המחברים מבקשים להודות לקריסטן בולרד-פייבלמן, למילנה וסלינוביץ וקלאודיה רוקר על עזרתם באפיון הווירוס הנגזר משבטים. עבודה זו נתמכה בחלקו על ידי מענקים של המכון הלאומי לאלרגיה ומחלות זיהומיות, NIH תחת מענקים AI114675 (BJG) ו AI067380 (GDE).

<ol>
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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Successful+propagation+of+flavivirus+infectious+cDNAs+by+a+novel+method+to+reduce+the+cryptic+bacterial+promoter+activity+of+virus+genomes.">Successful propagation of flavivirus infectious cDNAs by a novel method to reduce the cryptic bacterial promoter activity of virus genomes.</a> J Virol. 85 (6), 2927-2941 (2011).</li><li>Rice, C. M., Grakoui, A., Galler, R., Chambers, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+of+infectious+yellow+fever+RNA+from+full-length+cDNA+templates+produced+by+in+vitro+ligation.">Transcription of infectious yellow fever RNA from full-length cDNA templates produced by in vitro ligation.</a> New Biol. 1 (3), 285-296 (1989).</li><li>Yun, S. I., Kim, S. Y., Rice, C. M., Lee, Y. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+application+of+a+reverse+genetics+system+for+Japanese+encephalitis+virus.">Development and application of a reverse genetics system for Japanese encephalitis virus.</a> J Virol. 77 (11), 6450-6465 (2003).</li><li>Gualano, R. C., Pryor, M. J., Cauchi, M. R., Wright, P. J., Davidson, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+major+determinant+of+mouse+neurovirulence+of+dengue+virus+type+2+using+stably+cloned+genomic-length+cDNA.">Identification of a major determinant of mouse neurovirulence of dengue virus type 2 using stably cloned genomic-length cDNA.</a> J Gen Virol. 79 (Pt 3), 437-446 (1998).</li><li>Johansen, I. 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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescue+of+the+1947+Zika+Virus+Prototype+Strain+with+a+Cytomegalovirus+Promoter-Driven+cDNA+Clone.">Rescue of the 1947 Zika Virus Prototype Strain with a Cytomegalovirus Promoter-Driven cDNA Clone.</a> mSphere. 1 (5), (2016).</li><li>Tsetsarkin, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Full-Length+Infectious+cDNA+Clone+of+Zika+Virus+from+the+2015+Epidemic+in+Brazil+as+a+Genetic+Platform+for+Studies+of+Virus-Host+Interactions+and+Vaccine+Development.">A Full-Length Infectious cDNA Clone of Zika Virus from the 2015 Epidemic in Brazil as a Genetic Platform for Studies of Virus-Host Interactions and Vaccine Development.</a> MBio. 7 (4), (2016).</li><li>Gadea, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+robust+method+for+the+rapid+generation+of+recombinant+Zika+virus+expressing+the+GFP+reporter+gene.">A robust method for the rapid generation of recombinant Zika virus expressing the GFP reporter gene.</a> Virology. 497, 157-162 (2016).</li><li>Kapoor, M., Zhang, L., Mohan, P. M., Padmanabhan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+characterization+of+an+infectious+dengue+virus+type-2+RNA+genome+(New+Guinea+C+strain).">Synthesis and characterization of an infectious dengue virus type-2 RNA genome (New Guinea C strain).</a> Gene. 162 (2), 175-180 (1995).</li><li>Messer, W. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+characterization+of+a+reverse+genetic+system+for+studying+dengue+virus+serotype+3+strain+variation+and+neutralization.">Development and characterization of a reverse genetic system for studying dengue virus serotype 3 strain variation and neutralization.</a> PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 6 (2), e1486 (2012).</li><li>Kinney, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Avian+virulence+and+thermostable+replication+of+the+North+American+strain+of+West+Nile+virus.">Avian virulence and thermostable replication of the North American strain of West Nile virus.</a> J Gen Virol. 87 (Pt 12), 3611-3622 (2006).</li><li>Chang, A. C., Cohen, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Construction+and+characterization+of+amplifiable+multicopy+DNA+cloning+vehicles+derived+from+the+P15A+cryptic+miniplasmid.">Construction and characterization of amplifiable multicopy DNA cloning vehicles derived from the P15A cryptic miniplasmid.</a> J Bacteriol. 134 (3), 1141-1156 (1978).</li><li>Weger-Lucarelli, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+Characterization+of+Recombinant+Virus+Generated+from+a+New+World+Zika+Virus+Infectious+Clone.">Development and Characterization of Recombinant Virus Generated from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone.</a> J Virol. 91 (1), (2017).</li><li>Roberts, P. L., Lloyd, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virus+inactivation+by+protein+denaturants+used+in+affinity+chromatography.">Virus inactivation by protein denaturants used in affinity chromatography.</a> Biologicals. 35 (4), 343-347 (2007).</li><li>Baer, A., Kehn-Hall, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+concentration+determination+through+plaque+assays:+using+traditional+and+novel+overlay+systems.">Viral concentration determination through plaque assays: using traditional and novel overlay systems.</a> J Vis Exp. (93), e52065 (2014).</li><li>Weger-Lucarelli, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+Characterization+of+Recombinant+Virus+Generated+from+a+New+World+Zika+Virus+Infectious+Clone.">Development and Characterization of Recombinant Virus Generated from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone.</a> J Virol. , (2016).</li><li>Grubaugh, N. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+Drift+during+Systemic+Arbovirus+Infection+of+Mosquito+Vectors+Leads+to+Decreased+Relative+Fitness+during+Host+Switching.">Genetic Drift during Systemic Arbovirus Infection of Mosquito Vectors Leads to Decreased Relative Fitness during Host Switching.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 19 (4), 481-492 (2016).</li></ol>

