The authors would like to acknowledge the University of Colorado Boulder for its support of this work.

注意：このプロトコルで使用される化学物質の多くは、有害物質です。化学物質等安全データシート（MSDS）を参照し、これらの物質を扱う際には、適切な個人用保護具（P​​PE）を使用します。 1.精製、準備、および試薬の保管<ol><li>製造業者のプロトコルに従って、溶媒精製システムを用いて使用される全ての溶媒を精製します。溶媒精製システムが使用できない場合、（ 例えば、モレキュラーシーブをCaH 2 など ）乾燥剤を使用して蒸留。室温でグローブボックス中の窒素雰囲気下で乾燥させ、店舗溶媒一度。 </li><li>製造業者のプロトコルに従って真空蒸留して、すべてのモノマーを精製します。一度冷蔵庫に窒素雰囲気下で暗所ボトルで、店舗モノマーを蒸留しました。 </li><li>製造業者のプロトコルに従って真空蒸留により開始剤を精製します。 、店舗イニシエータで蒸留した後冷蔵庫で窒素雰囲気下で暗いボトル。 </li><li>製造業者のプロトコルに従って、昇華によりペリレンを精製します。昇華した後、室温でベンチトップにペリレンを格納します。 </li><li> CDCl 3中の100グラムボトルに25.0ミリグラムのBHTを添加することにより、重クロロホルム（CDCl 3中）にブチル化ヒドロキシトルエン（BHT）250ppmの溶液を調製します。ベンチトップ上でこのソリューションを準備し、格納します。 </li></ol>光触媒としてペリレンを用いたメタクリル酸メチルの2光重合<ol><li>すべての試薬は室温に戻します。このような固体粒子の変色や形成などの汚染の兆候がないことを確認するために使用する前にすべての試薬を、点検してください。 </li><li>窒素雰囲気のグローブボックス内で、20ミリリットルのシンチレーションバイアルに小さな撹拌棒を配置します。 2.36ミリグラム（9.38モル、1.00当量）ペリレンのを追加します。 </li><li> 1.00ミリリットルのジメチルホルムアミド（DMF）を追加します。 </li><li>この混合物に1.00ミリリットル（9.38ミリモル、追加千当量）、メチルメタクリレート（MMA）。 </li><li> 1600回転に設定されており、白色発光ダイオード（LED）のストリップによって照らさ撹拌プレート上でバイアルを置きます。他の光源（ 例えば 、頭上の照明、近くの窓）から任意の照明を制限します。 </li><li>ピペットを用いて反応を開始し、16.4μlの追加（93.8マイクロモル、10.0当量）をα-エチルブロモフェニル酢酸（EBP）のこと。 注意：自然光を使用して、この反応を実行するには、ステップ2.5を無視して、上記の手順に従って、その後、バイアルを密封グローブボックスの外にそれを持って、自然の太陽光により照明領域にバイアルを置きます。 </li><li>一定の照明の下で24時間反応を撹拌しました。 4.4 - 手順4.1の指示に従って、製品ポリ（MMA）を単離および精製します。 </li></ol>反応の3速度論的解析<ol><li>ベンチトップで、2ミリリットルバイアルにのCDCl 3溶液中のBHTの0.70ミリリットルを分配し、セプタムキャップで密封。このバイアル私を持参<html>重合が行われているグローブボックスをNTO。 </li><li>反応混合物の0.20ミリリットルを削除するには、注射器を使用してください。 CDCl 3中のBHT 250ppmの溶液を含む2 mL瓶の中に注射器の内容物を注入します。バック描画し、重合を完全に消光を確保するために、プランジャーに数回押してください。 </li><li> NMR（核磁気共鳴）分光管に2ミリリットルバイアルの内容を転送します。パーセント変換のための1 H NMR分光法を介して、このサンプルを分析します。24 </li><li>ペリレンを使用して、メタクリル酸メチルの重合の具体例については、未反応の単量体（δ= 3.62）（M）のメトキシ水素に相当するピーク下の面積を比較することによって、サンプルの1 H NMRスペクトルから転化率を計算し以下の式を使用してポリマー（δ= 3.50）（P）のメトキシ水素に対応するピーク下の面積。 1 &quot;SRC =&quot; /ファイル/ ftp_upload / 53571 / 53571eq1.jpg &quot;/&gt; </li><li>分析の後、清浄な20mLのシンチレーションバイアルにNMR分光管の内容物を注ぎます。減圧下で溶媒を蒸発させます。テトラヒドロフランの1.00ミリリットル（THF）のサンプルを再溶解します。 </li><li>きれいな2ミリリットルバイアルにシリンジフィルターを通してサンプルを送信します。数平均分子量（M n）、重量平均分子量（Mw）、分散度（DJ）を決定するために多角度光散乱と結合されたゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー（GPC） によって試料を分析する。24 </li></ol>製品ポリマーの4単離および精製<ol><li>メタノールの50倍過剰に反応混合物の内容物を注入し、少なくとも1時間攪拌をさせることにより、重合反応を停止。 </li><li>製造業者の使用による真空濾過によってメタノールからポリ（メチルメタクリレート）を単離しますプロトコル。 注意：単離方法は、製造されるポリマーに依存して変化します。ポリ（メチルメタクリレート）、ポリスチレン、真空をブフナー漏斗を用いて、メタノールから沈殿したポリマーを濾過します。ポリ（アクリル酸ブチル）のために、粘性ポリマーからメタノールをデカント。 </li><li>追加の100ミリリットルのメタノールでポリマーを洗浄します。 </li><li>再溶解し、ジクロロメタンおよびリピート中のポリマーは、二​​回以上の4.3を介して4.1を繰り返します。 </li></ol> -bポリポリ（MMA）を生成するスチレンとMMAマクロ開始剤の5鎖延長（S） <ol><li>すべての試薬は室温に戻します。このような固体粒子の変色や形成などの汚染の兆候がないことを確認するために使用する前にすべての試薬を、点検してください。 </li><li>窒素雰囲気のグローブボックス内で、ポリ（MMA）の136ミリグラム（2.34モル、1.00当量）を配置するマクロ開始剤の小撹拌棒を装着した20ミリリットルのシンチレーションバイアルに。 </li><li> 0.59 mgのペリレン（2.34マイクロモル、1.0を追加します。0当量）。 </li><li> 1.00ミリリットルのDMFを追加します。 </li><li> 1600回転に設定されており、白色LEDのストリップによって照らさ撹拌プレート上でバイアルを置きます。他の光源（ 例えば、頭上の照明、近くの窓）から任意の照明を制限します。 </li><li>この混合物に、ピペットを用いてスチレン（S）の1.24ミリリットル（11.7ミリモル、5000当量）を追加します。 </li><li>一定の照明の下で24時間反応を撹拌しました。 4.4 - 手順4.1の指示に従って、製品ポリ（MMA）-b-ポリ（S）を単離および精製します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bates, F. S., Hillmyer, M. A., Lodge, T. P., Bates, C. M., Delaney, K. T., Fredrickson, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiblock+Polymers:+Panacea+or+Pandora's+Box.">Multiblock Polymers: Panacea or Pandora's Box.</a> Science. 336 (6080), 434-440 (2012).</li><li>Hawker, C. J., Wooley, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Convergence+of+Synthetic+Organic+and+Polymer+Chemistries.">The Convergence of Synthetic Organic and Polymer Chemistries.</a> Science. 309 (5738), 1200-1205 (2005).</li><li>di Lena, F., Matyjaszewski, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transition+Metal+Catalysts+for+Controlled+Radical+Polymerization.">Transition Metal Catalysts for Controlled Radical Polymerization.</a> Prog. Polym. Sci. 35 (8), 959-1021 (2010).</li><li>Rosen, B. M., Percec, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-Electron+Transfer+and+Single-Electron+Transfer+Degenerative+Chain+Transfer+Living+Radical+Polymerization.">Single-Electron Transfer and Single-Electron Transfer Degenerative Chain Transfer Living Radical Polymerization.</a> Chem. Rev. 109 (11), 5069-5119 (2009).</li><li>Moad, G., Rizzardo, E., Thang, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+Living+Radical+Polymerization.">Toward Living Radical Polymerization.</a> Acc. Chem. Res. 41 (9), 1133-1142 (2008).</li><li>Braunecker, W. A., Matyjaszewski, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled/living+Radical+Polymerization:+Features,+Developments,+and+Perspectives.">Controlled/living Radical Polymerization: Features, Developments, and Perspectives.</a> Prog. Polym. Sci. 32 (1), 93-146 (2007).</li><li>Kamigaito, M., Ando, T., Sawamoto, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal-Catalyzed+Living+Radical+Polymerization.">Metal-Catalyzed Living Radical Polymerization.</a> Chem. Rev. 101 (12), 3689-3746 (2001).</li><li>Matyjaszewski, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+and+Classifications+of+Controlled/Living+Radical+Polymerizations.">Comparison and Classifications of Controlled/Living Radical Polymerizations.</a> ACS Symp. Ser. 768 (1), 2-26 (2000).</li><li>Matyjaszewski, K., Tsarevsky, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macromolecular+Engineering+by+Atom+Transfer+Radical+Polymerization.">Macromolecular Engineering by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (18), 6513-6533 (2013).</li><li>Matyjaszewski, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atom+Transfer+Radical+Polymerization+(ATRP):+Current+Status+and+Future+Perspectives.">Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP): Current Status and Future Perspectives.