This work was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea, funded by the government of the Republic of Korea, (Grant nos. 2012M2B2B1055245 and 2012M2A2A6011335) and by the RI-Biomics Center of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute.

注意：放射性ヨウ素の酸化形態は非常に揮発性であり、十分なリードシールドとリードバイアルで処理する必要があります。すべての放射化学的手順は風通し木炭濾過フード内で行われるべきであり、実験手順は、放射能検出装置によって監視される必要があります。 125 I標識アジドの合成のための化学物質と逆相カートリッジの調製<ol><li> 溶液中の試薬の調製 <ol><li> 150μlの無水エタノール中アジド前駆体（2）（ 図1）1mgを溶解させます。 注：アジド前駆体の詳細な合成手順は、（2）前報22で報告されました。 </li><li> 1×リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（pHは= 7.4）20μlに1mgのクロラミンTを溶解させます。 </li><li> 20μlのH 2 Oで2 mgのメタ重亜硫酸ナトリウムを溶解させます</li></ol></li><li> Preparaカートリッジの化<ol><li> 10ミリリットルのH 2 O、続いて10ミリリットル無水エタノールでTC18カートリッジを洗います空気とカートリッジのマトリックスを乾燥させないでください。 </li></ol></li></ol> 125 I標識アジド補欠分子族の2放射合成<ol><li> 前駆体の放射性ヨウ素化反応 <ol><li> 1.5ミリリットルマイクロ遠心チューブにアジド前駆体溶液（無水エタノールを150μl中1mg）および酢酸（10μl）を追加します。 </li><li>反応混合物に0.1 MのNaOH（50μL）の[125 I]のNaI 150 MBqのを追加します。 </li><li>クロラミンT溶液（1×リン酸緩衝生理食塩水の20μlの中で1 mg）を加え、反応混合物を含むマイクロチューブを閉じます。 </li><li>放射性ヨウ素化反応が完了するまで、15分間室温で反応混合物をインキュベートします。 </li><li>反応混合物にメタ重亜硫酸ナトリウム溶液（20μlのH 2 O中の2 mg）を加えます放射性ヨウ素化反応を停止します。 </li><li>粗生成物の0.2μLを撤回した後、溶液100μl（H 2 O / CH 3 CN、1：1）を用いて希釈し、HPLC分析のために。 注：すべてのHPLC実験のために、H 2 O（A溶媒）及び溶離剤としてアセトニトリル（溶媒B）を含有する0.1％ギ酸を含む0.1％ギ酸を使用します。 </li><li>逆相分析用無線-HPLCを（逆相C18カラムを用いて希釈し、粗生成物を分析;流速：1ml /分;溶離剤勾配：0-2分20％溶媒Bのため20〜80％溶媒B 2-22分、22-23分80〜100％の溶媒B、および23から28分間、100％溶媒B;保持時間：16.4分）（ 図2）。 </li></ol></li><li> 分取HPLCで粗生成物の精製 注：このような注入器、カラム、検出器、コレクションバイアル、および流出物は収集された容器としてHPLC部品の周囲に十分な鉛遮蔽を提供します。 <ol><li>目を撤回HPLCバイアル中に反応混合物全体を電子。アセトニトリル（0.5ml）で反応管を洗浄し、同じ注射バイアルにリンスを追加します。 H 2 O（1mL）で回収した溶液を希釈します。 </li><li>取ラジオ-HPLC（逆相C18カラムを上に、粗生成物を注入し、流速：10ml /分;溶離液勾配：0-2分20％溶媒B、2-22分間の百分の20から80溶媒B、 22-23分80〜100％の溶媒B、および23から28分間、100％溶媒B）。 </li><li>ガラス試験管において125 I標識アジド（1）（これらのHPLC条件下でのt Rは 17.8から18.8分である）（ 図2）を表す放射性ピークを集めます。 </li><li>製造業者のプロトコルに従って放射能線量キャリブレータを使用して、画分の放射化学的収率を測定します。 </li><li>生成物の放射化学的純度を決定するための同一のHPLC条件を使用して分析ラジオHPLCに精製された生成物を注入します。 </li></ol></li><li> 製品の固相抽出 <ol><li> 40ミリリットルで、所望の生成物（1）を含む画分を希釈し、純粋なH 2 O </li><li>予め調整TC18カートリッジに希釈した溶液を加えます。 </li><li>追加の15ミリリットルのH 2 Oでカートリッジを洗浄</li><li>生成物を溶出（1）鉛シールドによって保護されている10-mlのガラスバイアルに2ミリリットルのアセトンでカートリッジ内に閉じ込められました。製造業者のプロトコルに従って放射能線量キャリブレータを用いて溶出し、製品の放射能を測定します。 注：ジメチルスルホキシド（DMSO）または無水エタノールは、また、カートリッジからの生成物の溶出のために使用することができます。放射能の約5〜10％、通常カートリッジに付着し、残りの放射性標識生成物が完全に有機溶媒の過剰量を用いて溶出することができません。 </li><li>窒素またはアルゴンガスの流れでアセトンを蒸発させます。 </li><li>再溶解させます次の放射性標識工程のためのDMSO（100〜200μl）を持つs​​idue。 </li></ol></li></ol> DBCO-基結合金ナノ粒子の3合成<ol><li> DBCO基含有ポリエチレングリコールと13-nmサイズの金ナノ粒子の表面修飾 <ol><li>既報24に従って、クエン酸ナトリウム安定化金ナノ粒子（3）（平均サイズ= 13 nm）を準備します。 </li><li> （10 nMの15 ml）をクエン酸で安定化した金ナノ粒子にTween 20を（1mMの1.5 ml）の水溶液を加えます。オービタルシェーカー上で20分間この溶液を振ります。 </li><li> DBCO基含有ポリエチレングリコールチオール（平均分子量= 5,000、100μM1.5 ml）の水溶液を加えます。オービタルシェーカー上で2時間のためのソリューションを振ります。 </li></ol></li><li> DBCO基変性金ナノ粒子の精製 <ol><li>精製DBCO基修飾金ナノ粒子（4）&lt;/連続的な遠心分離（11,400×gで、15分×3）によって&gt;強いです。 </li><li>上清を除去し、金ナノ粒子ペレットの再懸濁のための純水を追加します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.銅系クリック反応を介したDBCO基修飾金ナノ粒子の放射性標識<ol><li> 125 I標識アジドを使用して、125 I標識した金ナノ粒子の合成（1） <ol><li>遠心分離（11,400×gで、15分）を使用してDBCO基修飾金ナノ粒子の濃縮液を用意し、2μMに金ナノ粒子の濃度を調整します。 </li><li> （2μM、50μL）（4）金ナノ粒子の懸濁液にDMSO（5μL）に（1）125 I標識アジドの4.1 MBqのを追加します。 </li><li> 60分間40℃で得られた反応混合物をインキュベートします。 </li><li>粗生成物からのアリコート（0.2μl）を撤回し、シリカ共にそれを適用します薄層クロマトグラフィー（TLC）プレートated。 </li><li>移動相として酢酸エチルを使用して、TLCプレートを開発。 </li><li>製造業者のプロトコルに従って（ 図3）放射性TLCスキャナーでTLCプレートを配置し、放射性標識反応を監視するためのスキャナを実行します。 </li></ol></li><li> 粗生成物の精製 <ol><li>遠心分離（11,400×gで15分間）によって125 I標識された金ナノ粒子（4）を含む反応混合物を精製します。 </li><li>上清を除去し、金ナノ粒子ペレットの再懸濁のための純水を追加します。 </li><li>精製された生成物からのアリコート（0.2μl）を撤回し、シリカ被覆TLCプレート上にそれを適用します。 </li><li>移動相として酢酸エチルを使用して、TLCプレートを開発。 </li><li>放射性TLCスキャナーでTLCプレートを配置し、125 I標識ゴルの放射化学的収率および放射化学的純度を決定するためのスキャナを実行製造業者のプロトコルに従ってDナノ粒子（4）（ 図3）。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

