Tutti i metodi descritti qui sono stati approvati dall'autorità di governo veterinaria (Landesamt für Landwirtschaft, Lebensmittelsicherheit und Fischerei Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, (LALLF M-V)).
1. cura preoperatoria e la preparazione dell'animale
<ol><li>All'arrivo nella struttura degli animali, animali (C57Bl/6) si divide in gruppi di dimensioni simili, ogni gruppo della gabbia insieme e mantenere gruppi costante durante gli esperimenti. Nota: Utilizzare animali dello stesso sesso. I risultati descritti sono stati ottenuti con topi maschi. Nota: Se vengono utilizzati gli animali maschii, gruppi gabbia insieme a partire da quando sono 7 settimane di età in modo che possa essere stabilita una gerarchia, minimizzando così il rischio di comportamento aggressivo durante gli esperimenti.</li>
	<li>Almeno una settimana prima dell'intervento chirurgico, passare a un'ad alta energia (> 14 MJ/kg) e ad alta percentuale proteica (> 20%) alimentazione contenente tutti gli oligoelementi essenziali e vitamine (per informazioni dettagliate, vedere elenco dei materiali). Nota: Assicurare tutti i topi pesare almeno 25 g quando l'ambulatorio è effettuato.</li>
	<li>Indurre l'anestesia e analgesia tramite l'iniezione intraperitoneale di ketamina (87 mg/kg i.p.) e xilazina cloridrato (13 mg/kg i.p.). Attendere fino a quando il mouse tollera lo stimolo meccanico, per esempio punta passo, senza risposta motoria.</li>
	<li>Fissare il mouse narcotizzato con nastri in posizione supina su un sottofondo di calore posizionato presso il banco di funzionamento, garantendo stabile posizionamento durante il funzionamento ed evitare un'enorme perdita di calore corporeo. Nota: Il sottoposto di calore deve avere una temperatura di 36 ° C a 40 ° C; la temperatura ambiente di funzionamento dovrebbe essere 21 ° C.</li>
</ol>2. operazione distale colostomia
<ol><li>Radersi i capelli addominali. Prima di iniziare l'intervento chirurgico, disinfettare il campo di funzionamento tre volte utilizzando alcol 70% e un iodophor. Drappo il campo di funzionamento per garantire condizioni di asepsi.</li>
	<li>Per eseguire una laparotomia mediana di 15 mm, incidendo i muscoli addominali ed il peritoneum lungo la linea alba, riducendo così al minimo la perdita di sangue.</li>
	<li>Utilizzare due DeBakey atraumatica, estrarre con cautela l'intestino cieco, ileo terminale e ascendente e colon trasverso dalla cavità peritoneale. Nota: Fare attenzione a limitare rigorosamente la manipolazione meccanica dell'intestino per evitare lesioni alle strutture mesenteriche.</li>
	<li>Identificare il Polo cecal, il colon ascendente e piccolo intestino (figure 1a e 1b). Nota: La corretta identificazione del colon ascendente è fondamentale per il corretto posizionamento del colostomy. Nei casi in cui l'anatomia della regione ileocecal è ambigua, la presenza di placche di Peyer identifica l'intestino tenue e la presenza di feci formate caratterizza il colon.</li>
	<li>Usare un righello per determinare la posizione del colostomy futuri. Esso va posizionata a 20 mm distale alla valvola ileocecal per una colostomia distale.</li>
	<li>Praticare una seconda incisione di 3 mm nella parete addominale nel quadrante superiore destro. Tirare il segmento del colon precedentemente identificato attraverso questa incisione per formare un anello, facendo attenzione a non distorcere il ciclo.</li>
	<li>Passare accuratamente una cannula 22 calibri flessibili i.v. attraverso il mesocolon. Fare attenzione a non per danneggiare le strutture vascolari mesenteriche.</li>
	<li>Restituire l'intestino nella cavità peritoneale.</li>