</a> Macromolecules. 45 (10), 4015-4039 (2012).</li><li>Ouchi, M., Terashima, T., Sawamoto, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transition+Metal-Catalyzed+Living+Radical+Polymerization:+Toward+Perfection+in+Catalysis+and+Precision+Polymer+Synthesis.">Transition Metal-Catalyzed Living Radical Polymerization: Toward Perfection in Catalysis and Precision Polymer Synthesis.</a> Chem. Rev. 109 (11), 4963-5050 (2009).</li><li>Matyjaszewski, K., Tsarevsky, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanostructured+Functional+Materials+Prepared+by+Atom+Transfer+Radical+Polymerization.">Nanostructured Functional Materials Prepared by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization.</a> Nat. Chem. 1 (4), 276-288 (2009).</li><li>Ouchi, M., Terashima, T., Sawamoto, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precision+Control+of+Radical+Polymerization+via+Transition+Metal+Catalysis:+From+Dormant+Species+to+Designed+Catalysts+for+Precision+Functional+Polymers.">Precision Control of Radical Polymerization via Transition Metal Catalysis: From Dormant Species to Designed Catalysts for Precision Functional Polymers.</a> Acc. Chem. Res. 41 (9), 1120-1132 (2008).</li><li>Matyjaszewski, K., Xia, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atom+Transfer+Radical+Polymerization.">Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization.</a> Chem. Rev. 101 (9), 2921-2990 (2001).</li><li>Magenau, A. J. D., Strandwitz, N. C., Gennaro, A., Matyjaszewski, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemically+Mediated+Atom+Transfer+Radical+Polymerization.">Electrochemically Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization.</a> Science. 332 (6025), 81-84 (2011).</li><li>Matyjaszewski, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diminishing+Catalyst+Concentration+in+Atom+Transfer+Radical+Polymerization+with+Reducing+Agents.">Diminishing Catalyst Concentration in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with Reducing Agents.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (42), 15309-15314 (2006).</li><li>Moad, G., Rizzardo, E., Thang, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Living+Radical+Polymerization+by+the+RAFT+Process-+A+Second+Update.">Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process- A Second Update.</a> Aust. J. Chem. 62 (11), 1402-1472 (2009).</li><li>Moad, G., Rizzardo, E., Thang, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radical+Addition-Fragmentation+Chemistry+in+Polymer+Synthesis.">Radical Addition-Fragmentation Chemistry in Polymer Synthesis.</a> Polymer. 49 (5), 1079-1131 (2008).</li><li>Nicolas, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitroxide-Mediated+Polymerization.">Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization.</a> Prog. Polym. Sci. 38 (1), 63-235 (2013).</li><li>Hawker, C. J., Bosman, A. W., Harth, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Polymer+Synthesis+by+Nitroxide+Mediated+Living+Radical+Polymerizations.">New Polymer Synthesis by Nitroxide Mediated Living Radical Polymerizations.</a> Chem. Rev. 101 (12), 3661-3688 (2001).</li><li>Goto, A., Wakada, T., Fukuda, T., Tsujii, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Systematic+Kinetic+Study+in+Reversible+Chain+Transfer+Catalyzed+Polymerizations+(RTCPs)+with+Germanium,+Tin,+Phosphorus,+and+Nitrogen+Catalysts.">A Systematic Kinetic Study in Reversible Chain Transfer Catalyzed Polymerizations (RTCPs) with Germanium, Tin, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Catalysts.</a> Macromol. Chem. Phys. 211 (5), 594-600 (2010).</li><li>Goto, A., Ohtsuki, A., Ohfuji, H., Tanishima, M., Kaji, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+Generation+of+a+Carbon-Centered+Radical+from+Alkyl+Iodide+Using+Organic+Salts+and+Their+Application+as+Organic+Catalysts+in+Living+Radical+Polymerization.">Reversible Generation of a Carbon-Centered Radical from Alkyl Iodide Using Organic Salts and Their Application as Organic Catalysts in Living Radical Polymerization.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (30), 11131-11139 (2013).</li><li>Goto, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+Complexation+Mediated+Living+Radical+Polymerization+(RCMP)+Using+Organic+Catalysts.">Reversible Complexation Mediated Living Radical Polymerization (RCMP) Using Organic Catalysts.</a> Macromolecules. 44 (22), 8709-8715 (2011).</li><li>Miyake, G. M., Theriot, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perylene+as+an+Organic+Photocatalyst+for+the+Radical+Polymerization+of+Functionalized+Vinyl+Monomers+Through+Oxidative+Quenching+With+Alkyl+Bromides+and+Visible+Light.">Perylene as an Organic Photocatalyst for the Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Through Oxidative Quenching With Alkyl Bromides and Visible Light.</a> Macromolecules. 47 (23), 8255-8261 (2014).</li><li>Miyake, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organocatalyzed+Photoredox+Mediated+Polymerization+Using+Visible+Light.">Organocatalyzed Photoredox Mediated Polymerization Using Visible Light.</a> US Patent Application. 14, (2013).</li><li>Treat, N. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal-Free+Atom+Transfer+Radical+Polymerization.">Metal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (45), 16096-16101 (2014).</li><li>Pan, X., Lamson, M., Yan, J., Matyjaszewski, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoinduced+Metal-Free+Atom+Transfer+Radical+Polymerization+of+Acrylonitrile.">Photoinduced Metal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Acrylonitrile.</a> ACS Macro Lett. 4 (2), 192-196 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