למחברים אין מה לחשוף.

Here we describe a method for the recovery of a bipartite infectious cDNA clone system for ZIKV. Previously described clones for ZIKV suffer from either attenuation or require the addition of introns, making plasmids larger and preventing rescue in insect cells. Infectious virus can be recovered using the two-plasmid clone system in either mammalian or insect cells (data not shown). In addition, virus recovered from this system behaves similarly to wild-type virus in several cell lines, in an immunocompromised mouse model and in mosquitoes. 
Due to the presence of cryptic bacterial promoters in flavivirus genomes3, full-length flavivirus clones are difficult to work with, commonly resulting in mutations, insertions, deletions or rearrangements in plasmids. We sought to alleviate these concerns by separating the ZIKV genome into two plasmids, disrupting the toxic sequences that are present in the viral NS1 gene. This resulted in a more stable system that is also amenable to incorporating changes. Using this clone system, we have introduced several point mutations in the ZIKV genome and inserted foreign sequences in the 3' UTR (data not shown). This system also provides an ideal starting point for studying genetic determinants of pathogenesis, construction of vaccine candidates and development of reporter viruses. Additionally, the clone-derived virus has proven to be an important tool for studying virus evolution22.
The methods described here can also be applied to new two-plasmid clone systems for other ZIKV strains or other flaviviruses, with some modifications. An important consideration for creating new virus clone systems using this approach is identifying a naturally occurring restriction enzyme site in the viral genome near the envelope-NS1 gene junction. If a suitable site cannot be found, then it is possible to generate one artificially via PCRmutagenesis. Alternatively, we have successfully rescued infectious virus by using Gibson assembly, if overlapping segments can be generated via restriction digestion (data not shown). Furthermore, it is necessary to include either a restriction enzyme cleavage site or a ribozyme sequence immediately downstream of the viral genome to ensure an authentic 3'UTR. 
By using a two-plasmid approach, we found that a stable and relatively straightforward cDNA clone system for ZIKV could be developed. The infectious virus recovered from the clone possessed wild-type characteristics in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, this approach can be adapted for any flavivirus, facilitating reverse genetics approaches for other relevant viruses.

