We thank Andrea Moran together with members of Lab Animal Service Facility (LASF) at Stowers Institute for their excellent support on animal husbandry and technical services. This work is supported by funding from Stowers Institute and the NIH (NIDCD 008003) to CRY. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders or the National Institutes of Health. U.S. patent pending for the tetO-G-CaMP2 mice for Stowers Institute, CRY and LM.

<ol>
	<li>Birch, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Pheromones. , (1974).</li><li>Wyatt, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pheromones+and+animal+behaviour+:+communication+by+smell+and+taste.">Pheromones and animal behaviour : communication by smell and taste.</a> , (2003).</li><li>Papes, F., Logan, D. W., Stowers, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+vomeronasal+organ+mediates+interspecies+defensive+behaviors+through+detection+of+protein+pheromone+homologs.">The vomeronasal organ mediates interspecies defensive behaviors through detection of protein pheromone homologs.</a> Cell. 141, 692-703 (2010).</li><li>Leinders-Zufall, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasensitive+pheromone+detection+by+mammalian+vomeronasal+neurons.">Ultrasensitive pheromone detection by mammalian vomeronasal neurons.</a> Nature. 405, 792-796 (2000).</li><li>Dulac, C., Axel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+family+of+genes+encoding+putative+pheromone+receptors+in+mammals.">A novel family of genes encoding putative pheromone receptors in mammals.</a> Cell. 83, 195-206 (1995).</li><li>Herrada, G., Dulac, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+family+of+putative+pheromone+receptors+in+mammals+with+a+topographically+organized+and+sexually+dimorphic+distribution.">A novel family of putative pheromone receptors in mammals with a topographically organized and sexually dimorphic distribution.</a> Cell. 90, 763-773 (1997).</li><li>Matsunami, H., Buck, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+multigene+family+encoding+a+diverse+array+of+putative+pheromone+receptors+in+mammals.">A multigene family encoding a diverse array of putative pheromone receptors in mammals.</a> Cell. 90, 775-784 (1997).</li><li>Ryba, N. J., Tirindelli, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+multigene+family+of+putative+pheromone+receptors.">A new multigene family of putative pheromone receptors.</a> Neuron. 19, 371-379 (1997).</li><li>Pantages, E., Dulac, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+family+of+candidate+pheromone+receptors+in+mammals.">A novel family of candidate pheromone receptors in mammals.</a> Neuron. 28, 835-845 (2000).</li><li>Zhang, X., Rodriguez, I., Mombaerts, P., Firestein, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odorant+and+vomeronasal+receptor+genes+in+two+mouse+genome+assemblies.">Odorant and vomeronasal receptor genes in two mouse genome assemblies.</a> Genomics. 83, 802-811 (2004).</li><li>Liberles, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formyl+peptide+receptors+are+candidate+chemosensory+receptors+in+the+vomeronasal+organ.">Formyl peptide receptors are candidate chemosensory receptors in the vomeronasal organ.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 9842-9847 (2009).</li><li>Riviere, S., Challet, L., Fluegge, D., Spehr, M., Rodriguez, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formyl+peptide+receptor-like+proteins+are+a+novel+family+of+vomeronasal+chemosensors.">Formyl peptide receptor-like proteins are a novel family of vomeronasal chemosensors.</a> Nature. 459, 574-577 (2009).</li><li>Yang, H., Shi, P., Zhang, Y. P., Zhang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Composition+and+evolution+of+the+V2r+vomeronasal+receptor+gene+repertoire+in+mice+and+rats.">Composition and evolution of the V2r vomeronasal receptor gene repertoire in mice and rats.</a> Genomics. 86, 306-315 (2005).</li><li>Rodriguez, I., Punta, D. e. l., Rothman, K., Ishii, A., T, ., Mombaerts, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+new+and+isolated+families+within+the+mouse+superfamily+of+V1r+vomeronasal+receptors.">Multiple new and isolated families within the mouse superfamily of V1r vomeronasal receptors.