一般的に、精製された125 I標識アジド（1）の観察された放射化学収率は75±10％であった（n = 8）。放射性標識は、放射能の50から150 MBqので達成された、および放射化学的結果は非常に一貫しています。 [125 I] NaIを（T 1/2 = 59.4 d）の放射性ヨウ素化反応に使用した1ヶ月以上放射性崩壊を受け、1の放射化学的収率があることが観察された場合は、わずかに（53から65パーセント）減少しました。従って、[125 I] NaIを、それが生成されるとすぐに利用すること、または最適化された放射化学的収率を得るために実験室に送達されることが推奨されます。また、新たに調製したクロラミンT溶液は、所望の放射化学的収率を得るために、反応に使用されるべきです。 前駆体（2）は 、非常に疎水性であったため、150μlの無水エタノールは、1mgを溶解させるために追加する必要があります<st放射性ヨウ素化反応における栄&gt; 2。そうでなければ、全体の反応混合物は、酸化剤および[125 I] NaIを水溶液を加えた後、混濁になる可能性があります。前駆体の減少した溶解度は、多くの場合、1の低放射化学的収率になります。 DMSOはまた、放射性標識手順2を溶解させるために使用することができます。また、酢酸は放射性ヨウ素化工程で高い放射化学的収率を得るために、前駆体溶液に添加されるべきです。 溶離液の勾配; 10ml /分：0-10分間、100％の溶媒B、100 1を含む粗生成物を精製するための分取HPLCを使用する前に、逆相HPLCカラムは、溶媒AおよびB（流速で洗浄する必要があります10月25日分間-0％溶媒B、および0％溶媒B 25-30分間）は、システムから微量の不純物を除去しました。次に、逆相HPLCカラムを得るために少なくとも20分間、80％溶媒A中の20％の溶媒Bで平衡化され1の一貫性の保持時間。 精製された1を含む画分を固相抽出手順におけるH 2 Oの4倍以上の体積で希釈されるべきです。それ以外の場合は、精製された生成物の一部は、TC18カートリッジの中に閉じ込めすることはできません。アセトンがカートリッジから精製された1を溶出するために使用される場合、最終容量は、周囲温度で窒素またはアルゴンガス流でアセトンを蒸発させることによって低減することができます。 いくつかの放射性ヨウ素の中で、125 Iは、現在の研究に選択して使用しました。ヨウ素の放射性同位体の異なる種類の他の生物学的および医学的研究において、本発明の方法を用いて試験する必要がある（ 例えば、PETイメージングのための124 I、治療目的のために131 I）。 限り、我々は理解して、現在の放射性標識プロトコルは、詳細なsynthetiを記述する最初の報告であります放射性ヨウ素で標識されたアジド基のCステップ。最近、我々は異なる構造23を有する別のアジ補欠分子族を、公開されました。しかしながら、現在の方法では、放射性標識アジド（1）DBCO基含有分子と効率を放射標識の点で他よりわずかに良好な放射化学的な結果を提供しました。放射性ヨウ素の標識のための補欠分子族（ すなわち、N個のヒドロキシスクシンイミドおよびマレイミド）を既存のサイト特異性を提供することができませんでした。しかし、本方法は、優れたbioorthogonalityと一緒に簡単な放射性標識効率を示しています。アジド官能基は、生理学的条件下およびインビボ環境において非常に安定であることが知られているので、放射性標識生成物（1）は、 インビボ画像化研究に予め標的化に利用することができます。我々は、この方法が効率的に両方のin vitroおよびin vivoヨウ素の放射性同位体ラ内に適用されることを期待します緊張したシクロオクチン構造が含まれている生体分子とナノ材料のbeling。 1の比放射能に基づいて、125 Iおよび金ナノ粒子の計算されたモル比は約1：1で125 I標識した金ナノ粒子（4）ナノ材料の分子画像化および体内分布研究に使用することができます。現在の方法はまた、異なるサイズおよび金ナノ材料の形状の放射性ヨウ素標識に適用することができます。