נגיף זיקה (ZIKV: משפחה Flaviviridae : Genus Flavivirus ) הוא flavivirus שנולדו יתוש שהגיע בברזיל ב 2013-14 ו היה קשור לאחר מכן עם התפרצות מסיבית של מחלה חום כי התפשטה ברחבי אמריקה 1 . בנוסף, ZIKV נקשר לתוצאות חמורות של המחלה, כגון תסמונת Guillain-Barré במבוגרים ו מיקרוסקפליה בעוברים ובילודים. מעט ידוע על ZIKV לפני התפשטותה המהירה בחצי הכדור המערבי. זה כלל היעדר כלים מולקולריים, ובכך מעכב מחקר מכניסטי. כלים מולקולריים לווירוסים, כגון שיבוטים cDNA זיהומיות, להקל על החיסון ועל התפתחות טיפולית אנטי ויראלית, ולאפשר הערכה של גורמים גנטיים ויראליים הקשורים פתוגנזה ויראלי דיפרנציאלי, התגובה החיסונית ואת האבולוציה ויראלי. Flavivirus שיבוטים זיהומיות ידועים להיות מאוד לא יציבים חיידקים עקב CRיזמים prokaryotic yptic הנוכחי בגנום שלהם 3 . מספר גישות שימשו לשיפור הבעיה; כולל החדרת טנדם חוזרת במעלה הזרם של רצפים ויראליים 4 , מוטציה של רצפים prokaryotic משוער prokaryotic 5 , פיצול הגנום למספר פלסמידים 6 , וקטורים מספר להעתיק נמוך (כולל כרומוזומים מלאכותיים חיידקים) 7 , 8 והכנסת אינטרונים בגנום ויראלי 9 . מערכת אחת באורך מלא ללא שינויים תוארה עבור ZIKV; עם זאת, שיבוט זה נראה להיות מוחלש בתרבית תאים בעכברים 10 . קבוצות אחרות יש מהונדסים אינטרונים לתוך הגנום ZIKV, המאפשר הפרעה רצפים יציבים חיידקים שיכולים להיות spliced ​​החוצה בתאי יונקים במבחנה לייצור וירוס זיהומיות 11, 12 . בנוסף, מערכת מבוססת PCR בשם זיהום Subgenomic-Amplicons שימש בהצלחה להציל את אב טיפוס MR766 אב טיפוס של ZIKV 13 . הגישה המתוארת כאן אינה דורשת רצפים זרים, אלא משבשת את הגנום באזור של חוסר יציבות גבוהה באמצעות פלסמידים מרובים, אשר בעבר נעשה שימוש בהצלחה עם קדחת צהובה 6 , דנגה 14 , 15 ו נילוס המערבי וירוסים 16 . יתר על כן, תוספת של רצף הפטיטיס D ribozyme על טרמיני הגנומי ויראלי מקל על יצירת של 3 אות &#39;אותנטי ללא צורך הוספת של האתר linearization. בנוסף, הן פלסמידים בנויים וקטור מספר עותק נמוך (pACYC177, ~ 15 עותקים לכל תא) כדי למתן כל רעילות שיורית 17 . הנגיף התאושש מציג פרופיל צמיחה דומהנגיף הוריתי ב עקומות הצמיחה במבחנה 8 שורות תאים המרכיבים מגוון של סוגי תאים נגזר הן יונקים וחרקים, וכן הציג פרופילים פתוגניים זהים בעכברים זיהום, הפצה ושיעורי תעבורה יתושים 18 . להלן, אנו מפרטים בפרוטוקול המתאר כיצד לגדל את פלסמידים משוכפלים זיהומיות, ליצור אורך מלא RNA ויראלי (הגנום ויראלי) במבחנה, ולשחזר וירוס זיהומיות בתרבית תאים. ראשית, אנו מתארים את התפשטות של פלסמידים חיידקים או חיידקים ללא הגברה באמצעות הגברה מעגל הגברה (RCA). לאחר מכן, אנו מראים כיצד שני פלסמידים מתעכלים ולאחר מכן ligated לאחר מכן יחד כדי ליצור וירוס באורך מלא. לבסוף, אנו מתארים את הייצור של רנ&quot;א transcript ו electroporation הבאים שלה לתוך תאים Vero, ואחריו טיטרציה של וירוס התאושש ( איור 1 ). הגישה המתוארת היא מהירה, המאפשרתR ההתאוששות של מניות זיהומיות וירוס בשבועות 1-2.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>NEB Stable CompetentE. coli</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>C3040H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbenicillin, Disodium Salt</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zyppy Plasmid Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>D4036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZymoPURE Plasmid Maxiprep Kit</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>D4202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SalI-HF</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3138S</td>
			<td>20,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NheI-HF</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3131S</td>
			<td>20,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ApaLI</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R0507S</td>
			<td>10,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EcoRI-HF</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3101S</td>
			<td>20,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BamHI-HF</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3136S</td>
			<td>20,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HindIII-HF</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3104S</td>
			<td>20,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>illustra TempliPhi 100 Amplification Kit</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td>25640010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-up</td>
			<td>Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td>740609.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase (rSAP)</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>M0371S</td>
			<td>1,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline Phosphatase, Calf Intestinal (CIP)</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>M0290S</td>
			<td>10,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>M0202S</td>
			<td>400,000units/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HiScribe T7 ARCA mRNA Kit</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>E2065S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vero cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECM 630 High Throughput Electroporation System</td>
			<td>BTX</td>
			<td>45-0423</td>
			<td>Other machines are acceptable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB Broth with agar (Miller)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L3147</td>
			<td>Can be homemade as well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Terrific Broth</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T0918</td>
			<td>Can be homemade as well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Celltreat</td>
			<td>229693</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture Tubes</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>60818-576</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T75 flasks</td>
			<td>Celltreat</td>
			<td>229340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T182 flasks</td>
			<td>Celltreat</td>
			<td>229350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x PBS</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM with L-glutamine and 4.5 g/L glucose</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-017-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Atlas Biologicals</td>
			<td>FP-0500-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tragacanth Powder</td>
			<td>MP Bio</td>
			<td>MP 104792</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crystal Violet</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0528-1006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol Denatured</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>BDH1156-1LP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well plate</td>
			<td>Celltreat</td>
			<td>229106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 well plate</td>
			<td>Celltreat</td>
			<td>229111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sequencing Oligos</td>
			<td>IDT</td>
			<td>see table 1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit 3.0</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>Qubit 3.0</td>
			<td>other methods are acceptable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit dsDNA BR Assay Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>Q32850</td>
			<td>other methods are acceptable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit RNA HS Assay Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>Q32852</td>
			<td>other methods are acceptable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Class II Biosafety Cabinet</td>
			<td>Varies</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>This is necessary for live-virus work.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rescue and characterization of recombinant virus from a new world zika virus infectious clone