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 5, 134-140 (2002).</li><li>He, J., Ma, L., Kim, S., Nakai, J., Yu, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Encoding+gender+and+individual+information+in+the+mouse+vomeronasal+organ.">Encoding gender and individual information in the mouse vomeronasal organ.</a> Science. 320, 535-538 (2008).</li><li>Holy, T. E., Dulac, C., Meister, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responses+of+vomeronasal+neurons+to+natural+stimuli.">Responses of vomeronasal neurons to natural stimuli.</a> Science. 289, 1569-1572 (2000).</li><li>Chamero, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+protein+pheromones+that+promote+aggressive+behaviour.">Identification of protein pheromones that promote aggressive behaviour.</a> Nature. 450, 899-902 (2007).</li><li>Leinders-Zufall, T., Ishii, T., Mombaerts, P., Zufall, F., Boehm, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+requirements+for+the+activation+of+vomeronasal+sensory+neurons+by+MHC+peptides.">Structural requirements for the activation of vomeronasal sensory neurons by MHC peptides.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 12, 1551-1558 (2009).</li><li>Kimoto, H., Haga, S., Sato, K., Touhara, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex-specific+peptides+from+exocrine+glands+stimulate+mouse+vomeronasal+sensory+neurons.">Sex-specific peptides from exocrine glands stimulate mouse vomeronasal sensory neurons.</a> Nature. 437, 898-901 (2005).</li><li>Holekamp, T. F., Turaga, D., Holy, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+three-dimensional+fluorescence+imaging+of+activity+in+neural+populations+by+objective-coupled+planar+illumination+microscopy.">Fast three-dimensional fluorescence imaging of activity in neural populations by objective-coupled planar illumination microscopy.</a> Neuron. 57, 661-672 (2008).</li><li>Leinders-Zufall, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MHC+class+I+peptides+as+chemosensory+signals+in+the+vomeronasal+organ.">MHC class I peptides as chemosensory signals in the vomeronasal organ.</a> Science. 306, 1033-1037 (2004).</li><li>He, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+signals+conveyed+by+pheromone+concentrations+to+the+mouse+vomeronasal+organ.">Distinct signals conveyed by pheromone concentrations to the mouse vomeronasal organ.</a> J. Neurosci. 30, 7473-7483 (2010).</li><li>Haga, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+male+mouse+pheromone+ESP1+enhances+female+sexual+receptive+behaviour+through+a+specific+vomeronasal+receptor.">The male mouse pheromone ESP1 enhances female sexual receptive behaviour through a specific vomeronasal receptor.</a> Nature. 466, 118-122 (2010).</li><li>Boschat, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pheromone+detection+mediated+by+a+V1r+vomeronasal+receptor.">Pheromone detection mediated by a V1r vomeronasal receptor.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 5, 1261-1262 (2002).</li><li>Hendel, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+changes+of+genetic+calcium+indicators+and+OGB-1+correlated+with+neural+activity+and+calcium+in+vivo+and+in.">Fluorescence changes of genetic calcium indicators and OGB-1 correlated with neural activity and calcium in vivo and in.</a> 28, 7399-7411 (2008).</li><li>Pologruto, T. A., Yasuda, R., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+neural+activity+and+[Ca2+]+with+genetically+encoded+Ca2++indicators.">Monitoring neural activity and [Ca2+] with genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators.</a> J. Neurosci. 24, 9572-9579 (2004).</li><li>Jayaraman, V., Laurent, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+a+genetically+encoded+optical+sensor+of+neural+activity+using+electrophysiology+in+intact+adult+fruit+flies.">Evaluating a genetically encoded optical sensor of neural activity using electrophysiology in intact adult fruit flies.</a> Front Neural Circuits. 1 (3), (2007).</li><li>Tian, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+neural+activity+in+worms,+flies+and+mice+with+improved+GCaMP+calcium+indicators.">Imaging neural activity in worms, flies and mice with improved GCaMP calcium indicators.</a> Nat. Methods. 6, 875-881 (2009).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