プロトコルはこの重合法の具体例を示していたが、この反応を行う研究者が利用できるオプションはかなり広いです。修飾は、ATRPが実行されている特定のどんなphotoredoxの最適化を可能にするために、プロトコル全体点の個数で製造することができます。新しいモノマー、開始剤、及び調査下に来るこの反応のための触媒として、反応を実行するために使用される化学量論および溶媒は、反応条件の最適化の一部として変更されるべきであることができます。さらに、個々の実験者が希望する正確な結果への反応を、このような反応濃度、光源（LEDかどうかに自然光）などの他のパラメータを変更するには、ガイドラインとして、表1を使用することを選択し、調整するために温度があります。 この方法論の限界は他の関連する重合に類似しています。反応はoxygに敏感ですENは、各反応成分のように厳密な精製が必要です。この手順の結果が一致することが見出されていない場合には、試薬の汚染は、ほとんど疑わしいです。常に特定のポリマーの溶解性プロファイルに従って異なるポリマーを合成する際にパート3の精製工程を変更する必要があり、さらに、第1部で説明したように、すべての試薬は、精製された準備、および保存されていることを確認してください。最後に、光束又は温度が高すぎる場合は、従来の、制御されないラジカル重合が起こり得ることに留意することが重要です。この問題は、二峰性の分子量分布および/ ​​またはのDJ高い値（&gt; 2.0）を示すことができます。できるだけ室温に近いグローブボックス内の温度を保つためにファンを使用することをお勧めします。光束は高すぎると思われる場合は、使用するLEDの数を減らすことのいずれか、またはLEDに供給される電圧を低減することが推奨されます。追加の実験は、正確に、重合の制御を確実にするために、最適な光束の範囲を決定するために、現在進行中です。 結果は、ペリレン、酸化急冷経路を介して官能ビニルモノマーの数のラジカル重合を媒介することが可能であることを示しています。対照実験は、触媒、開始剤、または光源のいずれかが保留された、重合が進行するため、これらのコンポーネントのすべての3つが必要であることを示しました。追加の対照実験では、酸素の存在は、重合が起こることを許可しないように（ここで、グローブボックス）空気排除技術の使用が必要であることを示しています。パルス光シーケンスは、重合反応を超える時間的制御を可能にし、オフ、背面に光源を回転させることにより停止し、再開することができることを示しました。可逆失活原子移動メカニズムのサポートは、このようなのものと鎖伸長実験により発見され&lt;強い&gt;図1、表1に見ることができる、比較的低いのDJ値と組み合わせると、その種の最初のうち、ATRPをorganocatalyzedこの重合はphotoredoxの一例であるという証拠があります。 ATRPのこの新しいタイプの開発と拡大を続けると、反応のために多くの新しい潜在的な触媒の設計、テスト、および最適化する必要があるでしょう。このような将来の仕事は、これらの反応を研究するために使用される方法での一貫性と透明性がある場合解釈するのが最も簡単になります。ここで、我々は可視光媒介原子移動ラジカル重合のための有機触媒を採用し、評価する方法を伝えています。