	<li>Difficoltà entrambe le estremità del tubo flessibile alla cute tramite semplici punti di sutura e una sutura riassorbibile (ad es., polyglactin 910 o polyfil 4-0 1/2 c).</li>
	<li>Prima di chiudere la laparotomia, eseguire la rianimazione fluida usando un'iniezione intraperitoneale di 0,5 mL di soluzione fisiologica 0,9%.</li>
	<li>Chiudere il peritoneo e lo strato del muscolo con una sutura continua utilizzando una sutura riassorbibile (ad es., polyglactin 910 o polyfil 4-0 1/2 c). Chiudere la pelle con una sutura continua utilizzando una sutura riassorbibile (ad es., polyglactin 910 o polyfil 4-0 1 / 2c).</li>
	<li>Aprire il ciclo colon esteriorizzato eseguendo un transection subtotale utilizzando una forbice bene. Evitare tutte le lesioni al mesentery. Transetto non colon completamente.</li>
	<li>Difficoltà ogni apertura di colostomia con tre punti di pieno-spessore singoli al peritoneo e della pelle utilizzando un monofilo, suturare assorbibile (ad es., polidioxanone o monofilo 6-0 3/8s). Ciclo afferente, che è un colostomy dell'estremità-funzionale, e il ciclo efferente, che è una fistola mucosa, sono chiaramente separati a questo punto (Figura 1C). Nota: Tempo di funzionamento deve essere meno di 20 minuti per limitare le perdite di fluido e termiche.</li>
	<li>Dopo chirurgia, di finitura disinfettare strumenti utilizzando una soluzione di disinfezione senza aldeide in bagno ad ultrasuoni secondo le istruzioni del produttore.</li>
</ol>3. sham operazione (Colotomy)
<ol><li>Eseguire i passaggi 1.1. attraverso 2.4.</li>
	<li>Usare un righello per determinare la posizione di futuri colotomy. Il colotomy deve essere posizionato alla stessa distanza dalla valvola ileocecal come la colostomia nel gruppo sperimentale.</li>
	<li>Aprire i due punti almeno due terzi utilizzando forbici bene la sua circonferenza.</li>
	<li>Nelle vicinanze il colotomy con un singolo strato, pieno-spessore interrotta sutura utilizzando un monofilo, suturare assorbibile (ad es., polidioxanone, monofilo 6-0 3/8s). Nota: Tempo di funzionamento deve essere meno di 20 minuti per un chirurgo sperimentato, limitando le perdite di fluido e termiche.</li>
	<li>Eseguire i passaggi 2.10. , 2.11. e 2.14.</li>
</ol>4. postoperatoria
<ol><li>Restituire gli animali nelle loro gabbie. Offrono un'atmosfera ben temperata di 37 ° C (ad es., con una lampada a raggi infrarossi) fino a quando i topi sono completamente svegli. Quindi, tenere topi in un ambiente di temperatura e umidità regolata (21 ° C, umidità relativa 30% ± 10%). Consentire il libero accesso a cibo e acqua potabile. Per facilitare l'assorbimento fluido, fornire ulteriori mangimi impregnati d'acqua.</li>
	<li>Iniziare l'analgesia postoperatoria iniettando 0,1 mg/kg corpo peso buprenorfina s.c. quando animali mostrano risposta alla stimolazione meccanica. Fare attenzione a evitare la depressione respiratoria.</li>
	<li>Supplemento acqua potabile con 1 mg/mL tramadol per analgesia continua durante la prima settimana postoperatoria.</li>
	<li>Per compensare la diminuita assunzione di liquidi causa di ridotta mobilità, fornire un solido Pad bere nella gabbia durante la prima settimana postoperatoria.</li>
	<li>Pesare gli animali e comportamento animale punteggio al giorno durante la prima settimana, ogni due giorni durante il resto del primo mese e ogni terzo giorno durante il secondo mese utilizzando il Punteggio di severità di malattia descritto in Kleinwort et al. 6.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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Tutti gli autori dichiarano di non avere nessun interessi concorrenti.