שיבוטים cDNA זיהומיות לאפשר מניפולציה גנטית של הנגיף, ובכך להקל על עבודה על חיסונים, פתוגנזה, שכפול, שידור האבולוציה ויראלי. כאן אנו מתארים את הבנייה של שיבוט זיהומיות עבור Zika וירוס (ZIKV), אשר כרגע גורם להתפרצות נפץ באמריקה. כדי למנוע רעילות לחיידקים, כי הוא נצפה בדרך כלל עם פלסמידים הנגזרים flavivirus, יצרנו מערכת שני פלסמיד המפריד בין הגנום בגן NS1 והוא יציב יותר מאשר באורך מלא בונה שלא ניתן לשחזר בהצלחה ללא מוטציות. לאחר עיכול קשירת להצטרף שני קטעים, RNA ויראלי באורך מלא יכול להיווצר על ידי שעתוק במבחנה עם פולימרז T7 RNA. בעקבות electroporation של RNA transcribed לתאים, וירוס היה התאושש כי הציג דומה קינטיקה הצמיחה במבחנה ב vivo ארסיות פנוטיפים זיהום בעכברים ויתושים, בהתאמה.

פרוטוקול המתואר כאן מאפשר התאוששות של זיהום נגוע נגוע זיקה וירוס. מניפולציה של שני מערכת פלסמיד שיבוט זיהומיות היא פשוטה כאשר מבוצעת בזהירות, לעומת גירסאות באורך מלא, שהם מאוד לא יציבים (נתונים לא מוצגים). לאחר עיכול קשירת של שתי חתיכות נפרדות, כתרים CNA מיוצר באמצעות שעתוק במבחנה עם פולימראז T7 אשר לאחר מכן electroporated לתוך תאים Vero ( איור 1 ). רצף פלסמיד נכון ניתן לפקח באמצעות עיכול הגבלה כמו miniprep פרוקסי הבאה ( איור 2 א ) ודרך סנגר רצף לאחר הייצור בקנה מידה גדול DNA עם RCA או maxiprep. לאחר אישור של שיבוטים על ידי רצף, ההתאוששות של וירוס זיהומיות דורש רק עיכול, קשירת, שעתוק במבחנה ולבסוף electroporation. ניתן לבצע את השלבים הבאים ביום אחד. נכון digeStion ו קשירת יכול להיות פיקוח על ידי agarose ג&#39;ל אלקטרופורזה ( איור 2b ), המאפשר פתרון בעיות, במידת הצורך. כפי שמוצג באיור 3 , וירוס משוכפל נגזר משוכפל לרמות דומות כמו ההורה לבודד במבחנה במספר שורות תאים, מה שמרמז כי הנגיף התאושש מן cDNA משכפל דומה לבודד העיקרי. בנוסף, לא נצפו הבדלים משמעותיים בין הנגיף הנגוע המשובש לבין ההפרדה ההורית בשיעורי ההישרדות בעכברים או בשיעורי ההדבקה, ההפצה וההעברה של יתושים Aedesyi Aedes ( איור 4 ). <img alt="איור 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55857/55857fig1.jpg" /> איור 1: זרימת עבודה של ZIKV הצלה מתוך שיבוט cDNA שני פלסמיד.הגנום של זיקוב זן PRVABC59 היה משובטים בשני חלקים נפרדים לתוך עמוד השדרה פלסמיד pACYC177. שני פלסמידים היו מעוכל אז ligated עם ליגז T4 DNA. Capped- זיהומיות RNA הופק אז באמצעות שעתוק במבחנה ואחריו electroporation לתוך תאים Vero. (איור מותאם מתוך התייחסות 21 ). <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55857/55857fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">אנא לחץ כאן כדי להציג גרסה גדולה יותר של דמות זו.</a> <img alt="איור 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55857/55857fig2.jpg" /> איור 2: ג &#39;ל אלקטרופורזה לפקח על עיכול קשירת cDNA שיבוט. ( א ) עיכול הגבלה ראשונית של miniprep פלסמידים נגזרות להעריך יציבות גנטית. ( ב ) דוגמאות של עיכול מוצרים קשירת במהלך ההתאוששות של וירוס זיהומיות ממערכת שני פלסמיד שיבוט. <a<html> Href = &quot;https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55857/55857fig2large.jpg&quot; target = &quot;_ blank&quot;&gt; לחץ כאן כדי להציג גרסה גדולה יותר של נתון זה. <img alt="איור 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55857/55857fig3.jpg" /> איור 3: במבחנה צמיחה קינטיקה של וירוס נגזר משובטים. קינטיקה הצמיחה של סוג בר PRVABC59 ו זיהום נגוע נגוע בנגיף על האדם (SH-SY5Y, צנצנת ו NTERA2 cI.D1), יתוש (C6 / 36, Aag2) ואת הלא פרימאטים אנושיים (Vero) שורות תאים הוערכו על ידי assay פלאק. N = 3 שורות שגיאה מייצגות סטיית תקן מהממוצע. (איור מותאם מתוך התייחסות 21 ). <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55857/55857fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">אנא לחץ כאן כדי להציג גרסה גדולה יותר של דמות זו.