המחברים מבקשים להודות לMoriarity Branden, הדוד Largaespada, ווינסנט Keng באוניברסיטת מינסוטה, והאדם Dupuy באוניברסיטה איווה על סיועם בפיתוח הפרוטוקול שתואר לעיל.

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	<li>Fearon, E. R., Vogelstein, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genetic+model+for+colorectal+tumorigenesis.">A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis.</a> Cell. 61, 759-767 (1990).</li><li>Wood, L. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Genomic+Landscapes+of+Human+Breast+and+Colorectal+Cancers.">The Genomic Landscapes of Human Breast and Colorectal Cancers.</a> Science. 318, 1108-1113 (2007).</li><li>Ivics, Z., Hackett, P. B., Plasterk, R. H., Izsv&#225;k, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+Reconstruction+of+Sleeping+Beauty,+a+Tc1-like+Transposon+from+Fish,+and+Its+Transposition+in+Human+Cells.">Molecular Reconstruction of Sleeping Beauty, a Tc1-like Transposon from Fish, and Its Transposition in Human Cells.</a> Cell. 91, 501-510 (1997).</li><li>Starr, T. K., Largaespada, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+gene+discovery+using+the+Sleeping+Beauty+transposon.">Cancer gene discovery using the Sleeping Beauty transposon.</a> Cell Cycle. 4, 1744-1748 (2005).</li><li>Mueller, P. R., Wold, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Vivo+Footprinting+of+a+Muscle+Specific+Enhancer+by+Ligation+Mediated+PCR.">In Vivo Footprinting of a Muscle Specific Enhancer by Ligation Mediated PCR.</a> Science. 246, 780-786 (1989).</li><li>Bergemann, T. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+methods+for+finding+common+insertion+sites+and+co-occurring+common+insertion+sites+in+transposon-+and+virus-based+genetic+screens.">New methods for finding common insertion sites and co-occurring common insertion sites in transposon- and virus-based genetic screens.</a> Nucleic acids research. 40, 3822-3833 (2012).</li><li>Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Harnessing+transposons+for+cancer+gene+discovery.">Harnessing transposons for cancer gene discovery.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 10, 696-706 (2010).</li><li>Collier, L. S., Carlson, C. M., Ravimohan, S., Dupuy, A. J., Largaespada, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+gene+discovery+in+solid+tumours+using+transposon-based+somatic+mutagenesis+in+the+mouse.">Cancer gene discovery in solid tumours using transposon-based somatic mutagenesis in the mouse.</a> Nature. 436, 272-276 (2005).</li><li>Starr, T. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+transposon-based+genetic+screen+in+mice+identifies+genes+altered+in+colorectal+cancer.">A transposon-based genetic screen in mice identifies genes altered in colorectal cancer.</a> Science. 323, 1747-1750 (2009).</li><li>Keng, V. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+conditional+transposon-based+insertional+mutagenesis+screen+for+genes+associated+with+mouse+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">A conditional transposon-based insertional mutagenesis screen for genes associated with mouse hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Nature. 27, 264-274 (2009).</li><li>Dupuy, A. J., Akagi, K., Largaespada, D. A., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+mutagenesis+using+a+highly+mobile+somatic+Sleeping+Beauty+transposon+system.">Mammalian mutagenesis using a highly mobile somatic Sleeping Beauty transposon system.</a> Nature. 436, 221-226 (2005).</li></ol>

המחברים אין לי מה לחשוף.

מסך קדימה גנטי באמצעות המערכה היפיפייה הנרדמת transposon מספק שיטה לזיהוי מוטציות הגורמת לסרטן. על ידי בחירת האמרגן המתאים לשלוט Cre recombinase בנוסף לכל מוטציות predisposing, מסך SB יזהה ידוע וגנים סרטניים מועמד חדש. ההצלחה של מסך SB היא תלויה במידה רבה את העכברים שנבחרו ליצירת המסך. לtransposon, מומלץ להשתמש בשני זנים שונים של עכברים שנשאו concatamer של transposons אונקוגניות על כרומוזומים שונים 7. מחשבה זהירה צריכה לשמש בעת בחירת recombinase Cre רקמות הספציפיות שיפעיל transposase SB. לא צריך להיות עדות לכך שאנזים Cre הוא פעיל בסוג התא שנחשד תא מוצא של סרטן המודל. דוגמאות מוצלחות כוללות Villin-Cre (GI מערכת הסרטן), אלבומין-Cre (hepatocellular carcinomא), וסיוע-Cre (לימפומה). 8-10 מספר העכברים הנדרשים למסך מוצלח יהיה תלוי חדירנות גידול. באופן כללי, יותר גידולים ועוד עכברים יגרמו מסך חזק יותר. כדי לזהות הבדל 2-לקפל בסרטן ההשהיה צריכים להיות לפחות 60 בעלי חיים הוא בבקרה וקבוצות ניסוי. 11 הטבע הצדדי של מסכים אלו הוא רב עצמה ביחס לשיטות אחרות בכך שניתן לציין את אופי המחלה, בצעו את ההתקדמות, ולנתח את ההרכב הגנטי. טכניקה זו הייתה מוצלחת במספר המסכים שהניב רשימות חבר עמים המזהים גני נהיגה פוטנציאליים חדשים לסרטן. בעזרת מידע זה, מחקרים מכוונים ניתן לבצע כדי להבין את תפקידם של מוטציות אלה רומן. באופן כללי, השימוש בטכניקה זו עשויה להוביל לעיצוב הסופי של טיפולים התרופתיים החדשים שמטרתם לחסל את התוצאות של אלה מוטציות הגנטיות הספציפיותtions.