Il modello murino di DC ha presentato in questo protocollo affidabile riproduce le caratteristiche istopatologiche del DC umana (ad es., lo sviluppo del de novo di follicoli linfoidi nel submucosa dei segmenti dell'intestino infiammato, cripta accorciamento e riduzioni in numeri delle cellule di calice). Oltre a questo vantaggio, questo modello è indotta da un fattore scatenante molto simile e presenta con un decorso clinico di moderata gravità lieve, come è il caso in esseri umani più colpiti.
...

Negli ultimi anni, un numero sostanza di colite non infettive entità diverse da malattie intestinali infiammatorie classica (IBDs; i. e., ulcerosa o colite di Crohn) sono stati caratterizzati clinicamente e histopathologically in esseri umani. I meccanismi fisiopatologici che portano allo sviluppo di queste forme di colite completamente non sono capiti parzialmente perché appropriati modelli animali sono scarse. Colite di diversione è un'entità recentemente descritta. Anche se il termine è stato coniato nel 1980 da Glotzer1, la prima descrizione di un simile fenotipo è stato dato nel 1972 da Morson2. La malattia si sviluppa in 50%-91% dei pazienti con deviazione enterostomia e la sua intensità clinica varia3,4. Data l'incidenza annuale di circa 120.000 pazienti colostomia in Stati Uniti d'America, questa entità di malattia costituisce un problema sanitario importante.
L'obiettivo generale di sviluppare questo protocollo era di fornire un modello murino di DC che si basa su un trigger di colite simile a quello veduto in DC umana e che riproduce le caratteristiche istopatologiche primarie della malattia umana. A differenza di altri modelli di colite murina, induzione di colite nel nostro modello non necessita di animali geneticamente modificati (per esempio, topi transgenici IL-7, N-caderina dominante negativi topi o topi TGFβ- / - ), l'applicazione di chimicamente irritante sostanze (ad es., colite indotta del sodio (DSS) - colite indotta, o acido solfonico del trinitrobenzene (TNBS) - solfato di destrano), o il trasferimento di popolazioni di cellule specifiche in topi carenti immuni (come il trasferimentoad alta CD45RB modello di colite) (per una rassegna, Vedi5). A differenza di altri modelli, il sistema immunitario intatto del nostro modello DC consente la valutazione del meccanismo immunologico coinvolti nello sviluppo del DC. La limitazione della infiammazione delle mucose al segmento di intestino escluso consente la valutazione della sua ripercussione su immunità mucosale in altre parti del tratto gastrointestinale, sull'omeostasi immunitaria in altri scompartimenti immuni del tratto intestinale (per esempio. , Patch di Peyer ed i linfonodi di Intestinum) e sull'omeostasi immunitaria dell'intero organismo. Infine, il nostro modello costituisce uno strumento appropriato per indagare i meccanismi di controllo stimoli infiammatori locali provenienti da cambiamenti nell'ambiente locale normale per entrambi il microbioma locale come pure gli antigeni alimentari.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Operation material</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">heat underlay, 6 watt</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ThermoLux, Witte + Sutor GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">461265</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Ethanol 70% (with methylethylketon)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Pharmacie of the University Hospital Greifswald</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Wooden applicators, small cotton head onesided, wooden stick, 150 mm length</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Centramed GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8308370</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for disinfection of operation field</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scissor</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Aesculap (BRAUN)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BC064R</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Atraumatic DeBakey forceps</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Aesculap (BRAUN)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">OC021R</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Needle holder</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Aesculap (BRAUN)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BM012R</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Vasofix Safety i.v. cannula 22G</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4268091S-01</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">VICRYL Plus 4-0 violet braided; V-5 17 m 1/2c; 70 cm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ETHICON, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VCP994H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">PDS II 6-0 monofil; V-18 13 mm 3/8c; 70 cm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ETHICON, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z991H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">BD Plastipak 1 mL (Syringes with needle with sterile interior)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BD Medical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">305501</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Triacid-N (N-Dodecylpropan-1,3-diamin)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ANTISEPTICA, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18824-01</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">disinfection of surgical instruments in ultrasonic bath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Medications</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ketamine 10%, 100 mg/mL (ketamine hydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">selectavet, Dr. Otto Fischer GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9089.01.00</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">87 mg/kg i.p.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Xylasel, 20 mg/mL (xylazine hydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">selectavet, Dr. Otto Fischer GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">400300.00.00</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">13 mg/kg i.p.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NaCl 0.9%</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6697366.00.00</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Buprenovet 0.3 mg/mL (buprenorphine)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Bayer, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PZN: 01498870</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">0.1 mg/kg s.c.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tramal Drops, 100 mg/mL (tramadol hydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Gr&#252;nenthal GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10116838</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 mg/mL drinking water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ceftriaxon-saar 2 g (ceftriaxone)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Cephasaar GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PZN: 08844252</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">25 mg/kg body weight i.p.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">metronidazole 5 mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PZN: 05543515</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">12.5 mg/kg body weight i.p.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Food</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ssniff M-Z Ereich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ssniff, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;V1184-3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Solid Drink Dehyprev Vit BIO, pouches</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">TripleATrading, the Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SDSHPV-75</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Nikon Eclipse Ci-L</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Nikon Instruments Europe BV, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>light microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">VetScan HM 5&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Abaxis, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">770-9000</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Veterinary hematology analyzer of 50 &#181;l venous EDTA-blood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Bandelin SONOREX (Ultrasonic bath)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Bandelin electronics, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RK 100 H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">disinfection of surgical instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">NIS-Element BR4 software</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Nikon Instruments Europe BV, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">GraphPad Prism Version 6</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