The synthesis of technologically advanced polymers requires precise control over polymer molecular weight, dispersity (&#208;), composition, and architecture.1,2 Controlled radical polymerizations (CRPs)3-8 have revolutionized the synthesis of well-defined polymers, with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) being the most used CRP, largely due to operational simplicity and synthetic versatility.9-14 The crux of ATRP is the ability to reversibly deactivate the polymerization, controlling the equilibrium between a propagating radical and a dormant species. Enforcing a low concentration of active radicals greatly minimizes bimolecular termination pathways and allows for the synthesis of well-defined polymers. 
Traditional ATRP relies on a transition metal catalyst to mediate this equilibrium.3 These metal catalysts contaminate the polymer product and impede implementation in biomedical or electronic applications while also raising environmental concerns. Although significant strides have been made to reduce the catalyst concentration to ppm levels, these methodologies require more demanding experimental conditions and metal contamination is still not entirely eliminated.15,16
Reversible addition-fragmentation transfer17,18 and nitroxide-mediated polymerizations19,20 are CRPs that do not require metal catalysts, although they have been used less often than ATRP.3 Recently, reversible chain-transfer21 and reversible complexation22,23 variants of ATRP that can use organic catalysts were reported. However, these methodologies require the use of alkyl iodide initiators and are not effective with the alkyl bromides commonly employed in ATRP. A highly desirable CRP would match the performance, feasibility, and robustness of traditional ATRP while being catalyzed by an organic catalyst under mild conditions.
Here, we describe a methodology for the radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst. Through optimization of parameters such as stoichiometry, concentration, time, and light flux, the molecular weight of the polymers can be controlled.24, 25 Similar methodologies have been recently introduced using phenothiazine derivatives as photocatalysts for metal-free ATRP.26, 27 Because researchers in the field of polymerization catalysis are constantly developing new catalytic systems, the ability to compare catalyst performance across a number of metrics is vital. This ability to make comparisons relies heavily upon procedural consistency and clarity on the part of the researchers performing the experiments. As such, it is our goal that this video will be used to help precisely communicate the methods by which these polymers are synthesized and characterized.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="572">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">perylene, min 98.0%</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">TCI America</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">TCP0078-025G</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">purify by sublimation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">N,N-dimethylformamide</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">EM-DX1726-1</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Omnisolv</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">methyl methacrylate, 99%</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">200000-678</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">distilled prior to use, stored in refrigerator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">ethyl &#945;-bromophenyl acetate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">554065</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">distilled prior to use stored in refrigerator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">butylated hydroxytoluene&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">W218405</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Chloroform-D</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Cambridge Isotope Labs</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">DLM-7-100</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">EM-TX0279-1</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Omnisolv</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">methanol</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">BDH1135</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">EM-DX0831-1</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Omnisolv</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">styrene, 99%</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">AAAA18481-0F</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">distilled prior to use, stored in refrigerator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">glass scintillation vial, 20 mL</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">66022-065</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">screw top vial, 2 mL</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">5182-0715</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">septum cap for screw top vial</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">5182-0717</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">heavy wall pressure vessel, 100 mL</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Synthware</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P160005&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">syringe, 1 mL norm-ject</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">89174-491</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">NMR tube</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">New Era</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">NE-UL5-7&#39;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">nylon syringe filter, 0.45 um</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">28143-240</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">glovebox</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Mbraun</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">LABstar</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">solvent purification system</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Mbraun</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">MB-SPS-800</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">stirplate</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">3582401</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:205px;">light-emitting diodes</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Creative Lighting Solutions</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">CL-FRS1210-5M-12V-WH</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">2x 12-inch strips of 5500 K white LEDs were used for illumination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:205px;">12V DC power supply for LEDs</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Creative Lighting Solutions</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">CL-PS16001-40W</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">high performance liquid chromatograph&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">G1310B, G1322A, G1329B, G1316A</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">gel permeation size-exclusion columns</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">PL1110-6500</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">multi-angle light scattering detector</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Wyatt</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WTREOS</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">differential refractometer</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Wyatt</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WTREX</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible light photocatalyst