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם המגיב </td><td> חברה </td><td> מספר קטלוגים </td><td> תגובות (אופציונלי) </td></tr><tr><td> לשכת אינדוקציה-חותם בטוח </td><td> מוח מדעי עץ </td><td> EZ-177 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cryovial </td><td> Bioexpress </td><td> C-3355-2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 10% Buffered פורמלין </td><td> סיגמה אולדריץ </td><td> HT501128-4L </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> פתרון רטיבות חלבון </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 158910 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> חיץ תמוגה תא </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 158906 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Proteinase K </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 158920 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> RNase </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 158924 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> TE המאגר </td> &lt;td&gt; Promega </td><td> V6232 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> BfaI </td><td> ניו אינגלנד Biolabs </td><td> R0568S </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NlaIII </td><td> ניו אינגלנד Biolabs </td><td> R0125S </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MinElute 96 גם צלחות </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 28051 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> סעפת אבק QIAvac 96 </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 19504 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Multi-microplate Genie, 120V </td><td> תעשיות מדע, בע&quot;מ </td><td> SI-4000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ligase DNA T4 עם מאגר הקשירה 5x </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 15224-041 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> BamHI </td><td> ניו אינגלנד Biolabs </td><td> R0136S </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> dNTPs 25mm </td><td> Bioexpress </td><td> C-5014-200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Taq פלטינום </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td&gt; 10966-034 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DNA פולימראז תקי FastStart </td><td> רוש </td><td> 12032929001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Agarose </td><td> Promega </td><td> V3121 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> TAE המאגר </td><td> Promega </td><td> V4271 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> TE המאגר </td><td> Promega </td><td> V6232 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ethidium רומיד </td><td> Promega </td><td> H5041 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

identification of sleeping beauty transposon insertions in solid tumors using linker-mediated pcr