murine distal colostomy, a novel model of diversion colitis in c57bl/6 mice

Colite di diversione (DC) è una condizione clinica frequente che si verificano in pazienti con segmenti intestinali esclusi dal flusso a seguito di un'enterostomia diversione fecale. L'eziologia di questa malattia rimane mal definita, ma sembra differire da quello di malattie intestinali infiammatorie classica come il morbo di Crohn e colite ulcerosa. Ricerca finalizzata a decifrare i meccanismi fisiopatologici che portano allo sviluppo di questa malattia è stata gravemente ostacolata dalla mancanza di un appropriato modello murino. Questo protocollo genera un modello murino di DC che facilita lo studio del ruolo del sistema immunitario e la sua interazione con il microbioma nello sviluppo della DC. In questo modello utilizzando animali C57BL/6, parti distali del colon sono esclusi dal flusso fecale creando un colostomy distale, innescare lo sviluppo di delicato per moderare l'infiammazione nei segmenti intestinali esclusi e riproducendo le lesioni di segno distintivo dell'essere umano DC con una risposta infiammatoria sistemica moderata. Contrariamente al modello di ratto, un gran numero di modelli murini geneticamente modificati sullo sfondo C57BL/6 è disponibile. La combinazione di questi animali con il nostro modello consente i possibili ruoli di diverse citochine, chemochine o recettori di molecole bioattive (ad es., interleuchina (IL) -17; IL-10, chemokine CXCL13, recettori per le chemochine CXCR5 e CCR7 e il recettore della sfingosina-1-fosfato 4) deve essere valutata nella patogenesi della DC. La disponibilità di diversi ceppi di topi Congenici sullo sfondo C57BL/6 facilita in gran parte gli esperimenti di trasferimento per stabilire i ruoli dei tipi cellulari coinvolti nell'eziologia della DC. Infine, il modello offre l'opportunità di valutare le influenze di interventi locali (ad esempio, modifica del microbioma locale o terapia antinfiammatoria locale) su immunità mucosale nei segmenti intestinali affetti e non affetti e il su omeostasi immunitaria sistemica.