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The procedure is performed under an inert atmosphere using air- and water-exclusion techniques. The outcome of the polymerization is affected by the ratios of monomer, initiator, and catalyst used as well as the reaction concentration, solvent, and nature of the light source. Temporal control over the polymerization can be exercised by turning the visible light source off and on. Low dispersities of the resultant polymers as well as the ability to chain-extend to form block copolymers suggest control over the polymerization, while chain end-group analysis provides evidence supporting an atom-transfer radical polymerization mechanism.

表1は、このメソッドを介して達成可能な重合結果の範囲を示しています。これらのデータは、ペリレンが官能ビニルモノマーの数の重合のための触媒として機能することが可能であることを示しています。特定のモノマー、溶媒、化学量論量、開始剤のような反応パラメーターの数のいずれかの調整、光源が非常に良いからではなく広い範囲の分子量及び分散度を変化させてポリマーをもたらすための1は 、鎖-の結果を示す図拡張実験パート4に記載され、この方法を用いて形成されたポリマーは、継続的重合及びブロック（コ）ポリマーを形成するためのマクロ開始剤として機能することが可能であることを示しています。これらの結果は、一緒に、正しい条件の下で、ペリレンは、可視光を用いた原子移動ラジカル重合を促進するという結論を支持します。 重合法の代表的な結果 1.表 。特に断りのない限り、重合はモノマーの1.00ミリリットル、表に指定され、白色光源としてLEDを用いて24時間運転溶剤の1.00ミリリットルを使用して行きました。使用されるモノマーは、メチルメタクリレート（MMA）、メタクリル酸グリシジル（GMA）、アクリル酸ブチル（BA）、ブチルメタクリレート（BMA）、及びスチレン（S）でした。使用される開始剤は、エチルα-ブロモフェニル（EBP）、メチルα -ブロモイソブチレート（MBI）、ジエチル2-ブロモ-2-メチルマロネート（DMM）、触媒（ペリレン）を開始剤に対するモノマーの比率であった。単離収率Bが決定cは多角度光散乱を使用しては、光源として自然光を用いて10時間行っDは <sアップ&gt; eは指定された溶剤の4.00ミリリットルを使用して行います。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53571/53571fig1.jpg" width="700" /> ブチルアクリレート（B）、メチルメタクリレート（C）、スチレン（D）、およびメタクリル酸ブチル（E）とポリ（MMA）マクロ開始剤（A）を用いて鎖延長重合の 図1 の結果。ポリオーバーレイGPCトレース（MMA）、ポリ（MMA）を有するマクロ開始剤（黒）-b-ポリ（MMA）（赤）、ポリ（MMA）-b-ポリ（BMA）（紫）、ポリ（MMA）-b-ポリ（S）（青）、またはポリ（MMA）-b-ポリ（BA）（緑）。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst at JoVE.com