The strain-promoted copper-free click reaction between azides and cyclooctynes has been extensively applied to the efficient bioorthogonal labeling of a wide range of biomolecules, nanomaterials, and living subjects1-7. Due to the excellent site-specificity and rapid reaction rate of this conjugation reaction, it has also been used to synthesize radiolabeled tracers. A few 18F-labeled azide or DBCO prosthetic groups have been prepared for in vitro labeling of various cancers targeting peptides and antibodies, as well as for in vivo pre-targeted imaging of tumors8-13. In addition to these examples, the same conjugation reaction was applied to the metal-radioisotope-labeling of nanomaterials for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies14-16.
For several decades, radioactive iodines have been used for biomedical research and clinical trials through PET imaging (124I), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging (123I, 125I), and thyroid cancer treatment (131I)17-21. Therefore, an efficient method for radioactive iodine labeling is fundamentally important for various investigations, including molecular imaging studies, analysis of organ distribution of biomolecules, biomarker identification, and drug development. A copper-free click reaction strategy could be used in radioactive iodine labeling. However, this application has not been investigated as extensively as 18F-labeled biomolecules22-23. Here, we will provide a step-by-step protocol for the synthesis of an 125I-labeled azide for radiolabeling of DBCO-group-derived molecules. The procedures in the present report will include radioiodination of the stannylated precursor, purification steps with HPLC, and solid phase extraction. We also demonstrate efficient radiolabeling of DBCO-group-modified 13-nm-sized gold nanoparticles using the 125I-labeled azide. The detailed protocol in this report will help synthetic chemists understand a new radiolabeling methodology for the synthesis of radiolabeled products.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="683">
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Chloramine T trihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">402869</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">[125I]NaI in aq. NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Perkin-Elmer</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">NEZ033A010MC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Sodium metabisulfite&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">S9000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Formic acid</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">251364</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Sep-Pak tC18 plus cartridge</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Waters</td>
			<td>WAT036800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">650501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">459844</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Gold(III) chloride trihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">520918</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Tween 20&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">P1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">DBCO PEG SH (MW 5000)</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">NANOCS</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PG2-DBTH-5k</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:255px;">TLC silica gel 60 F254</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Merck</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Analytical HPLC</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1290 Infinity</td>
			<td>Model number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Preparative HPLC</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1260 Infinity</td>
			<td>Model number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Analytical C18 reverse-phase column</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Preparative C18 reverse-phase column</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PrepHT XDB-C18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Radio TLC scanner</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Bioscan</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AR-2000</td>
			<td>Model number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Radioisotope dose calibrator</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Capintec, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">CRC -25R dose calibrator</td>
			<td>Model number</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an optimized protocol for the efficient radiolabeling of gold nanoparticles by using a 125i-labeled azide prosthetic group