Chirurgia è ben tollerato sia nei gruppi di sham (colotomy) e sperimentale (colostomia). Mortalità perioperatoria non deve superare il 10% quando la chirurgia e perioperative management viene eseguita correttamente. Nella prima settimana postoperatoria, perdita di peso significativa è visto in entrambi i gruppi sperimentali e sham. Gli animali del gruppo finto raggiungono loro nadir di peso solitamente verso il quarto giorno postoperatorio, ma si verifica un giorno più tardi nel grupp...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice at JoVE.com

Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice

Murino colostomia distale, un nuovo modello di colite di diversione in topi C57BL/6

Murino colostomia distale fornisce un modello murino per colite di diversione umana, una colite linfocitaria prevalentemente nel segmento del colon escluso dal flusso fecale.

Diversion colitis (DC) is a frequent clinical condition occurring in patients with bowel segments excluded from the fecal stream as a result of a ...

murine-distal-colostomy-novel-model-diversion-colitis-c57bl6

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.8K Views.  Universitätsmedizin Greifswald. Murino colostomia distale fornisce un modello murino per colite di diversione umana, una colite linfocitaria prevalentemente nel segmento del colon escluso dal flusso fecale.

Video: Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. Impaired wound healing, which occurs in diabetic patients for example, can lead to severe unfavorable outcomes such as amputation. There is, therefore, an increasing impetus to develop novel agents that promote wound repair. The testing of these has been limited to large animal models such as swine, which are often impractical. Mice represent the ideal preclinical model, as they are economical and amenable to genetic manipulation, which allows for mechanistic investigation. However, wound healing in a mouse is fundamentally different to that of humans as it primarily occurs via contraction. Our murine model overcomes this by incorporating a splint around the wound. By splinting the wound, the repair process is then dependent on epithelialization, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, which closely mirror the biological processes of human wound healing. Whilst requiring consistency and care, this murine model does not involve complicated surgical techniques and allows for the robust testing of promising agents that may, for example, promote angiogenesis or inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, each mouse acts as its own control as two wounds are prepared, enabling the application of both the test compound and the vehicle control on the same animal. In conclusion, we demonstrate a practical, easy-to-learn, and robust model of wound healing, which is comparable to that of humans.

A murine model of cutaneous wound healing that can be used to assess therapeutic compounds in physiological and pathophysiological settings.

Modello murino di guarigione delle ferite

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Flexible Colonoscopy in Mice to Evaluate the Severity of Colitis and Colorectal Tumors Using a Validated Endoscopic Scoring System

The use of modern endoscopy for research purposes has greatly facilitated our understanding of gastrointestinal pathologies. In particular, experimental endoscopy has been highly useful for studies that require repeated assessments in a single laboratory animal, such as those evaluating mechanisms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease and the progression of colorectal cancer. However, the methods used across studies are highly variable. At least three endoscopic scoring systems have been published for murine colitis and published protocols for the assessment of colorectal tumors fail to address the presence of concomitant colonic inflammation. This study develops and validates a reproducible endoscopic scoring system that integrates evaluation of both inflammation and tumors simultaneously. This novel scoring system has three major components: 1) assessment of the extent and severity of colorectal inflammation (based on perianal findings, transparency of the wall, mucosal bleeding, and focal lesions), 2) quantitative recording of tumor lesions (grid map and bar graph), and 3) numerical sorting of clinical cases by their pathological and research relevance based on decimal units with assigned categories of observed lesions and endoscopic complications (decimal identifiers). The video and manuscript presented herein were prepared, following IACUC-approved protocols, to allow investigators to score their own experimental mice using a well-validated and highly reproducible endoscopic methodology, with the system option to differentiate distal from proximal endoscopic colitis (D-PECS).

Over the past few years, new generation endoscopes have emerged as important diagnostic research aids for evaluating murine colitis and colorectal tumors. We present herein a detailed protocol for endoscopic assessment of inflammation and colorectal tumors in mice, as well as a novel scoring system that uses decimal identifiers to document the endoscopic severity of colitis and colorectal tumors.

