.

で社会空間に影響を与える条件<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a ...

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

Proper neuronal development and function is the prerequisite of the developing and the adult brain. However, the mechanisms underlying the highly controlled formation and maintenance of complex neuronal networks are not completely understood thus far. The open questions concerning neurons in health and disease are diverse and reaching from understanding the basic development to investigating human related pathologies, e.g.,&#160;Alzheimer&#39;s disease and&#160;Schizophrenia. The most detailed analysis of neurons can be performed in vitro. However, neurons are demanding cells and need the additional support of astrocytes for their long-term survival. This cellular heterogeneity is in conflict with the aim to dissect the analysis of neurons and astrocytes. We present here a cell-culture assay that allows for the long-term cocultivation of pure primary neurons and astrocytes, which share the same chemically defined medium, while being physically separated. In this setup, the cultures survive for up to four weeks and the assay is suitable for a diversity of investigations concerning neuron-glia interaction.

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

This protocol describes the indirect neuron-astrocyte coculture for compartmentalized analysis of neuron-glia interactions.

間接ニューロン、星状細胞共培養アッセイ：<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;ニューロングリアの相互作用の詳細な調査のためのセットアップ

Proper neuronal development and function is the prerequisite of the developing and the adult brain. However, the mechanisms underlying the highly ...

A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) follows a trajectory of repetitive self-administration during which previously neutral stimuli gain incentive value. Cue reactivity, the sensitivity to cues previously linked with the drug-taking experience, plays a prominent role in human craving during abstinence. Cue reactivity can be assessed as the attentional orientation toward drug-associated cues that is measurable as appetitive approach behavior in both preclinical and human studies. Herein describes an assessment of cue reactivity in rats trained to self-administer cocaine. Cocaine self-administration is paired with the presentation of discrete cues that act as conditioned reinforcers (i.e., house light, stimulus light, infusion pump sounds). Following a period of abstinence, lever presses in the cocaine self-administration context accompanied by the discrete cues previously paired with cocaine infusion are measured as cue reactivity. This model is useful to explore neurobiological mechanisms underlying cue reactivity processes as well as to assess pharmacotherapies to suppress cue reactivity and therefore, modify relapse vulnerability. Advantages of the model include its translational relevance, and its face and predictive validities.&#160;The primary limitation of the model is that the cue reactivity task can only be performed infrequently and must only be used in short duration (e.g., 1 hour), otherwise rats will begin to extinguish the pairing of the discrete cues with the cocaine stimulus. The model is extendable to any positively reinforcing stimulus paired with discrete cues; though particularly applicable to drugs of abuse, this model may hold future applications in fields such as obesity, where palatable food rewards can act as positively reinforcing stimuli.

Cue reactivity is conceptualized as sensitivity to cues linked with drug-taking experiences that contribute to craving and relapse in abstinent humans. Cue reactivity is modeled in rats by measuring attentional orientation toward drug-associated cues that results in appetitive approach behavior in a cue reactivity test following self-administration and forced abstinence.

コカイン使用障害のモデルラットにおけるキュー反応を測定するためのプロトコル

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) follows a trajectory of repetitive self-administration during which previously neutral stimuli gain incentive value. Cue ...

Determining Cell-surface Expression and Endocytic Rate of Proteins in Primary Astrocyte Cultures Using Biotinylation

Cell-surface proteins mediate a wide array of functions. In many cases, their activity is regulated by endocytic processes that modulate their levels at the plasma membrane. Here, we present detailed protocols for 2 methods that facilitate the study of such processes, both of which are based on the principle of the biotinylation of cell-surface proteins. The first is designed to allow for the semi-quantitative determination of the relative levels of a particular protein at the cell-surface. In it, the lysine residues of the plasma membrane proteins of cells are first labeled with a biotin moiety. Once the cells are lysed, these proteins may then be specifically precipitated via the use of agarose-immobilized streptavidin by exploiting the natural affinity of the latter for biotin. The proteins isolated in such a manner may then be analyzed via a standard western blotting approach. The second method provides a means of determining the endocytic rate of a particular cell-surface target over a period of time. Cell-surface proteins are first modified with a biotin derivative containing a cleavable disulfide bond. The cells are then shifted back to normal culture conditions, which causes the endocytic uptake of a proportion of biotinylated proteins. Next, the disulfide bonds of non-internalized biotin groups are reduced using the membrane-impermeable reducing agent glutathione. Via this approach, endocytosed proteins may thus be isolated and quantified with a high degree of specificity.

Two biotinylation-based methods, designed for determining the cell-surface expression and endocytic rate of proteins expressed at the plasma membrane, are presented in this report.

ビオチン化を用いた初代星状細胞培養におけるタンパク質の細胞表面発現およびエンドサイトーシス速度の測定

Cell-surface proteins mediate a wide array of functions. In many cases, their activity is regulated by endocytic processes that modulate their levels at ...

A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes

Astrocytes are the major cell type in the brain and directly contact synapses and blood vessels. Although microglial cells have been considered the major immune cells and only phagocytes in the brain, recent studies have shown that astrocytes also participate in various phagocytic processes, such as developmental synapse elimination and clearance of amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). Despite these findings, the efficiency of astrocyte engulfment and degradation of their targets is unclear compared with that of microglia. This lack of information is mostly due to the lack of an assay system in which the kinetics of astrocyte- and microglia-mediated phagocytosis are easily comparable. To achieve this goal, we have developed a long-term live-imaging in vitro phagocytosis assay to evaluate the phagocytic capacity of purified astrocytes and microglia. In this assay, real-time detection of engulfment and degradation is possible using pH indicator-conjugated synaptosomes, which emit bright red fluorescence in acidic organelles, such as lysosomes. Our novel assay provides simple and effective detection of phagocytosis through live-imaging. In addition, this in vitro phagocytosis assay can be used as a screening platform to identify chemicals and compounds that can enhance or inhibit the phagocytic capacity of astrocytes. As synaptic pruning malfunction and pathogenic protein accumulation have been shown to cause mental disorders or neurodegenerative diseases, chemicals and compounds that modulate the phagocytic capacity of glial cells should be helpful in treating various neurological disorders.