ניתוח גנומי, proteomic, transcriptomic, וepigenomic של גידולים אנושיים מצביע על כך שיש אלף חריגות בתוך כל הגנום סרטן בהשוואה לרקמות מתאימות. בהתבסס על ניתוחים אלו ניתן לראות כי יש הרבה נהגים גנטיים ידועים של הסרטן 1. למרבה צער הנהגים האלה חבויים בתוך מספר גדול בהרבה של אנומליות נוסע בגנום שלא תורם באופן ישיר להיווצרות גידול. היבט נוסף של הגנום של הסרטן הוא שקיימת הטרוגניות גנטית ניכרה בתוך סוגי גידולים דומים. כל גידול יכול נמל מוטציות שונות המעניקות יתרון סלקטיבי להיווצרות גידול 2. ביצוע מסך גנטי קדימה משוחד בעכברים מספק את הכלים ליצירת גידולים ולנתח ההרכב הגנטי שלהם, תוך הפחתת רקע המוטציות נוסעות. היפיפייה נרדמת המערכת (SB) transposon היא שיטה אחת כזאת 3. המערכת מנצלת SB הנייד vectors (transposons) שניתן להוסיף לאורך הגנום על ידי אנזים transposase. מוטציות מוגבלות לסוג תא מסוים באמצעות שימוש באלל transposase המותנה שמופעל על ידי Cre recombinase. קווי עכבר רבים קיימים שrecombinase המפורש Cre ברקמות ספציפיות. על ידי חצייה אחד מהקווים הללו לאלל transposase המותנה (למשל קס-stop-קס-SB11), מערכת SB מופעלת רק בתאים שמבטאים Cre recombinase. Cre recombinase יהיה בלו קלטת תחנה שחוסמת ביטוי של אלל transposase, הפעלת mutagenesis transposon בתוך סוג התא המיועד לכך. מסך SB הוא שיזם רביית שלושה זנים של עכברים מהונדסים כך שעכברי הניסוי לשאת אלל מותנה transposase, concatamer של transposons, ואלל recombinase Cre רקמות ספציפיות. עכברים אלה אפשרו לגיל ועד צורת גידולים והם הופכים גוססים. העכברים הם אזהדנ&quot;א הגנומי necropsied ומבודד מהגידולים. בשלב הבא, הדנ&quot;א הגנומי נתונת המקשר בתיווך-PCR (LM-PCR) כי תוצאות בהגברה של לוקוסים הגנומי המכילים SB transposon. LM-PCR בוצע על גידול חד יגרום למאה amplicons השונה המייצג את מאה לוקוסים הגנומי המכילים הוספות transposon ב4 גידול יחידים. הוספות transposon בכל הגידולים מנותחות ואתרי החדרה נפוצים (CISS) מזוהים באמצעות שיטה סטטיסטית מתאימה 5. הגנים בתוך חבר העמים הם סבירים מאוד להיות אונקוגנים או גני מדכאי סרטן, והם נחשבים לגנים סרטניים מועמד. היתרונות של שימוש במערכת SB לזיהוי גנים סרטניים מועמדים הם: 1) transposon יכול בקלות להיות ממוקם בגנום בגלל הרצף שלו ידוע, 2) טרנספוזיציה יכולה להיות מופנה לכמעט כל סוג תא ו3) transposon מסוגל מציג גם רווח והפסד מוטציות-of-פונקצית 6. Following הפרוטוקול מתאר כיצד לתכנן ולהוציא לפועל מסך קדימה גנטי באמצעות מערכת transposon SB לזיהוי גנים סרטניים מועמד (איור 1).

לאחר תכנית הרבייה כבר נקבע, מגדלים צריכים לייצר המלטה כל 19-21 ימים. גודל המלטה משתנה בין 5 ל 12 גורים, בהתאם לגילו של המגדלים והרקע הגנטי. בנוסף, ודא שהגנוטיפ של ההמלטה כדלקמן גנטיקה המנדלית כדרך לאשר כי תכנית הרבייה היא גם נכונה ומוצלחת. לניסוי כמוצלח, שכיחות גידולים בחיות הניסוי צריכה להיות גבוהה משמעותי מגידול בשכיחות פקד החיים. אם לא מוטציה &quot;predisposing&quot; נכללה בניסוי צריך להיות כמה שאין גידולים בפקד החיים. אם מוטציה &quot;predisposing&quot; נכללה בניסוי, שכיחות גידולים בבעלי חיים אלה צריכות להיות נמוכות בהרבה משכיחות בחיות עם המוטציה ופעילות SB. LM-PCR צריך להגביר מאת הוספות transposon בגידול אחד. לאחר ההפעלה חהLF של מוצר PCR המשני בג&#39;ל 1%, לא צריך להיות &quot;כתם&quot; של ה-DNA המייצג הגברה זה (איור 3). אם יש רק אחד או שתיים להקות, בין אם SB לא היה פעיל בגידול או שגיאה נעשתה בפרוטוקול (איור 4). סידור 1-200 גידולים בנתיב אחד של פלטפורמת GAIIx Illumina צריך לייצר למעלה מ -30 מיליון רצפים של 100 נקודתי בסיס כל אחת (איור 5). לוח 1. ריאגנטים נדרשו לסעיף 2. הטבלה 2. ריאגנטים נדרשו לסעיף 3. הלוח 3. ריאגנטים נדרשו לסעיף 4. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50156/50156fig1.jpg" alt="איור 1" fo:content-width="6in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50156/50156fig1highres.jpg"/> איור 1. תרשים זרימה המציג את השלביםלבצע את מסך קדימה גנטי באמצעות המערכה היפיפייה הנרדמת. ראשית, במודל עכבר שנוצר. עכברים מכן necropsied כשגוסס וגידולים נאספים ומבודד. דנ&quot;א גידול מטוהר ותיווך-PCR מקשר בצע. לבסוף, ה-DNA גידול מוגבר עם הוספות transposon היא רצף ואתרי החדרה נפוצים מזוהים. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50156/50156fig2.jpg" alt="איור 2"/> איור 2. רביית ערכה ליצירת קבוצה ניסיונית. עכברים המכילים transposase (Rosa26-LSL-SB11) הם חצו לעכברי מחסה concatamer של transposons (T2-ONC). אז צאצאיהם הזדווגו לעכברים שנשאו את האמרגן ספציפי הרקמות המיועדות מונע Cre recombinase (Cre). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50156/50156fig3.jpg" alt="איור 3"/> איור 3. נציגתוצאות PCR המשני. המוצר הצפוי יש למרוח כמו מראה הנע 100-600 זוגות בסיסים. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50156/50156fig4.jpg" alt="איור 4"/> איור 4. אם LM-PCR הוא לא מוצלח, יהיה היעדרם של &quot;הכתם&quot; של ה-DNA. במקום זאת, תוכל לראות להקות סופיות של ה-DNA. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50156/50156fig5.jpg" alt="איור 5" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50156/50156fig5highres.jpg" fo:content-width="4.6in"/> איור 5. נתוני דוגמה מריצת רצף שממחישה נתיב יחיד של פלטפורמת GAIIx Illumina צריכים לייצר למעלה מ -30 מיליון רצפים של 100 זוגות בסיסים כל אחד.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Identification of Sleeping Beauty Transposon Insertions in Solid Tumors using Linker-mediated PCR at JoVE.com