Here, we demonstrate a detailed protocol for the radiosynthesis of a 125I-labeled azide prosthetic group and its application to the efficient radiolabeling of DBCO-group-functionalized gold nanoparticles using a copper-free click reaction. Radioiodination of the stannylated precursor (2) was carried out by using [125I]NaI and chloramine T as an oxidant at room temperature for 15 min. After HPLC purification of the crude product, the purified 125I-labeled azide (1) was obtained with high radiochemical yield (75 &plusmn; 10%, n = 8) and excellent radiochemical purity (&gt;99%). For the synthesis of radiolabeled 13-nm-sized gold nanoparticles, the DBCO-functionalized gold nanoparticles (3) were prepared by using a thiolated polyethylene glycol polymer. A copper-free click reaction between 1 and 3 gave the 125I-labeled gold nanoparticles (4) with more than 95% of radiochemical yield as determined by radio-thin-layer chromatography (radio-TLC). These results clearly indicate that the present radiolabeling method using a strain-promoted copper-free click reaction will be useful for the efficient and convenient radiolabeling of DBCO-group-containing nanomaterials.

スタンニル化前駆体（2）の放射性ヨウ素化反応は、放射性標識生成物を提供するために15分間室温で[125 I] NaIを、酢酸、及びクロラミンTの150 MBqのを使用して実施した（1）。粗混合物を分取HPLC精製後、所望の生成物は、放射化学的収率の75±10％（N = 8）を得ました。分析用HPLCは、125 I標識産物の放射化学的純度は99％以上（ 図2）であり、生成物1の観察比放射能は40.7 MBqで/モルであることを明らかにしました。カートリッジを使用して精製された生成物を含む画分の固相抽出1のアセトン溶液を得ました。窒素またはアルゴンガス流を用いて、有機溶媒を蒸発させることができ、その後、残留物を次のSTEためにDMSO又は無水エタノールに再溶解することができますP。 ポリエチレングリコール修飾金ナノ粒子の125 I標識のための、DBCO基修飾金ナノ粒子は、図1に示した手順により調製した。DBCO基を有するポリエチレングリコールチオール（MW 5,000）の過剰量と反応させクエン酸、13 nmの金ナノ粒子を安定化させます。変性ステップの後、生成物をDBCO官能化金ナノ粒子（3）を得連続遠心分離により精製しました。放射性標識手順において、1の3.7 MBqの3の2μM（DBCO基〜400μM）に添加し、そして標識反応を1時間40℃で行いました。放射性TLC分析は、1以上の95％が60分以内にDBCO基官能化金ナノ粒子（3）と反応させたことを示しました。反応物を60分間行い、その後、粗生成物をPURありました遠心分離によってified。125 I標識した金ナノ粒子（4）&gt; 99％で得られた（N = 4）無線TLC（ 図3）によって決定される放射化学的収率。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54759/54759fig1.jpg" /> 125 I標識アジド（1）および125 I標識した金ナノ粒子（4）の図1放射合成。試薬および条件：（a）[125 I] NaIを、酢酸、クロラミンT、RT、15分間、75±10％（N = 8）の放射化学的収率。 （B）DBCO-PEG-SH（MW 5,000）、H 2 O、RT、2時間。 〜40°C、60分、&gt; 99％放射化学的収率。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54759/54759fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <img al<html>トン= &quot;図2&quot; SRC = &quot;/ファイル/ ftp_upload / 54759 / 54759fig2.jpg&quot; /&gt; 125 I標識アジド（1）の図2分析HPLCクロマトグラム。 （a）の粗生成物のラジオクロマトグラム。精製された生成物の（b）のラジオクロマトグラム。精製された生成物の（c）の UVクロマトグラム（254 nm）を。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54759/54759fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54759/54759fig3.jpg" /> 図 125 I標識した金ナノ粒子の3ラジオTLCの結果（4）（4 = 0.05のF R 1 = 0.45、F R、溶離液：酢酸エチル）で60分反応後の（a）および（b）精製後。/ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54759/54759fig3large.jpg &quot;ターゲット=&quot; _空白 &quot;&gt;この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group at JoVE.com

An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group

125 I標識アジドの合成と銅のないクリック反応を用いて、dibenzocyclooctyne（DBCO） -基コンジュゲート、13-nmサイズの金ナノ粒子の放射性標識のための詳細な手順が記載されています。

使用した金ナノ粒子の効率的な放射性標識のために最適化されたプロトコル<sup&gt; 125</sup&gt; I標識アジド補綴グループ

Here, we demonstrate a detailed protocol for the radiosynthesis of a 125I-labeled azide prosthetic group and its application to the efficient ...

an-optimized-protocol-for-efficient-radiolabeling-gold-nanoparticles

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group

8.1K ビュー.  Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute.  125 I標識アジドの合成と銅のないクリック反応を用いて、dibenzocyclooctyne（DBCO） -基コンジュゲート、13-nmサイズの金ナノ粒子の放射性標識のための詳細な手順が記載されています。 

ビデオ: An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group

Stabilizing Hepatocellular Phenotype Using Optimized Synthetic Surfaces

Currently, one of the major limitations in cell biology is maintaining differentiated cell phenotype. Biological matrices are commonly used for culturing and maintaining primary and pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes. While biological matrices are useful, they permit short term culture of hepatocytes, limiting their widespread application. We have attempted to overcome the limitations using a synthetic polymer coating. Polymers represent one of the broadest classes of biomaterials and possess a wide range of mechanical, physical and chemical properties, which can be fine-tuned for purpose. Importantly, such materials can be scaled to quality assured standards and display batch-to-batch consistency. This is essential if cells are to be expanded for high through-put screening in the pharmaceutical testing industry or for cellular based therapy. Polyurethanes (PUs) are one group of materials that have shown promise in cell culture. Our recent progress in optimizing a polyurethane coated surface, for long-term culture of human hepatocytes displaying stable phenotype, is presented and discussed.

This article will focus on developing polymer coated surfaces for long-term, stable culture of stem cell derived human hepatocytes.

最適化された合成表面を使用した肝細胞表現型の安定化

Currently, one of the major limitations in cell biology is maintaining differentiated cell phenotype. Biological matrices are commonly used for culturing ...