鋤鼻受容体（VRS）の大半は、デュラックとアクセル5で、その発見以来、オーファン受容体として残る。これらの化学感覚受容体と動物の行動を媒介に自らの役割のためのフェロモンリガンドについてはよくわかっていない。今までは、リガンド/受容体の1ペアのみ、ESP1ペプチドおよびその同族体、Vmn2r116（V2Rp5）は、識別し、特定の社会的な情報19,23を伝えることが示されている。別の受容体、V1rb2は、おそらく雌マウス24から尿中に濃縮された2 -ヘプタノン、に対応することが示されている。しかし、この配位子によって伝達具体的な情報は不明なままである。我々はここで開発した方法は、刺激と活性化のパターンの分析の多数にVNOニューロンの応答の特性評価を可能にします。この方法を使用することによって、我々は、細胞が男性または女性の尿に特異的応答を示すことと認識する機能、専用のセルが存在する可能性があることを発見した性別特定のフェロモンの手がかり15。 VRは、これらの細胞に発現して同定されていない。イメージング法だけでな​​く、尿中に存在するフェロモンリガンドのスクリーニングを可能にするだけでなく、フェロモン手がかりに応答する特定の受容体の同定を容易にするここで説明する。 G - CAMPのカルシウムセンサーの家族は、動物系とそれらの信号のさまざまな用途に使用するカルシウムの25から28とよく相関することが示されているされています。遺伝的にエンコードされたセンサーの使用は、神経細胞応答の敏感な読み出しを提供し、標的組織や細胞のタイプのセンサーの特異的な発現を可能にします。遺伝的に符号化されたセンサーはまた、生きた動物での慢性的イメージングのためにそれを可能にします。伝統的に、合成カルシウムの染料は、カルシウムの応答を監視するために使用されている。染料ロードの手順は、必然的に侵襲的であり、多くの組織に損傷を与える。 tissで不均一な負荷と染料の限られた浸透UEはまた大幅にカルシウムシグナルの検出に影響を与えます。 G - CaMP2マウスを使って私たちの実験では、応答の振幅が並みにあることを見つける、またはスライス標本において、カルシウム色素ローディング方式よりも良い。 VNOのスライスは、1回の実験での刺激の多数の分析を可能にするため、切削後は時間のための健康な状態に維持することができます。しかし、遺伝的に符号化されたセンサーは、多くの場合、応答のパターンを変更したり、生物の正常な発育に影響を与える可能性のある細胞成分と相互作用するタンパク質のドメインが含まれています。一つは、新しいセンサーがシステムに導入されたときに慎重でなければなりません。標的組織の慎重な検討が必要です。私たちの以前の研究では、我々は彼らの生来の行動、VNOニューロンの電気生理学的特性と嗅覚神経細胞15の投影パターンのためのG - CaMP2マウスを検討した。これらの側面のどれもに影響を受けませんG -CaMP2マウス。それにもかかわらず、トランスジェニック動物を使用すると、動物の維持とジェノタイピングのための追加コストが発生しません。さらに、実験が生成された使用可能な回線に制限されます。これらは、実験を設計する際に考慮する必要がある要因です。

imaging neuronal responses in slice preparations of vomeronasal organ expressing a genetically encoded calcium sensor