La colonscopia flessibile in topi per valutare la gravità della colite e colon-retto Tumori Utilizzo di un sistema Validated endoscopica Scoring

The use of modern endoscopy for research purposes has greatly facilitated our understanding of gastrointestinal pathologies. In particular, experimental ...

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

Un modello murino di emorragia subaracnoidea

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Permanent Coagulation of the Distal Middle Cerebral Artery

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical options are available for a small proportion of stroke patients in the acute phase. Current research is intensively searching for novel therapeutic strategies and is increasingly focusing on the sub-acute and chronic phase after stroke because more patients might be eligible for therapeutic interventions in a prolonged time window. These delayed mechanisms include important pathophysiological pathways such as post-stroke inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity and regeneration. In order to analyze these mechanisms and to subsequently evaluate novel drug targets, experimental stroke models with clinical relevance, low mortality and high reproducibility are sought after. Moreover, mice are the smallest mammals in which a focal stroke lesion can be induced and for which a broad spectrum of transgenic models are available. Therefore, we describe here the mouse model of transcranial, permanent coagulation of the middle cerebral artery via electrocoagulation distal of the lenticulostriatal arteries, the so-called &#8220;coagulation model&#8221;. The resulting infarct in this model is located mainly in the cortex; the relative infarct volume in relation to brain size corresponds to the majority of human strokes. Moreover, the model fulfills the above-mentioned criteria of reproducibility and low mortality. In this video we demonstrate the surgical methods of stroke induction in the &#8220;coagulation model&#8221; and report histological and functional analysis tools.

Various murine models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) are widely used in experimental brain research. Here, we demonstrate the model of transcranial permanent distal MCAO which produces consistent cortical infarction of a size corresponding to damage imposed by the majority of human ischemic strokes.

Corsa di modellazione in Mouse: Coagulazione permanente dell&#39;arteria cerebrale media distale

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

Infusi carotide di farmacocinetica e di farmacodinamica Analisi dei taxani nei topi

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all limb bone fractures fail to heal completely due to the extent of the trauma, disease, or age of the patient. Our ability to improve bone regenerative strategies is critically dependent on the ability to mimic serious bone trauma in test animals, but the generation and stabilization of large bone lesions is technically challenging. In most cases, serious long bone trauma is mimicked experimentally by establishing a defect that will not naturally heal. This is achieved by complete removal of a bone segment that is larger than 1.5 times the diameter of the bone cross-section. The bone is then stabilized with a metal implant to maintain proper orientation of the fracture edges and allow for mobility. 
Due to their small size and the fragility of their long bones, establishment of such lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. As such, long bone defect models are confined to rats and larger animals. Nevertheless, mice afford significant research advantages in that they can be genetically modified and bred as immune-compromised strains that do not reject human cells and tissue.
Herein, we demonstrate a technique that facilitates the generation of a segmental defect in mouse femora using standard laboratory and veterinary equipment. With practice, fabrication of the fixation device and surgical implantation is feasible for the majority of trained veterinarians and animal research personnel. Using example data, we also provide methodologies for the quantitative analysis of bone healing for the model.

Animal models are frequently employed to mimic serious bone injury in biomedical research. Due to their small size, establishment of stabilized bone lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. Herein, we describe a simple method for establishing and analyzing experimental femoral defects in mice.

Un semplice Critical dimensioni femorale Difetto Modello in Mice

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all ...