Identification of Sleeping Beauty Transposon Insertions in Solid Tumors using Linker-mediated PCR

שיטה של ​​זיהוי נהגים לא ידועים של היווצרות הסרטן באמצעות גישה משוחדת מתוארת. השיטה משתמשת<em&gt; יפהפה נרדם</em&gt; Transposon כmutagen אקראי המכוונת לרקמות ספציפיות. מיפוי הגנום של הוספות transposon המניעות את היווצרות גידול מזהה אונקוגנים רומן וגני מדכאי סרטן

זיהוי<em&gt; יפהפה נרדם</em&gt; הוספות Transposon בגידולים מוצקים באמצעות PCR לינקר בתיווך

Genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic analyses of human tumors indicate that there are thousands of anomalies within each cancer genome ...

identification-sleeping-beauty-transposon-insertions-solid-tumors

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Identification of Sleeping Beauty Transposon Insertions in Solid Tumors using Linker-mediated PCR

14.0K Views.  University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. שיטה של ​​זיהוי נהגים לא ידועים של היווצרות הסרטן באמצעות גישה משוחדת מתוארת. השיטה משתמשת יפהפה נרדם Transposon כmutagen אקראי המכוונת לרקמות ספציפיות. מיפוי הגנום של הוספות transposon המניעות את היווצרות גידול מזהה אונקוגנים רומן וגני מדכאי סרטן

Video: Identification of Sleeping Beauty Transposon Insertions in Solid Tumors using Linker-mediated PCR

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Culturing retinoblastoma tumor cells in defined stem cell media gives rise to primary tumorspheres that can be grown and maintained for only a limited time. These cultured tumorspheres may exhibit markedly different cellular phenotypes when compared to the original tumors. Demonstration that cultured cells have the capability of forming new tumors is important to ensure that cultured cells model the biology of the original tumor. 
Here we present a protocol for propagating human retinoblastoma tumors in vivo using Rag2-/- immune deficient mice. Cultured human retinoblastoma tumorspheres of low passage or cells obtained from freshly harvested human retinoblastoma tumors injected directly into the vitreous cavity of murine eyes form tumors within 2-4 weeks. These tumors can be harvested and either further passaged into murine eyes in vivo or grown as tumorspheres in vitro. Propagation has been successfully carried out for at least three passages thus establishing a continuing source of human retinoblastoma tissue for further experimentation. 
Wesley S. Bond and Lalita Wadhwa are co-first authors.

A method is described to propagate human retinoblastoma tumors in mice. Tumor cells are directly injected into the eyes of immune deficient mice. Secondary tumors have been successfully established using both cells directly harvested from human tumors and cultured tumorspheres.

הקמה התפשטות של גידולים רטינובלסטומה האדם עכברים החיסון לקויה

Culturing retinoblastoma tumor cells in defined stem cell media gives rise to primary tumorspheres that can be grown and maintained for only a limited ...