鋤鼻器官（VNO）は、同じ種の1,2内の個人の、社会的な性と生殖に関するステータスに関する情報を運ぶ化学的感覚信号を検出します。これらの種内の信号を、フェロモンだけでなく、いくつかの捕食者3からの信号は、特異性と感度4の高レベルの鋤鼻感覚ニューロンを（VSNを）活性化する。 G -タンパク質共役型受容体、V1R、V2RとFPR 5月14日 、の少なくとも三つの異なるファミリーは化学的感覚手がかりの検出を仲介するVNOニューロンに発現されています。フェロモン情報はVNOによってエンコードされている方法を理解するために、それは様々な刺激に個々のVSNの応答プロファイルを分析し、これらの応答を仲介する特異的な受容体を識別することが重要です。 VNOのneuroepitheliaは、鋤骨のペアで囲まれています。 VNOの半盲管状の構造は、接続する1つの開放端を（鋤鼻ダクト）がある鼻腔。 VSNをはフェロモン手がかりが樹状ノブで発現する受容体と接触しているVNO、の内腔部分にその樹状突起を延長する。 VSNの細胞体は、頂端及び基底層にそれぞれ6-8を発現しV1RとV2Rを持つ擬似成層を形成する。いくつかの技術が感覚刺激4,12,15-19へのVSNの応答を監視するために利用されている。これらの技術の中で、急性スライス標本では、いくつかの利点を提供しています。最初に、解離VSNを3,17と比較して、スライス標本は、それらのネイティブ形態の神経細胞と細胞の樹状突起が比較的そのまま滞在を維持。第二に、VSNの細胞体は、全体の上皮およびホールマウント標本12,20に比べて電気生理学的試験とイメージング実験を可能にするVNOの冠状スライスに簡単にアクセスできます。第三に、このメソッドは、受容体の同定を可能にするために、分子クローニング技術と組み合わせることができます。感覚刺激が強いのCa 2受容体の活性化4,21の指標であるVSNをで+流入を誘発する。そこで我々は、トランスジェニックマウスを開発しているVSNを15,22を含む嗅覚ニューロンにおける発現するG - CaMP2。感度とプローブの遺伝的性質が大幅にCa 2 +動態のイメージング実験を促進する。このメソッドは、以前の研究4,21で使用される染料ロードプロセスを排除しています。我々はまた、VNOのスライスに様々な刺激の応用を可能にするリガンドの配信システムを採用しています。 2つの手法の組み合わせは、私たちは刺激の大きい数字に対応して同時に複数のニューロンを監視することができます。最後に、我々は画像処理を支援するための半自動解析パイプラインを確立している。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Neuronal Responses in Slice Preparations of Vomeronasal Organ Expressing a Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor at JoVE.com

Imaging Neuronal Responses in Slice Preparations of Vomeronasal Organ Expressing a Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects intraspecies chemical signals that convey social and reproductive information. We have performed Ca2+ imaging experiments using transgenic mice expressing G-CaMP2 in VNO tissue. This approach allows us to analyze the complicated response patterns of the vomeronasal neurons to large numbers of pheromone stimuli.

遺伝的にコードされたカルシウムセンサーを発現する鋤鼻器のスライス標本のイメージング神経細胞応答

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects chemosensory signals that carry information about the social, sexual and reproductive status of the individuals within ...

imaging-neuronal-responses-slice-preparations-vomeronasal-organ

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.7K ビュー.  Stowers Institute for Medical Research. The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects intraspecies chemical signals that convey social and reproductive information. We have performed Ca2+ imaging experiments using transgenic mice expressing G-CaMP2 in VNO tissue. This approach allows us to analyze the complicated response patterns of the vomeronasal neurons to large numbers of pheromone stimuli.

ビデオ: Imaging Neuronal Responses in Slice Preparations of Vomeronasal Organ Expressing a Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor

Calcium Imaging of Odor-evoked Responses in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe

The antennal lobe is the primary olfactory center in the insect brain and represents the anatomical and functional equivalent of the vertebrate olfactory bulb1-5. Olfactory information in the external world is transmitted to the antennal lobe by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), which segregate to distinct regions of neuropil called glomeruli according to the specific olfactory receptor they express. Here, OSN axons synapse with both local interneurons (LNs), whose processes can innervate many different glomeruli, and projection neurons (PNs), which convey olfactory information to higher olfactory brain regions.
Optical imaging of the activity of OSNs, LNs and PNs in the antennal lobe - traditionally using synthetic calcium indicators (e.g. calcium green, FURA-2) or voltage-sensitive dyes (e.g. RH414) - has long been an important technique to understand how olfactory stimuli are represented as spatial and temporal patterns of glomerular activity in many species of insects6-10. Development of genetically-encoded neural activity reporters, such as the fluorescent calcium indicators G-CaMP11,12 and Cameleon13, the bioluminescent calcium indicator GFP-aequorin14,15, or a reporter of synaptic transmission, synapto-pHluorin16 has made the olfactory system of the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, particularly accessible to neurophysiological imaging, complementing its comprehensively-described molecular, electrophysiological and neuroanatomical properties2,4,17. These reporters can be selectively expressed via binary transcriptional control systems (e.g. GAL4/UAS18, LexA/LexAop19,20, Q system21) in defined populations of neurons within the olfactory circuitry to dissect with high spatial and temporal resolution how odor-evoked neural activity is represented, modulated and transformed22-24.
Here we describe the preparation and analysis methods to measure odor-evoked responses in the Drosophila antennal lobe using G-CaMP25-27. The animal preparation is minimally invasive and can be adapted to imaging using wide-field fluorescence, confocal and two-photon microscopes.