</a> 55857fig4.jpg &quot;/&gt; איור 4: אפיון vivo של וירוס נגזר משובטים בעכברים ויתושים. ( A ) בן 4 שבועות של זכר ונקבה אינטרפרון אלפא, נוקאאא ביתא וגאמא, AG129, עכברים היו מחוסנים intraperitoneally עם 1,000 PFU של PRVABC59 או נגוע נגוע בנגיף נגוע זיהום לאורך זמן להישרדות (n = 11). יתושים aegypti Aedes ניתנו מדלקת דם מידבקת המכיל ZIKV ו גזור 14 ימים לאחר מכן. ( ב ) מבחני פלאק שימשו להערכת גופים יתושים (זיהום), רגליים (הפצה) או הפרשות הרוק (שידור) עבור וירוס מדבק. השיעורים מוצגים כאחוז מכלל היתושים שנבדקו (איור מותאם מתוך התייחסות 21 ). <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55857/55857fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">אנא לחץ כאן כדי להציג גרסה גדולה יותר של דמות זו.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone at JoVE.com

Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone

פרוטוקול זה מתאר את ההתאוששות של וירוס זיהום זיהומיות משני שיבוט cDNA שני פלסמיד זיהומיות.

הצלה אפיון של וירוס רקומביננטי מעולם חדש Zika וירוס זיהום מזוהם

Infectious cDNA clones allow for genetic manipulation of a virus, thus facilitating work on vaccines, pathogenesis, replication, transmission and viral ...

rescue-characterization-recombinant-virus-from-new-world-zika-virus

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.6K Views.  Colorado State University.  פרוטוקול זה מתאר את ההתאוששות של וירוס זיהום זיהומיות משני שיבוט cDNA שני פלסמיד זיהומיות. 

Video: Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone

Generation of Recombinant Influenza Virus from Plasmid DNA

Efforts by a number of influenza research groups have been pivotal in the development and improvement of influenza A virus reverse genetics. Originally established in 1999 1,2 plasmid-based reverse genetic techniques to generate recombinant viruses have revolutionized the influenza research field because specific questions have been answered by genetically engineered, infectious, recombinant influenza viruses. Such studies include virus replication, function of viral proteins, the contribution of specific mutations in viral proteins in viral replication and/or pathogenesis and, also, viral vectors using recombinant influenza viruses expressing foreign proteins 3.

Rescue of influenza A viruses from plasmid DNA is a basic and essential experimental technique that allows influenza researchers to generate recombinant viruses to study multiple aspects in the biology of influenza virus, and to be used as potential vectors or vaccines.

הדור של וירוס שפעת רקומביננטי מ-DNA פלסמיד

Efforts by a number of influenza research groups have been pivotal in the development and improvement of influenza A virus reverse genetics. Originally ...