化学

A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like oligomeric clusters of these yellow nanoparticles of narrow size distribution are synthesized under ambient conditions via two methods. The delay-time method controls the number of subunits in the oligoclusters by varying the time between the addition of HAuCl4 to alkaline solution and the subsequent addition of reducing agent, NaSCN. The yellow oligoclusters produced range in size from ~3 to ~25 nm. This size range can be further extended by an add-on method utilizing hydroxylated gold chloride (Na+[Au(OH4-x)Clx]-) to auto-catalytically increase the number of subunits in the as-synthesized oligocluster nanoparticles, providing a total range of 3 nm to 70 nm. The crude oligocluster preparations display narrow size distributions and do not require further fractionation for most purposes. The oligoclusters formed can be concentrated &#62;300 fold without aggregation and the crude reaction mixtures remain stable for weeks without further processing. Because these oligomeric clusters can be concentrated before derivatization they allow expensive derivatizing agents to be used economically. In addition, we present two models by which predictions of particle size can be made with great accuracy.

We describe a simple method for producing highly stable oligomeric clusters of gold nanoparticles via the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN). The oligoclusters have a narrow size distribution and can be produced with a wide range of sizes and surface coats.

周囲条件下での金ナノ粒子の安定オリゴマークラスターのサイズ制御された合成のための簡単​​な方法

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like ...

A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic by a simple spray coating. These nanoparticles are produced by the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate on the surface of cereal protein (gliadin) molecules. Alkyl cyanoacrylate is a monomer that instantly polymerizes at RT when it is applied to the surface of materials. Its polymerization reaction is initiated by the trace amounts of weakly basic or nucleophilic species on the surface, including moisture. Once polymerized, the polymerized alkyl cyanoacrylates show a strong affinity with the object materials because nitrile groups are in the backbone of poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate). Proteins also work as initiator for this polymerization because they contain amine groups that can initiate the polymerization of cyanoacrylate. If aggregated protein is used as an initiator, protein aggregate is surrounded by the hydrophobic poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) chains after the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate. By controlling the experimental condition, particles in the nanometer range are produced. The produced nanoparticles readily adsorb to the surface of most materials including glass, metals, plastics, wood, leather, and fabrics. When the surface of a material is sprayed with the produced nanoparticle suspension and rinsed with water, the micellar structure of nanoparticle changes its conformation, and the hydrophilic proteins are exposed to the air. As a result, the nanoparticle-coated surface changes to hydrophilic.

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic. The produced nanoparticle is an assembly of gliadin-cyanoacrylate diblock copolymers. Spray coating with the produced nanoparticle changes the surface of target material to a hydrophilic surface.

親水性コーティングのためのグリアジンシアノアクリレートナノ粒子の製造のためのプロトコル

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic by a simple spray ...

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic nature of the monomer is conserved. The resulting polymer, polynorbornene, has a very high glass transition temperature, Tg, and interesting optical and electrical properties. However, the polymerization of functional norbornenes by this mechanism is complicated by the fact that the endo substituted norbornene monomer has, in general, a very low reactivity. Furthermore, the separation of the endo substituted monomer from the exo monomer is a tedious task. Here, we present a simple protocol for the polymerization of substituted norbornenes (endo:exo ca. 80:20) bearing either a carboxylic acid or a pendant double bond. The process does not require that both isomers be separated, and proceeds with low catalyst loadings (0.01 to 0.02 mol%). The polymer bearing pendant double bonds can be further transformed in high yield, to afford a polymer bearing pendant epoxy groups. These simple procedures can be applied to prepare polynorbornenes with a variety of functional groups, such as esters, alcohols, imides, double bonds, carboxylic acids, bromo-alkyls, aldehydes and anhydrides.

We describe the catalytic insertion polymerization of 5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid and 5-vinyl-2-norbornene to form functional polymers with a very high glass transition temperature.

機能性ノルボルネンの触媒挿入重合のためのシンプルで効率的なプロトコル

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic ...