Calcium Imaging of Odor-evoked Responses in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe

We describe an established technique to measure and analyze odor-evoked calcium responses in the antennal lobe of living Drosophila melanogaster.

の臭気誘発応答のカルシウムイメージングショウジョウバエ触角葉

The antennal lobe is the primary olfactory center in the insect brain and represents the anatomical and functional equivalent of the vertebrate olfactory ...

神経科学

Imaging Pheromone Sensing in a Mouse Vomeronasal Acute Tissue Slice Preparation

Peter Karlson and Martin L&uuml;scher used the term pheromone for the first time in 19591 to describe chemicals used for intra-species communication. Pheromones are volatile or non-volatile short-lived molecules2 secreted and/or contained in biological fluids3,4, such as urine, a liquid known to be a main source of pheromones3. Pheromonal communication is implicated in a variety of key animal modalities such as kin interactions5,6, hierarchical organisations3 and sexual interactions7,8 and are consequently directly correlated with the survival of a given species9,10,11. In mice, the ability to detect pheromones is principally mediated by the vomeronasal organ (VNO)10,12, a paired structure located at the base of the nasal cavity, and enclosed in a cartilaginous capsule. Each VNO has a tubular shape with a lumen13,14 allowing the contact with the external chemical world. The sensory neuroepithelium is principally composed of vomeronasal bipolar sensory neurons (VSNs)15. Each VSN extends a single dendrite to the lumen ending in a large dendritic knob bearing up to 100 microvilli implicated in chemical detection16. Numerous subpopulations of VSNs are present. They are differentiated by the chemoreceptor they express and thus possibly by the ligand(s) they recognize17,18. Two main vomeronasal receptor families, V1Rs and V2Rs19,20,21,22, are composed respectively by 24023 and 12024 members and are expressed in separate layers of the neuroepithelium. Olfactory receptors (ORs)25 and formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)26,27 are also expressed in VSNs.
Whether or not these neuronal subpopulations use the same downstream signalling pathway for sensing pheromones is unknown. Despite a major role played by a calcium-permeable channel (TRPC2) present in the microvilli of mature neurons28 TRPC2 independent transduction channels have been suggested6,29. Due to the high number of neuronal subpopulations and the peculiar morphology of the organ, pharmacological and physiological investigations of the signalling elements present in the VNO are complex.
Here, we present an acute tissue slice preparation of the mouse VNO for performing calcium imaging investigations. This physiological approach allows observations, in the natural environment of a living tissue, of general or individual subpopulations of VSNs previously loaded with Fura-2AM, a calcium dye. This method is also convenient for studying any GFP-tagged pheromone receptor and is adaptable for the use of other fluorescent calcium probes. As an example, we use here a VG mouse line30, in which the translation of the pheromone V1rb2 receptor is linked to the expression of GFP by a polycistronic strategy.

In mice, the ability to detect pheromones is principally mediated by the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Here, an acute tissue slice preparation of VNO for performing calcium imaging is described. This physiological approach allows observations of subpopulations and/or individual neurons in a living tissue and is convenient for receptor-ligand identification.

マウス鋤鼻急性組織スライス標本のイメージングフェロモンセンシング

Peter Karlson and Martin L&uuml;scher used the term pheromone for the first time in 19591 to describe chemicals used for intra-species communication. ...