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

Mosquitoes transmit a number of distinct viruses including important human pathogens such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chickungunya virus. Many of these viruses have intensified in their endemic ranges and expanded to new territories, necessitating effective surveillance and control programs to respond to these threats. One strategy to monitor virus activity involves collecting large numbers of mosquitoes from endemic sites and testing them for viral infection. In this article, we describe how to handle, process, and screen field-collected mosquitoes for infectious virus by Vero cell culture assay. Mosquitoes are sorted by trap location and species, and grouped into pools containing &le;50 individuals. Pooled specimens are homogenized in buffered saline using a mixer-mill and the aqueous phase is inoculated onto confluent Vero cell cultures (Clone E6). Cell cultures are monitored for cytopathic effect from days 3-7 post-inoculation and any viruses grown in cell culture are identified by the appropriate diagnostic assays. By utilizing this approach, we have isolated 9 different viruses from mosquitoes collected in Connecticut, USA, and among these, 5 are known to cause human disease. Three of these viruses (West Nile virus, Potosi virus, and La Crosse virus) represent new records for North America or the New England region since 1999. The ability to detect a wide diversity of viruses is critical to monitoring both established and newly emerging viruses in the mosquito population.

We describe a method to process and screen field-collected mosquitoes for a diversity of viruses by Vero cell culture assay. By employing this technique, we have detected 9 different viruses from 4 taxonomic families in mosquitoes collected in Connecticut.

איתור של וירוסים זיהומיות מהשטח, שנאספו על ידי יתושים Assay תרבות Vero Cell

Mosquitoes transmit a number of distinct viruses including important human pathogens such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chickungunya virus. Many ...

Visualizing Dengue Virus through Alexa Fluor Labeling

The early events in the interaction between virus and cell can have profound influence on the outcome of infection. Determining the factors 
that influence this interaction could lead to improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and thus influence vaccine or therapeutic design. Hence, the development 
of methods to probe this interaction would be useful. Recent advancements in fluorophores development1-3 and imaging technology4 can be exploited to 
improve our current knowledge on dengue pathogenesis and thus pave the way to reduce the millions of dengue infections occurring annually.

The enveloped dengue virus has an external scaffold consisting of 90 envelope glycoprotein (E) dimers protecting the nucleocapsid shell, 
which contains a single positive strand RNA genome5. The identical protein subunits on the virus surface can thus be labeled with an amine reactive dye and visualized 
through immunofluorescent microscopy. Here, we present a simple method of labeling of dengue virus with Alexa Fluor succinimidyl ester dye dissolved directly in a sodium 
bicarbonate buffer that yielded highly viable virus after labeling. There is no standardized procedure for the labeling of live virus and existing manufacturer&#x2019;s protocol 
for protein labeling usually requires the reconstitution of dye in dimethyl sulfoxide. The presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, even in minute quantities, can block 
productive infection of virus and also induce cell cytotoxicity6. The exclusion of the use of dimethyl sulfoxide in this protocol thus reduced this possibility. 
Alexa Fluor dyes have superior photostability and are less pH-sensitive than the common dyes, such as fluorescein and rhodamine2, making them ideal for 
studies on cellular uptake and endosomal transport of the virus. The conjugation of Alexa Fluor dye did not affect the recognition of labeled dengue 
virus by virus-specific antibody and its putative receptors in host cells7. This method could have useful applications in virological studies.

Taking advantage of the advancements in fluorophore development and imaging technology, a simple method of Alexa Fluor labeling of dengue virus was devised to visualize the early interactions between virus and cell.

לדמיין וירוס דנגה דרך אלקסה פלואוריד תיוג

The early events in the interaction between virus and cell can have profound influence on the outcome of infection. Determining the factors 
that ...

Propagating and Detecting an Infectious Molecular Clone of Maedi-visna Virus that Expresses Green Fluorescent Protein

Maedi-visna virus (MVV) is a lentivirus of sheep, causing slowly progressive interstitial pneumonia and encephalitis1. The primary target cells of MVV in vivo are considered to be of the monocyte lineage2. Certain strains of MVV can replicate in other cell types, however3,4. The green fluorescent protein is a commonly used marker for studying lentiviruses in living cells. We have inserted the egfp gene into the gene for dUTPase of MVV. The dUTPase gene is well conserved in most lentivirus strains of sheep and goats and has been shown to be important in replication of CAEV5. However, dUTPase has been shown to be dispensable for replication of the molecular clone of MVV used in this study both in vitro and in vivo6. MVV replication is strictly confined to cells of sheep or goat origin. We use a primary cell line from the choroid plexus of sheep (SCP cells) for transfection and propagation of the virus7. The fluorescent MVV is fully infectious and EGFP expression is stable over at least 6 passages8. There is good correlation between measurements of TCID50 and EGFP. This virus should therefore be useful for rapid detection of infected cells in studies of cell tropism and pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo8.