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

可視光応答型光触媒としてペリレンを使用した官能ビニルモノマーの原子移動ラジカル重合

A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The ...

atom-transfer-radical-polymerization-functionalized-vinyl-monomers

Nanyang Technological University

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Organic Chemistry

Chemistry

Unit 1

Reactions of Alkenes

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.6K ビュー.  University of Colorado Boulder. A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.

ビデオ: Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

While the first Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies regarding the effects of oxidation on the structure and stability of carbon radicals date back to the early 1980s the focus of these early papers primarily characterized the changes to the structures under extremely harsh conditions (pH or temperature)1-3. It is also known that paramagnetic molecular oxygen undergoes a Heisenberg spin exchange interaction with stable radicals that extremely broadens the EPR signal4-6. Recently, we reported interesting results where this interaction of molecular oxygen with a certain part of the existing stable radical structure can be reversibly affected simply by flowing a diamagnetic gas through the carbon samples at STP7. As flows of He, CO2, and N2 had a similar effect these interactions occur at the surface area of the macropore system.
This manuscript highlights the experimental techniques, work-up, and analysis towards affecting the existing stable radical nature in the carbon structures. It is hoped that it will help towards further development and understanding of these interactions in the community at large.

Stable radicals that are present in carbon substrates interact with paramagnetic oxygen through a Heisenberg spin exchange. This interaction can be significantly reduced under STP conditions by flowing a diamagnetic gas over the carbon system. This manuscript describes a simple method to characterize the nature of those radicals.

電子常磁性共鳴とキャリブレーション済みのガスの流れによってカーボン表面のラジカル自然を探る

While the first Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies regarding the effects of oxidation on the structure and stability of carbon radicals date ...

化学

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and technological applications. Their signature property is their ultrahigh porosity, which however imparts a series of challenges when it comes to both constructing them and working with them. Securing desired MOF chemical and physical functionality by linker/node assembly into a highly porous framework of choice can pose difficulties, as less porous and more thermodynamically stable congeners (e.g., other crystalline polymorphs, catenated analogues) are often preferentially obtained by conventional synthesis methods. Once the desired product is obtained, its characterization often requires specialized techniques that address complications potentially arising from, for example, guest-molecule loss or preferential orientation of microcrystallites. Finally, accessing the large voids inside the MOFs for use in applications that involve gases can be problematic, as frameworks may be subject to collapse during removal of solvent molecules (remnants of solvothermal synthesis). In this paper, we describe synthesis and characterization methods routinely utilized in our lab either to solve or circumvent these issues. The methods include solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries, and materials activation (cavity evacuation) by supercritical CO2 drying. Finally, we provide a protocol for determining a suitable pressure region for applying the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis to nitrogen isotherms, so as to estimate surface area of MOFs with good accuracy.

Synthesis, activation, and characterization of intentionally designed metal-organic framework materials is challenging, especially when building blocks are incompatible or unwanted polymorphs are thermodynamically favored over desired forms. We describe how applications of solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries and activation via supercritical CO2 drying, can address some of these challenges.

官能化有機金属構造体の合成とキャラクタリゼーション

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and ...

Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example

By using inline monitoring, it is possible to optimize reactions performed using continuous-flow processing in a simple and rapid way. It is also possible to ensure consistent product quality over time using this technique. We here show how to interface a commercially available flow unit with a Raman spectrometer. The Raman flow cell is placed after the back-pressure regulator, meaning that it can be operated at atmospheric pressure. In addition, the fact that the product stream passes through a length of tubing before entering the flow cell means that the material is at RT. It is important that the spectra are acquired under isothermal conditions since Raman signal intensity is temperature dependent. Having assembled the apparatus, we then show how to monitor a chemical reaction, the piperidine-catalyzed synthesis of 3-acetylcoumarin from salicylaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate being used as an example. The reaction can be performed over a range of flow rates and temperatures, the in-situ monitoring tool being used to optimize conditions simply and easily.

Real-time monitoring allows for fast optimization of reactions performed using continuous-flow processing. Here the preparation of 3-acetylcoumarin is used as an example. The apparatus for performing in-situ Raman monitoring is described, as are the steps required to optimize the reaction.