Imaging Calcium Responses in GFP-tagged Neurons of Hypothalamic Mouse Brain Slices

Despite an enormous increase in our knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the encoding of information in the brain, a central question concerning the precise molecular steps as well as the activity of specific neurons in multi-functional nuclei of brain areas such as the hypothalamus remain. This problem includes identification of the molecular components involved in the regulation of various neurohormone signal transduction cascades. Elevations of intracellular Ca2+ play an important role in regulating the sensitivity of neurons, both at the level of signal transduction and at synaptic sites.
New tools have emerged to help identify neurons in the myriad of brain neurons by expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of a particular promoter. To monitor both spatially and temporally stimulus-induced Ca2+ responses in GFP-tagged neurons, a non-green fluorescent Ca2+ indicator dye needs to be used. In addition, confocal microscopy is a favorite method of imaging individual neurons in tissue slices due to its ability to visualize neurons in distinct planes of depth within the tissue and to limit out-of-focus fluorescence. The ratiometric Ca2+ indicator fura-2 has been used in combination with GFP-tagged neurons1. However, the dye is excited by ultraviolet (UV) light. The cost of the laser and the limited optical penetration depth of UV light hindered its use in many laboratories. Moreover, GFP fluorescence may interfere with the fura-2 signals2. Therefore, we decided to use a red fluorescent Ca2+ indicator dye. The huge Stokes shift of fura-red permits multicolor analysis of the red fluorescence in combination with GFP using a single excitation wavelength. We had previously good results using fura-red in combination with GFP-tagged olfactory neurons3. The protocols for olfactory tissue slices seemed to work equally well in hypothalamic neurons4. Fura-red based Ca2+ imaging was also successfully combined with GFP-tagged pancreatic &beta;-cells and GFP-tagged receptors expressed in HEK cells5,6. A little quirk of fura-red is that its fluorescence intensity at 650 nm decreases once the indicator binds calcium7. Therefore, the fluorescence of resting neurons with low Ca2+ concentration has relatively high intensity. It should be noted, that other red Ca2+-indicator dyes exist or are currently being developed, that might give better or improved results in different neurons and brain areas.

In this protocol, we update recent progress in imaging Ca2+ signals of GFP-tagged neurons in brain tissue slices using a red fluorescent Ca2+ indicator dye.

視床下部マウス脳スライスのGFPタグニューロンにおけるイメージングカルシウム応答

Despite an enormous increase in our knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the encoding of information in the brain, a central question concerning the ...

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, well-characterized nervous system allows identification and fluorescence imaging of any neuron within the intact animal. Simple immobilization techniques with minimal impact on the animal's physiology allow extended time-lapse imaging. The development of genetically-encoded calcium sensitive fluorophores such as cameleon 1 and GCaMP 2 allow in vivo imaging of neuronal calcium relating both cell physiology and neuronal activity. Numerous transgenic strains expressing these fluorophores in specific neurons are readily available or can be constructed using well-established techniques. Here, we describe detailed procedures for measuring calcium dynamics within a single neuron in vivo using both GCaMP and cameleon. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both as well as various methods of sample preparation (animal immobilization) and image analysis. Finally, we present results from two experiments: 1) Using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of a specific neuron to an external electrical field and 2) Using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response of a neuron to traumatic laser damage. Calcium imaging techniques such as these are used extensively in C. elegans and have been extended to measurements in freely moving animals, multiple neurons simultaneously and comparison across genetic backgrounds. C. elegans presents a robust and flexible system for in vivo neuronal imaging with advantages over other model systems in technical simplicity and cost.

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

With its small transparent body, well-documented neuroanatomy and a host of amenable genetic techniques and reagents, C. elegans makes an ideal model organism for in vivo neuronal imaging using relatively simple, low-cost techniques. Here we describe single neuron imaging within intact adult animals using genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators.