A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents

Organolithium reagents are powerful tools in the synthetic chemist&#39;s toolbox. However, the extreme pyrophoric nature of the most reactive reagents warrants proper technique, thorough training, and proper personal protective equipment. To aid in the training of researchers using organolithium reagents, a thorough, step-by-step protocol for the safe and effective use of tert-butyllithium on an inert gas line or within a glovebox is described. As a model reaction, preparation of lithium tert-butyl amide by the reaction of tert-butyl amine with one equivalent of tert-butyl lithium is presented.

The safe and proper use of organolithium reagents is described.

有機リチウム試薬を用いて安全なリチウム化反応のためのプロトコル

Organolithium reagents are powerful tools in the synthetic chemist&#39;s toolbox. However, the extreme pyrophoric nature of the most reactive reagents ...

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity and convenient colorimetric readout. However, high densities of nanoparticles are typically needed for detection. The available synthesis-based enhancement protocols are either limited to gold and silver nanoparticles or rely on precise enzymatic control and optimization. Here, we present a protocol to enhance the colorimetric readout of gold, silver, silica, and iron oxide nanoprobes. It was observed that the colorimetric signal can be improved by up to a 10000-fold factor. The basis for such signal enhancement strategies is the chemical reduction of Au3+ to Au0. There are several chemical reactions that enable the reduction of Au3+ to Au0. In the protocol, Good&#39;s buffers and H2O2 are used and it is possible to favor the deposition of Au0 onto the surface of existing nanoprobes, in detriment of the formation of new gold nanoparticles. The protocol consists of the incubation of the microarray with a solution consisting of chloroauric acid and H2O2 in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid pH 6 buffer following the nanoprobe-based detection assay. The enhancement solution can be applied to paper and glass-based sensors. Moreover, it can be used in commercially available immunoassays as demonstrated by the application of the method to a commercial allergen microarray. The signal development requires less than 5 min of incubation with the enhancement solution and the readout can be assessed by naked eye or low-end image acquisition devices such as a table-top scanner or a digital camera.

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

In this work, a protocol for signal enhancement of nanoprobe-based biosensing is presented. The protocol is based on the reduction of chloroauric acid onto the surface of existing nanoprobes that consist of gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles.

原金ナノ粒子合成による急速なナノプローブ信号強調

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity ...

The MPLEx Protocol for Multi-omic Analyses of Soil Samples

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based integrated metaproteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic (multi-omic) studies are transforming our ability to understand and characterize microbial communities in environmental and biological systems. These measurements are even enabling enhanced analyses of complex soil microbial communities, which are the most complex microbial systems known to date. Multi-omic analyses, however, do have sample preparation challenges, since separate extractions are typically needed for each omic study, thereby greatly amplifying the preparation time and amount of sample required. To address this limitation, a 3-in-1 method for the simultaneous extraction of metabolites, proteins, and lipids (MPLEx) from the same soil sample was created by adapting a solvent-based approach. This MPLEx protocol has proven to be both simple and robust for many sample types, even when utilized for limited quantities of complex soil samples. The MPLEx method also greatly enabled the rapid multi-omic measurements needed to gain a better understanding of the members of each microbial community, while evaluating the changes taking place upon biological and environmental perturbations.

A protocol is presented for simultaneously extracting metabolites, proteins, and lipids from a single soil sample, allowing reduced sample preparation times and enabling multi-omic mass spectrometry analyses of samples with limited quantities.

マルチ弔土壌試料の分析のための MPLEx プロトコル

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based integrated metaproteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic (multi-omic) studies are transforming our ability to understand and ...

Luminophore Formation in Various Conformations of Bovine Serum Albumin by Binding of Gold(III)

The purpose of the presented protocols is to study the process of Au(III) binding to BSA, yielding conformation change-induced red fluorescence (&#955;em = 640 nm) of BSA-Au(III) complexes. The method adjusts the pH to show that the emergence of the red fluorescence is correlated with the pH-induced equilibrium transitions of the BSA conformations. Red fluorescent BSA-Au(III) complexes can only be formed with an adjustment of pH at or above 9.7, which corresponds to the &#34;A-form&#34; conformation of BSA. The protocol to adjust the BSA to Au molar ratio and to monitor the time-course of the process of Au(III) binding is described. The minimum number of Au(III) per BSA, to produce the red fluorescence, is less than seven. We describe the protocol in steps to illustrate the presence of multiple Au(III) binding sites in BSA. First, by adding copper (Cu(II)) or nickel (Ni(II)) cations followed by Au(III), this method reveals a binding site for Au(III) that is not the red fluorophore. Second, by modifying BSA by thiol capping agents, another nonfluorophore-forming Au(III) binding site is revealed. Third, changing the BSA conformation by cleaving and capping of the disulfide bonds, the possible Au(III) binding site(s) are illustrated. The protocol described, to control the BSA conformations and Au(III) binding, can be generally applied to study the interactions of other proteins and metal cations.