連続フロー処理を​​使用して行われる反応のリアルタイムモニタリング：例として3- Acetylcoumarinの調製

By using inline monitoring, it is possible to optimize reactions performed using continuous-flow processing in a simple and rapid way. It is also possible ...

Using Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are encapsulated in polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PSPAA) shells and then used as monomers for their self-assembly. Spherical PSPAA micelles upon acid treatment are known to assemble into cylindrical micelles. Exploiting this tendency, the core-shell nanoparticles are induced to aggregate, coalesce, and then transform into long chains. When more than one type of nanoparticles are used, random and block &#8220;copolymers&#8221; of nanoparticles can be obtained. Detailed procedures are reported for the PSPAA encapsulation of nanoparticles, homo- and co-polymerization of the core-shell nanoparticles, separation and purification of the resulting nanoparticle chains. Transformations of single-line chains into double- and triple-line chains are also presented. The synergy between the polymer shell and the embedded nanoparticles leads to an unusual chain-growth polymerization mode, giving long nanoparticle chains that are distinct from the products of the traditional step-growth aggregation process.

Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

We report protocols for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; various types of polymer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles into long chains of &#8220;homo-&#8220; and &#8220;co-polymers&#8221;.

ポリスチレンを使用しました<em&gt;ブロック</em&gt; - ポリ（アクリル酸）は、それらのホモポリマーおよび共重合用単量体として金属ナノ粒子をコーティングを採用

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are ...

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

We demonstrate a method for high-throughput catalyst screening using a parallel pressure reactor starting from the initial synthesis of a nickel &#945;-diimine ethylene polymerization catalyst. Initial polymerizations with the catalyst lead to optimized reaction conditions, including catalyst concentration, ethylene pressure and reaction time. Using gas-uptake data for these reactions, a procedure to calculate the initial rate of propagation (kp) is presented. Using the optimized conditions, the ability of the nickel &#945;-diimine polymerization catalyst to undergo chain transfer with diethylzinc (ZnEt2) during ethylene polymerization was investigated. A procedure to assess the ability of the catalyst to undergo chain transfer (from molecular weight and 13C NMR data), calculate the degree of chain transfer, and calculate chain transfer rates (ke) is presented.

A protocol for the high-throughput analysis of polymerization catalyst, chain transfer polymerizations, polyethylene characterization, and reaction kinetic analysis is presented.

並列圧力反応器および連鎖移動重合の速度論的解析を使用してエチレン重合

We demonstrate a method for high-throughput catalyst screening using a parallel pressure reactor starting from the initial synthesis of a nickel ...

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are intimately involved in almost all biological processes and are linked to many human diseases. Therefore, there is a major effort to target PPIs in basic research and in the pharmaceutical industry. Protein-protein interfaces are usually large, flat, and often lack pockets, complicating the discovery of small molecules that target such sites. Alternative targeting approaches using antibodies have limitations due to poor oral bioavailability, low cell-permeability, and production inefficiency.
Using peptides to target PPI interfaces has several advantages. Peptides have higher conformational flexibility, increased selectivity, and are generally inexpensive. However, peptides have their own limitations including poor stability and inefficiency crossing cell membranes. To overcome such limitations, peptide cyclization can be performed. Cyclization has been demonstrated to improve peptide selectivity, metabolic stability, and bioavailability. However, predicting the bioactive conformation of a cyclic peptide is not trivial. To overcome this challenge, one attractive approach it to screen a focused library to screen in which all backbone cyclic peptides have the same primary sequence, but differ in parameters that influence their conformation, such as ring size and position.
We describe a detailed protocol for synthesizing a library of backbone cyclic peptides targeting specific parasite PPIs. Using a rational design approach, we developed peptides derived from the scaffold protein Leishmania receptor for activated C-kinase (LACK). We hypothesized that sequences in LACK that are conserved in parasites, but not in the mammalian host homolog, may represent interaction sites for proteins that are critical for the parasites&#39; viability. The cyclic peptides were synthesized using microwave irradiation to reduce reaction times and increase efficiency. Developing a library of backbone cyclic peptides with different ring sizes facilitates a systematic screen for the most biological active conformation. This method provides a general, fast, and facile way to synthesize cyclic peptides.

A simple and general method for the synthesis of cyclic peptides using microwave irradiation is outlined. This procedure enables the synthesis of backbone cyclic peptides with a collection of different conformations while retaining the side chains and the pharmacophoric moieties., and therefore, allows to screen for the bioactive conformation.