We describe a molecular clone of maedi-visna virus that expresses GFP and is fully infectious. Replication of this virus can be detected by using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.

הפצת ועל גילוי Clone מולקולרית זיהומיות של וירוס Maedi-visna המבטא חלבון פלואורסצנטי ירוק

Maedi-visna virus (MVV) is a lentivirus of sheep, causing slowly progressive interstitial pneumonia and encephalitis1. The primary target cells of MVV in ...

Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from cDNA

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the prototype member of the Avulavirus genus of the family Paramyxoviridae1, is a non-segmented, negative-sense, single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus (Figure 1) with potential applications as a vector for vaccination and treatment of human diseases. In-depth exploration of these applications has only become possible after the establishment of reverse genetics techniques to rescue recombinant viruses from plasmids encoding their complete genomes as cDNA2-5. Viral cDNA can be conveniently modified in vitro by using standard cloning procedures to alter the genotype of the virus and/or to include new transcriptional units. Rescue of such genetically modified viruses provides a valuable tool to understand factors affecting multiple stages of infection, as well as allows for the development and improvement of vectors for the expression and delivery of antigens for vaccination and therapy. Here we describe a protocol for the rescue of recombinant NDVs.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been extensively studied in the last few years in order to develop new vectors for vaccination and therapy, among others. These studies have been possible due to techniques to rescue recombinant virus from cDNA, such as those we describe here.

הצלה של וירוס רקומביננטי ניוקאסל מחלות מcDNA

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the prototype member of  the Avulavirus genus of the family Paramyxoviridae1, is a non-segmented,  negative-sense, ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation. They are key players in the innate immune system and play major roles in cancer biology. Neutrophils have been proposed as key mediators of malignant transformation, tumor progression, angiogenesis and in the modulation of the antitumor immunity; through their release of soluble factors or their interaction with tumor cells. To characterize the specific functions of neutrophils, a fast and reliable method is coveted for in vitro isolation of neutrophils from human blood. Here, a density gradient separation method is demonstrated to isolate neutrophils as well as mononuclear cells from the blood. The procedure consists of layering the density gradient solution such as Ficoll carefully above the diluted blood obtained from patients diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), followed by centrifugation, isolation of mononuclear layer, separation of neutrophils from RBCsby dextran then lysis of residual erythrocytes. This method has been shown to isolate neutrophils &#8805; 90 % pure. To mimic the tumor microenvironment, 3-dimensional (3D) experiments were performed using basement membrane matrix such as Matrigel. Given the short half-life of neutrophils in vitro, 3D experiments with fresh human neutrophils cannot be performed. For this reason promyelocytic HL60 cells are differentiated along the granulocytic pathway using the differentiation inducers dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and retinoic acid (RA). The aim of our experiments is to study the role of neutrophils on the sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents. However these methods can be generalized to study the interactions of neutrophils or neutrophil-like cells with a large range of cell types in different situations.

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells. The isolation of neutrophils from human blood by density gradient separation method and the differentiation of human promyelocytic (HL60) cells along the granulocytic pathway are described here; to test their role on sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents.

בידוד נויטרופילים וניתוח כדי לקבוע את תפקידם רגישות תאים לימפומה לסוכנים טיפוליים

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Zika Virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen that is linked to fetal developmental abnormalities such as microcephaly, eye defects, and impaired growth. ZIKV is an RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family. ZIKV is mainly transmitted by mosquitoes, but can also be spread by maternal to fetal vertical transmission as well as sexual contact. To date, there are no reliable treatment or vaccine options available to protect those infected by the virus. The development of a reproducible, effective Zika virus infectious cell culture system is critical for studying the molecular mechanisms of ZIKV replication as well as drug and vaccine development. In this regard, a protocol describing a mammalian cell-based in vitro Zika virus culture system for viral production and growth analysis is reported here. Details on the formation of plaques by Zika virus on a cell monolayer and plaque assay for measuring viral titer are presented. Viral genome replication kinetics and double-stranded RNA genome replicatory intermediates are determined. This culture platform was utilized to screen against a library of a small set of cytokines resulting in the identification of interferon-&#945; (IFN-&#945;), IFN-&#946; and IFN-&#947; as potent inhibitors of Zika viral growth. In summary, an in vitro infectious Zika viral culture system and various virological assays are demonstrated in this study, which has the potential to greatly benefit the research community in elucidating further the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and the evolution of viral virulence. Antiviral IFN-alpha can further be evaluated as a prophylactic, post-exposure prophylactic, and treatment option for Zika virus infections in high-risk populations, including infected pregnant women.