Luminophore Formation in Various Conformations of Bovine Serum Albumin by Binding of GoldIII

The protocols for studying the binding of gold cations (Au(III)) to various conformations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as well as for characterizing the conformational dependent unique BSA-Au fluorescence are presented.

Luminophore 金の結合によるウシ血清アルブミンの様々 な立体構造の形成

The purpose of the presented protocols is to study the process of Au(III) binding to BSA, yielding conformation change-induced red fluorescence (&#955;em ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of their interactions with cell membranes, lipid bilayers, and viruses. The hydrophilic ligands make these particles colloidally stable in aqueous solutions and the combination with hydrophobic ligands creates an amphiphilic particle that can be loaded with hydrophobic drugs, fuse with the lipid membranes, and resist nonspecific protein adsorption. Many of these properties depend on nanoparticle size and the composition of the ligand shell. It is, therefore, crucial to have a reproducible synthetic method and reliable characterization techniques that allow the determination of nanoparticle properties and the ligand shell composition. Here, a one-phase chemical reduction, followed by a thorough purification to synthesize these nanoparticles with diameters below 5 nm, is presented. The ratio between the two ligands on the surface of the nanoparticle can be tuned through their stoichiometric ratio used during synthesis. We demonstrate how various routine techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry, are combined to comprehensively characterize the physicochemical parameters of the nanoparticles.

Amphiphilic gold nanoparticles can be used in many biological applications. A protocol to synthesize gold nanoparticles coated by a binary mixture of ligands and a detailed characterization of these particles is presented.

親和性金ナノ粒子の合成と特性化

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of ...

Synthesis of Aptamer-PEI-g-PEG Modified Gold Nanoparticles Loaded with Doxorubicin for Targeted Drug Delivery

Due to drug resistance and toxicity in healthy cells, use of doxorubicin (DOX) has been limited in clinical cancer therapy. This protocol describes the designing of poly(ethylenimine) grafted with polyethylene glycol (PEI-g-PEG) copolymer functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with loaded aptamer (AS1411) and DOX through amide reactions. AS1411 is specifically bonded with targeted nucleolin receptors on cancer cells so that DOX targets cancer cells instead of healthy cells. First, PEG is carboxylated, then grafted to branched PEI to obtain a PEI-g-PEG copolymer, which is confirmed by 1H NMR analysis. Next, PEI-g-PEG copolymer coated gold nanoparticles (PEI-g-PEG@AuNPs) are synthesized, and DOX and AS1411 are covalently bonded to AuNPs gradually via amide reactions. The diameter of the prepared AS1411-g-DOX-g-PEI-g-PEG@AuNPs is ~39.9 nm, with a zeta potential of -29.3 mV, indicating that the nanoparticles are stable in water and cell medium. Cell cytotoxicity assays show that the newly designed DOX loaded AuNPs are able to kill cancer cells (A549). This synthesis demonstrates the delicate arrangement of PEI-g-PEG copolymers, aptamers, and DOX on AuNPs that are achieved by sequential amide reactions. Such aptamer-PEI-g-PEG functionalized AuNPs provide a promising platform for targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy.

In this protocol, doxorubicin-loaded AS1411-g-PEI-g-PEG modified gold nanoparticles are synthesized via three-step amide reactions. Then, doxorubicin is loaded and delivered to target cancer cells for cancer therapy.

標的薬物送達のためのドキソルビシンを装填したアプタマー-PEI-G-PEG改変金ナノ粒子の合成

Due to drug resistance and toxicity in healthy cells, use of doxorubicin (DOX) has been limited in clinical cancer therapy. This protocol describes the ...