マイクロ波照射を用いて潜在的な抗寄生虫治療薬としてのバックボーン環状ペプチドライブラリの開発

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are intimately involved in almost all biological processes and are linked to many human diseases. Therefore, there is ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

Photoredox触媒を用いた可視光媒介分散重合によるワームのようなミセルの簡便な合成

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic nature of the monomer is conserved. The resulting polymer, polynorbornene, has a very high glass transition temperature, Tg, and interesting optical and electrical properties. However, the polymerization of functional norbornenes by this mechanism is complicated by the fact that the endo substituted norbornene monomer has, in general, a very low reactivity. Furthermore, the separation of the endo substituted monomer from the exo monomer is a tedious task. Here, we present a simple protocol for the polymerization of substituted norbornenes (endo:exo ca. 80:20) bearing either a carboxylic acid or a pendant double bond. The process does not require that both isomers be separated, and proceeds with low catalyst loadings (0.01 to 0.02 mol%). The polymer bearing pendant double bonds can be further transformed in high yield, to afford a polymer bearing pendant epoxy groups. These simple procedures can be applied to prepare polynorbornenes with a variety of functional groups, such as esters, alcohols, imides, double bonds, carboxylic acids, bromo-alkyls, aldehydes and anhydrides.

We describe the catalytic insertion polymerization of 5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid and 5-vinyl-2-norbornene to form functional polymers with a very high glass transition temperature.

機能性ノルボルネンの触媒挿入重合のためのシンプルで効率的なプロトコル

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic ...

Preparation of Hollow Polystyrene Particles and Microcapsules by Radical Polymerization of Janus Droplets Consisting of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Oils

In this article, we have demonstrated a method for producing hollow particles and microcapsules using oil droplets consisting of hydrocarbon oil (styrene) and fluorocarbon oil (perfluoro-n-octane, PFO) in aqueous surfactant (sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS) solutions. Since fluorocarbon oils are immiscible with hydrocarbon oils, the two oils are separated. Emulsions are prepared by stirring styrene/PFO/aqueous SDS solution mixtures at 80 &#176;C. The type of emulsions and the morphology of droplets in the emulsions are observed by light microscope and scanning confocal fluorescence microscope. It is found that oil droplets with Janus-type morphologies consisting of mutually immiscible styrene and PFO are formed in aqueous SDS solutions. Polystyrene particles are fabricated by radical polymerization of the ternary mixtures of styrene/PFO/aqueous SDS solution at 80 &#176;C. The morphologies of the polystyrene are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy observations. These observations show the preparation of hollow polystyrene particles with a single hole on the surface. To our knowledge, this method is a novel strategy using the immiscibility of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon oils. The hollow particles can also be applied to the preparation of microcapsules.

A protocol for the fabrication of hollow polymer particles and microcapsules by radical polymerization using emulsions consisting of styrene, perfluoro-n-octane, and aqueous SDS (sodium dodecylsulfate) solution is presented.

中空のポリスチレン粒子と炭化水素とフッ素オイルから成るヤヌス液滴のラジカル重合によるマイクロ カプセルの調製

In this article, we have demonstrated a method for producing hollow particles and microcapsules using oil droplets consisting of hydrocarbon oil (styrene) ...

Constructing Thioether/Vinyl Sulfide-tethered Helical Peptides Via Photo-induced Thiol-ene/yne Hydrothiolation

Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the preparation of thioether-tethered peptides using on-resin intramolecular/intermolecular thiol-ene hydrothiolation. In addition, this protocol describes the preparation of vinyl-sulfide-tethered peptides using in-solution intramolecular thiol-yne hydrothiolation between amino acids that possess alkene/alkyne side chains and cysteine residues at i, i+4 positions. Linear peptides were synthesized using a standard Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Thiol-ene hydrothiolation is carried out using either an intramolecular thio-ene reaction or an intermolecular thio-ene reaction, depending on the peptide length. In this research, an intramolecular thio-ene reaction is carried out in the case of shorter peptides using on-resin deprotection of the trityl groups of cysteine residues following the complete synthesis of the linear peptide. The resin is then set to UV irradiation using photoinitiator 4-methoxyacetophenone (MAP) and 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]-2-methyl-1-propanone (MMP). The intermolecular thiol-ene reaction is carried out by dissolving Fmoc-Cys-OH in an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. This is then reacted with the peptide using the alkene-bearing residue on resin. After that, the macrolactamization is carried out using benzotriazole-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBop), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HoBt), and 4-Methylmorpholine (NMM) as activation reagents on the resin. Following the macrolactamization, the peptide synthesis is continued using standard SPPS. In the case of the thio-yne hydrothiolation, the linear peptide is cleaved from the resin, dried, and subsequently dissolved in degassed DMF. This is then irradiated using UV light with photoinitiator 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA). Following the reaction, DMF is evaporated and the crude residue is precipitated and purified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These methods could function to simplify the generation of thioether-tethered cyclic peptides due to the use of the thio-ene/yne click chemistry that possesses superior functional group tolerance and good yield. The introduction of thioether bonds into peptides takes advantage of the nucleophilic nature of cysteine residues and is redox-inert relative to disulfide bonds.

We present a protocol for the construction of thioether/vinyl sulfide-tethered helical peptides using photo-induced thiol-ene/thiol-yne hydrothiolation.