A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes

This protocol presents an in vitro live-imaging phagocytosis assay to measure the phagocytic capacity of astrocytes. Purified rat astrocytes and microglia are used along with pH indicator-conjugated synaptosomes. This method can detect real-time engulfment and degradation kinetics and provides a suitable screening platform to identify factors modulating astrocyte phagocytosis.

貪食能アッセイのアストロ サイトを介した新規体外ライブ イメージングを使用して pH インジケーター共役シナプトソーム

Astrocytes are the major cell type in the brain and directly contact synapses and blood vessels. Although microglial cells have been considered the major ...

Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy: Getting the Capillary Refill Test Under One's Thumb

The capillary refill test was introduced in 1947 to help estimate circulatory status in critically ill patients. Guidelines commonly state that refill should occur within 2 s after releasing 5 s of firm pressure (e.g., by the physician&#39;s finger) in the normal healthy supine patient. A slower refill time indicates poor skin perfusion, which can be caused by conditions including sepsis, blood loss, hypoperfusion, and hypothermia. Since its introduction, the clinical usefulness of the test has been debated. Advocates point out its feasibility and simplicity and claim that it can indicate changes in vascular status earlier than changes in vital signs such as heart rate. Critics, on the other hand, stress that the lack of standardization in how the test is performed and the highly subjective nature of the naked eye assessment, as well as the test&#39;s susceptibility to ambient factors, markedly lowers the clinical value. The aim of the present work is to describe in detail the course of the refill event and to suggest potentially more objective and exact endpoint values for the capillary refill test using diffuse polarization spectroscopy.

This protocol describes how the use of diffuse polarization spectroscopy can improve the clinical usefulness of the capillary refill test. We suggest a more detailed analysis of the course of the capillary refill in healthy volunteers using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy videos and new informatic endpoints.

拡散反射率分光: 取得 1 つの親指の下の毛細血管リフィル テスト

The capillary refill test was introduced in 1947 to help estimate circulatory status in critically ill patients. Guidelines commonly state that refill ...

Levator Auris Longus Preparation for Examination of Mammalian Neuromuscular Transmission Under Voltage Clamp Conditions

This protocol describes a technique to record synaptic transmission from the neuromuscular junction under current-clamp and voltage-clamp conditions. An ex vivo preparation of the levator auris longus (LAL) is used because it is a thin muscle that provides easy visualization of the neuromuscular junction for microelectrode impalement at the motor endplate. This method allows for the recording of spontaneous miniature endplate potentials and currents (mEPPs and mEPCs), nerve-evoked endplate potentials and currents (EPPs and EPCs), as well as the membrane properties of the motor endplate. Results obtained from this method include the quantal content (QC), number of vesicle release sites (n), probability of vesicle release (prel), synaptic facilitation and depression, as well as the muscle membrane time constant (&#964;m) and input resistance. Application of this technique to mouse models of human disease can highlight key pathologies in disease states and help identify novel treatment strategies. By fully voltage-clamping a single synapse, this method provides one of the most detailed analyses of synaptic transmission currently available.

Levator Auris Longus Preparation for Examination of Mammalian Neuromuscular Transmission Under Voltage Clamp Conditions

The protocol described in this paper uses the mouse levator auris longus (LAL) muscle to record spontaneous and nerve-evoked postsynaptic potentials (current-clamp) and currents (voltage-clamp) at the neuromuscular junction. Use of this technique can provide key insights into mechanisms of synaptic transmission under normal and disease conditions.

オーリスの挙筋哺乳類の神経筋伝達電圧クランプ条件下での試験のための準備

This protocol describes a technique to record synaptic transmission from the neuromuscular junction under current-clamp and voltage-clamp conditions. An ...

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Olfactory perception begins with the interaction of odorants with odorant receptors (OR) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Odor recognition follows a combinatorial coding scheme, where one OR can be activated by a set of odorants and one odorant can activate a combination of ORs. Through such combinatorial coding, organisms can detect and discriminate between a myriad of volatile odor molecules. Thus, an odor at a given concentration can be described by an activation pattern of ORs, which is specific to each odor. In that sense, cracking the mechanisms that the brain uses to perceive odor requires the understanding odorant-OR interactions. This is why the olfaction community is committed to &#34;de-orphanize&#34;&#160;these receptors. Conventional in vitro systems used to identify odorant-OR interactions have utilized incubating cell media with odorant, which is distinct from the natural detection of odors via vapor odorants dissolution into nasal mucosa before interacting with ORs. Here, we describe a new method that allows for real-time monitoring of OR activation via vapor-phase odorants. Our method relies on measuring cAMP release by luminescence using the Glosensor assay. It bridges current gaps between in vivo and in vitro approaches and provides a basis for a biomimetic volatile chemical sensor.

Physiologically, odorant receptors are activated by odorant molecules inhaled in the vapor phase. However, most in vitro systems utilize liquid phase odorant stimulation. Here, we present a method that allows real-time in vitro monitoring of odorant receptor activation upon odorant stimulation in vapor phase.

気相で、嗅覚による嗅覚受容体活性化の In Vitro モニタリング リアルタイム

Olfactory perception begins with the interaction of odorants with odorant receptors (OR) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Odor recognition ...

反応性アストロ サイトと増殖の in Vitro虚血のような条件下での監視

反応性アストロサイトと増殖の in Vitro虚血のような条件下での監視