A Novel Murine Model of Arteriovenous Fistula Failure: The Surgical Procedure in Detail

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) still suffers from a high number of failures caused by insufficient remodeling and intimal hyperplasia from which the exact pathophysiology remains unknown. In order to unravel the pathophysiology a murine model of AVF-failure was developed in which the configuration of the anastomosis resembles the preferred situation in the clinical setting. A model was described in which an AVF is created by connecting the venous end of the branch of the external jugular vein to the side of the common carotid artery using interrupted sutures. At a histological level, we observed progressive stenotic intimal lesions in the venous outflow tract that is also seen in failed human AVFs. Although this procedure can be technically challenging due to the small dimensions of the animal, we were able to achieve a surgical success rate of 97% after sufficient training. The key advantage of a murine model is the availability of transgenic animals. In view of the different proposed mechanisms that are responsible for AVF failure, disabling genes that might play a role in vascular remodeling can help us to unravel the complex pathophysiology of AVF failure.

Here we present a murine model of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure in which a clinically relevant anastomotic configuration is incorporated. This model can be used to study the pathophysiology and to test possible therapeutic interventions.

A Novel Modello murino di fistola artero-venosa Fallimento: la procedura chirurgica in dettaglio

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) still suffers from a high number of failures caused by insufficient remodeling and intimal hyperplasia from which the ...

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with diverse clinical and immunological manifestations. Several spontaneous and inducible animal models mirror common components of human disease, including the bm12 transfer model. Upon transfer of bm12 splenocytes or purified CD4 T cells, C57BL/6 mice rapidly develop large frequencies of T follicular helper cells (Tfh), germinal center (GC) B cells, and plasma cells followed by high levels of circulating anti-nuclear antibodies. Since this model utilizes mice on a pure C57BL/6 background, researchers can quickly and easily study disease progression in transgenic or knockout mouse strains in a relatively short period of time. Here we describe protocols for the induction of the model and the quantitation Tfh, GC B cells, and plasma cells by multi-color flow cytometry. Importantly, these protocols can also be used to characterize disease in most mouse models of SLE and identify Tfh, GC B cells, and plasma cells in other disease models.

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE in C57BL/6 Mice

The transfer of bm12 lymphocytes into a C57BL/6 recipient is an established model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Here we describe how to initiate disease using this model and how to characterize T follicular helper cells, germinal center B cells and plasma cells by flow cytometry.

Il BM12 inducibile modello di Lupus Eritematoso Sistemico (LES) in C57BL / 6 Mice

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with diverse clinical and immunological manifestations. Several spontaneous and inducible ...

A Novel Microsurgical Model for Heterotopic, En Bloc Chest Wall, Thymus, and Heart Transplantation in Mice

Exploration of novel strategies in organ transplantation to prolong allograft survival and minimizing the need for long-term maintenance immunosuppression must be pursued. Employing vascularized bone marrow transplantation and co-transplantation of the thymus have shown promise in this regard in various animal models.1-11 Vascularized bone marrow transplantation allows for the uninterrupted transfer of donor bone marrow cells within the preserved donor microenvironment, and the incorporation of thymus tissue with vascularized bone marrow transplantation has shown to increase T-cell chimerism ultimately playing a supportive role in the induction of immune regulation. The combination of solid organ and vascularized composite allotransplantation can uniquely combine these strategies in the form of a novel transplant model. Murine models serve as an excellent paradigm to explore the mechanisms of acute and chronic rejection, chimerism, and tolerance induction, thus providing the foundation to propagate superior allograft survival strategies for larger animal models and future clinical application. Herein, we developed a novel heterotopic en bloc chest wall, thymus, and heart transplant model in mice using a cervical non-suture cuff technique. The experience in syngeneic and allogeneic transplant settings is described for future broader immunological investigations via an instructional manuscript and video supplement.

To study combined solid organ and vascularized composite allotransplantation, we describe a novel heterotopic en bloc chest wall, thymus, and heart transplant model in mice using a cervical non-suture cuff technique.

A Novel microchirurgica modello per eterotopica, in blocco parete toracica, Timo, e trapianto cardiaco nei topi

Exploration of novel strategies in organ transplantation to prolong allograft survival and minimizing the need for long-term maintenance immunosuppression ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

Induzione di aterosclerosi accelerata nei topi: il modello "Wire-Injury"

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...