Cの生体内神経カルシウムイメージングでエレガンス

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized animals. Highly sensitive, genetically encoded fluorescent reporters of Ca2+ have revolutionized the recording of cell and synaptic activity using non-invasive optical approaches in behaving animals. When combined with genetic and optogenetic techniques, the molecular mechanisms that modulate cell and circuit activity during different behavior states can be identified.
Here we describe methods for ratiometric Ca2+ imaging of single neurons in freely behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. We demonstrate a simple mounting technique that gently overlays worms growing on a standard Nematode Growth Media (NGM) agar block with a glass coverslip, permitting animals to be recorded at high-resolution during unrestricted movement and behavior. With this technique, we use the sensitive Ca2+ reporter GCaMP5 to record changes in intracellular Ca2+ in the serotonergic Hermaphrodite Specific Neurons (HSNs) as they drive egg-laying behavior. By co-expressing mCherry, a Ca2+-insensitive fluorescent protein, we can track the position of the HSN within ~ 1 &#181;m and correct for fluctuations in fluorescence caused by changes in focus or movement. Simultaneous, infrared brightfield imaging allows for behavior recording and animal tracking using a motorized stage. By integrating these microscopic techniques and data streams, we can record Ca2+ activity in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit as it progresses between inactive and active behavior states over tens of minutes.

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

This protocol describes the use of genetically encoded Ca2+ reporters to record changes in neural activity in behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. &#8195;

線虫の行動で個々 のニューロンのレシオ メトリック カルシウム イメージング

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging of Mouse Geniculate Ganglion Neuron Responses to Taste Stimuli

Within the last ten years, advances in genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) have promoted a revolution in in vivo functional imaging. Using calcium as a proxy for neuronal activity, these techniques provide a way to monitor the responses of individual cells within large neuronal ensembles to a variety of stimuli in real time. We, and others, have applied these techniques to image the responses of individual geniculate ganglion neurons to taste stimuli applied to the tongues of live anesthetized mice. The geniculate ganglion is comprised of the cell bodies of gustatory neurons innervating the anterior tongue and palate as well as some somatosensory neurons innervating the pinna of the ear. Imaging the taste-evoked responses of individual geniculate ganglion neurons with GCaMP has provided important information about the tuning profiles of these neurons in wild-type mice as well as a way to detect peripheral taste miswiring phenotypes in genetically manipulated mice. Here we demonstrate the surgical procedure to expose the geniculate ganglion, GCaMP fluorescence image acquisition, initial steps for data analysis, and troubleshooting. This technique can be used with transgenically encoded GCaMP, or with AAV-mediated GCaMP expression, and can be modified to image particular genetic subsets of interest (i.e., Cre-mediated GCaMP expression). Overall, in vivo calcium imaging of geniculate ganglion neurons is a powerful technique for monitoring the activity of peripheral gustatory neurons and provides complementary information to more traditional whole-nerve chorda tympani recordings or taste behavior assays.

Here we present how to expose the geniculate ganglion of a live, anesthetized laboratory mouse and how to use calcium imaging to measure the responses of ensembles of these neurons to taste stimuli, allowing for multiple trials with different stimulants. This allows for in depth comparisons of which neurons respond to which tastants.

マウスの神経節神経節ニューロン反応のインビボカルシウムイメージングが味覚刺激に反応する

Within the last ten years, advances in genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) have promoted a revolution in in vivo functional imaging. Using ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

インビボ マウス劣オリーブにおけるカルシウムイメージング

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging has been largely used to examine neuronal activity, but it is becoming increasingly clear that subcellular Ca2+ handling is a crucial component of intracellular signaling. The visualization of subcellular Ca2+ dynamics in vivo,&#160;where neurons can be studied in their native, intact circuitry, has proven technically challenging in complex nervous systems. The transparency and relatively simple nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans enable the cell-specific expression and in vivo visualization of fluorescent tags and indicators. Among these are fluorescent indicators that have been modified for use in the cytoplasm as well as various subcellular compartments, such as the mitochondria. This protocol enables non-ratiometric Ca2+ imaging in vivo with a subcellular resolution that permits the analysis of Ca2+ dynamics down to the level of individual dendritic spines and mitochondria. Here, two available genetically encoded indicators with different Ca2+ affinities are used to demonstrate the use of this protocol for measuring relative Ca2+ levels within the cytoplasm or mitochondrial matrix in a single pair of excitatory interneurons (AVA). Together with the genetic manipulations and longitudinal observations possible in C. elegans, this imaging protocol may be useful for answering questions regarding how Ca2+ handling regulates neuronal function and plasticity.

Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo

The current methods describe a non-ratiometric approach for high-resolution, sub-compartmental calcium imaging in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans using readily available genetically encoded calcium indicators.

in vivoでの神経細胞カルシウムハンドリングの細胞内イメージング

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging has been largely used to examine neuronal activity, but it is becoming increasingly clear that subcellular Ca2+ handling is a ...

Calcium Imaging in Neurons

Calcium ions play an integral role in neuron function: They act as intracellular signals that can elicit responses such as altered gene expression and neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles. Within the cell, calcium concentration is highly dynamic due to the presence of pumps that selectively transport these ions in response to a variety of signals. Calcium imaging takes advantage of intracellular calcium flux to directly visualize calcium signaling in living neurons.This video begins with an overview of the key reagents used for this technique, known as calcium indicator dyes. The discussion includes an introduction to the commonly used dye Fura-2 and some basic principles behind how both ratiometric and non-ratiometric calcium indicators work. Next, a typical calcium imaging experiment is presented, from preparing the cells and dye to capturing and analyzing the fluorescent images. Finally, several experimental applications of calcium imaging are provided, such as the study of neuronal network activity and sensory processing.

Calcium Imaging in Neurons Using Fura-2

ニューロンのカルシウムイメージング法

Calcium ions play an integral role in neuron function: They act as intracellular signals that can elicit responses such as altered gene expression and ...

Education

JoVE Science Education

高等生物学

Drosophila In Vivo Calcium Imaging: A Method for Functional Imaging of Neuronal Activity

Source: Hancock, C. E., et al. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/video/60288/" target="_blank">In Vivo Optical Calcium Imaging of Learning-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).
This video describes in vivo calcium imaging in Drosophila neurons using GCaMP. The featured protocol clip shows how to record changes in GCaMP fluorescence from mushroom body neurons during an olfactory conditioning experiment.

ショウジョウバエ In Vivoカルシウムイメージング:神経活動の機能イメージング法

Source: Hancock, C. E., et al. In Vivo Optical Calcium Imaging of Learning-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).
...

遺伝的にコードされたカルシウムセンサーを発現する鋤鼻器のスライス標本のイメージング神経細胞応答

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

の臭気誘発応答のカルシウムイメージングショウジョウバエ触角葉

マウス鋤鼻急性組織スライス標本のイメージングフェロモンセンシング

視床下部マウス脳スライスのGFPタグニューロンにおけるイメージングカルシウム応答

Cの生体内神経カルシウムイメージングでエレガンス

線虫の行動で個々のニューロンのレシオメトリックカルシウムイメージング

マウスの神経節神経節ニューロン反応のインビボカルシウムイメージングが味覚刺激に反応する

インビボマウス劣オリーブにおけるカルシウムイメージング

in vivoでの神経細胞カルシウムハンドリングの細胞内イメージング

ニューロンのカルシウムイメージング法

ショウジョウバエ In Vivoカルシウムイメージング:神経活動の機能イメージング法

遺伝的にコードされたカルシウムセンサーを発現する鋤鼻器のスライス標本のイメージング神経細胞応答

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

の臭気誘発応答のカルシウムイメージングショウジョウバエ触角葉

マウス鋤鼻急性組織スライス標本のイメージングフェロモンセンシング

視床下部マウス脳スライスのGFPタグニューロンにおけるイメージングカルシウム応答

Cの生体内神経カルシウムイメージングでエレガンス

線虫の行動で個々 のニューロンのレシオ メトリック カルシウム イメージング

マウスの神経節神経節ニューロン反応のインビボカルシウムイメージングが味覚刺激に反応する

インビボ マウス劣オリーブにおけるカルシウムイメージング

in vivoでの神経細胞カルシウムハンドリングの細胞内イメージング

ニューロンのカルシウムイメージング法

ショウジョウバエ In Vivoカルシウムイメージング:神経活動の機能イメージング法

線虫の行動で個々のニューロンのレシオメトリックカルシウムイメージング

インビボマウス劣オリーブにおけるカルシウムイメージング