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Zika Virus (ZIKV), an emerging pathogen, is linked to fetal developmental abnormalities and microcephaly. The establishment of an effective infectious cell culture system is crucial for studies of ZIKV replication as well as vaccine and drug development. In this study, various virological assays pertaining to ZIKV are illustrated and discussed.

מערכת תרבית תאי זיהומיות וירוס זיקה ואת<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; אפקט מניעתי של אינטרפרונים

Zika Virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen that is linked to fetal developmental abnormalities such as microcephaly, eye defects, and impaired growth. ZIKV ...

Zika Virus Specific Diagnostic Epitope Discovery

High-density peptide microarrays allow screening of more than six thousand peptides on a single standard microscopy slide. This method can be applied for drug discovery, therapeutic target identification, and developing of diagnostics. Here, we present a protocol to discover specific Zika virus (ZIKV) diagnostic peptides using a high-density peptide microarray. A human serum sample validated for ZIKV infection was incubated with a high-density peptide microarray containing the entire ZIKV protein translated into 3,423 unique 15 linear amino acid (aa) residues with a 14-aa residue overlap printed in duplicate. Staining with different secondary antibodies within the same array, we detected peptides that bind to Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies present in serum. These peptides were selected for further validation experiments. In this protocol, we describe the strategy followed to design, process, and analyze a high-density peptide microarray.

In this protocol, we describe a technique to discover Zika virus specific diagnostic peptides using a high-density peptide microarray. This protocol can readly be adapted for other emerging infectious diseases.

גילוי ספציפי וירוס Zika Epitope אבחון

High-density peptide microarrays allow screening of more than six thousand peptides on a single standard microscopy slide. This method can be applied for ...

Rapid, Safe, and Simple Manual Bedside Nucleic Acid Extraction for the Detection of Virus in Whole Blood Samples

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for the rapid bedside inactivation of the Ebola virus during blood sampling for safe nucleic acid (NA) tests by adding a commercial lysis/binding buffer directly into the vacuum blood collection tubes. Using this bedside inactivation approach, we have developed a safe, rapid, and simplified bedside NA extraction method for the subsequent detection of a virus in lysis/binding buffer-inactivated whole blood. The NA extraction is directly performed in the blood collection tubes and requires no equipment or electricity. 
After the blood is collected into the lysis/binding buffer, the contents are mixed by flipping the tube by hand, and the mixture is incubated for 20 min at room temperature. Magnetic glass particles (MGPs) are added to the tube, and the contents are mixed by flipping the collection tube by hand. The MGPs are then collected on the side of the blood collection tube using a magnetic holder or a magnet and a rubber band. The MGPs are washed three times, and after the addition of elution buffer directly into the collection tube, the NAs are ready for NA tests, such as qPCR or isothermal loop amplification (LAMP), without the removal of the MGPs from the reaction. The NA extraction method is not dependent on any laboratory facilities and can easily be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals and hospital isolation wards). When this NA extraction method is combined with LAMP and a portable instrument, a diagnosis can be obtained within 40 min of the blood collection.

Here, we present a protocol for the rapid virus nucleic acid extraction from the virus-inactivated whole blood. The extraction is performed directly in the blood collection tubes and requires no equipment or electricity. The method is not dependent on laboratory facilities and can be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals).

חילוץ מהיר, בטוח, ופשוט ידנית המיטה חומצת גרעין איתור וירוס בדגימות דם מלא

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for ...

Quantification of Antibody-dependent Enhancement of the Zika Virus in Primary Human Cells

The recent emergence of the flavivirus Zika and neurological complications, such as Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and microcephaly in infants, has brought serious public safety concerns. Among the risk factors, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) poses the most significant threat, as the recent re-emergence of the Zika virus (ZIKV) is primarily in areas where the population has been exposed and is in a state of pre-immunity to other closely related flaviviruses, especially dengue virus (DENV). Here, we describe a protocol for quantifying the effect of human serum antibodies against DENV on ZIKV infection in primary human cells or cell lines.

We describe a method to evaluate the effect of pre-existing immunity against dengue virus on the Zika virus infection by using human serum, primary human cells, and infection quantification by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

כימות של נוגדנים תלויי שיפור של הנגיף Zika בתאי אדם ראשי

The recent emergence of the flavivirus Zika and neurological complications, such as Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and microcephaly in infants, has brought ...