Evaluation of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumors in Real Time Using Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle uptake in tumors at the microscopic level1,2,3, highlighting the utility of a suitable xenograft model in which to perform detailed uptake analyses. Here, we use high-resolution intravital imaging to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in human tumor xenografts in a modified, shell-less chicken embryo model. The chicken embryo model is particularly well-suited for these in vivo analyses because it supports the growth of human tumors, is relatively inexpensive and does not require anesthetization or surgery 4,5. Tumor cells form fully vascularized xenografts within 7 days when implanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) 6. The resulting tumors are visualized by non-invasive real-time, high-resolution imaging that can be maintained for up to 72 hours with little impact on either the host or tumor systems. Nanoparticles with a wide range of sizes and formulations administered distal to the tumor can be visualized and quantified as they flow through the bloodstream, extravasate from leaky tumor vasculature, and accumulate at the tumor site. We describe here the analysis of nanoparticles derived from Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) decorated with near-infrared fluorescent dyes and/or polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG) 7, 8, 9,10,11. Upon intravenous administration, these viral nanoparticles are rapidly internalized by endothelial cells, resulting in global labeling of the vasculature both outside and within the tumor7,12. PEGylation of the viral nanoparticles increases their plasma half-life, extends their time in the circulation, and ultimately enhances their accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect 7, 10,11. The rate and extent of accumulation of nanoparticles in a tumor is measured over time using image analysis software. This technique provides a method to both visualize and quantify nanoparticle dynamics in human tumors.

We present a novel approach to quantify nanoparticle localization in the vasculature of human xenografted tumors using dynamic, real-time intravital imaging in an avian embryo model.

הערכה של ספיגת nanoparticle ב גידולים בזמן אמת באמצעות הדמיה Intravital

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle ...

Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence

Morphologic heterogeneity within an individual tumor is well-recognized by histopathologists in surgical practice. While this often takes the form of areas of distinct differentiation into recognized histological subtypes, or different pathological grade, often there are more subtle differences in phenotype which defy accurate classification (Figure 1). Ultimately, since morphology is dictated by the underlying molecular phenotype, areas with visible differences are likely to be accompanied by differences in the expression of proteins which orchestrate cellular function and behavior, and therefore, appearance. The significance of visible and invisible (molecular) heterogeneity for prognosis is unknown, but recent evidence suggests that, at least at the genetic level, heterogeneity exists in the primary tumor1,2, and some of these sub-clones give rise to metastatic (and therefore lethal) disease. 
Moreover, some proteins are measured as biomarkers because they are the targets of therapy (for instance ER and HER2 for tamoxifen and trastuzumab (Herceptin), respectively). If these proteins show variable expression within a tumor then therapeutic responses may also be variable. The widely used histopathologic scoring schemes for immunohistochemistry either ignore, or numerically homogenize the quantification of protein expression. Similarly, in destructive techniques, where the tumor samples are homogenized (such as gene expression profiling), quantitative information can be elucidated, but spatial information is lost. Genetic heterogeneity mapping approaches in pancreatic cancer have relied either on generation of a single cell suspension3, or on macrodissection4. A recent study has used quantum dots in order to map morphologic and molecular heterogeneity in prostate cancer tissue5, providing proof of principle that morphology and molecular mapping is feasible, but falling short of quantifying the heterogeneity. Since immunohistochemistry is, at best, only semi-quantitative and subject to intra- and inter-observer bias, more sensitive and quantitative methodologies are required in order to accurately map and quantify tissue heterogeneity in situ.
We have developed and applied an experimental and statistical methodology in order to systematically quantify the heterogeneity of protein expression in whole tissue sections of tumors, based on the Automated QUantitative Analysis (AQUA) system6. Tissue sections are labeled with specific antibodies directed against cytokeratins and targets of interest, coupled to fluorophore-labeled secondary antibodies. Slides are imaged using a whole-slide fluorescence scanner. Images are subdivided into hundreds to thousands of tiles, and each tile is then assigned an AQUA score which is a measure of protein concentration within the epithelial (tumor) component of the tissue. Heatmaps are generated to represent tissue expression of the proteins and a heterogeneity score assigned, using a statistical measure of heterogeneity originally used in ecology, based on the Simpson's biodiversity index7.
To date there have been no attempts to systematically map and quantify this variability in tandem with protein expression, in histological preparations. Here, we illustrate the first use of the method applied to ER and HER2 biomarker expression in ovarian cancer. Using this method paves the way for analyzing heterogeneity as an independent variable in studies of biomarker expression in translational studies, in order to establish the significance of heterogeneity in prognosis and prediction of responses to therapy.

Here we describe a method to quantify molecular heterogeneity in histological sections of tumor material using quantitative immunofluorescence, image analysis, and a statistical measure of heterogeneity. The method is intended for use in clinical biomarker development and analysis.

הטרוגניות מיפוי של ביטוי חלבון בתוך גידולים באמצעות immunofluorescence כמותי

Morphologic heterogeneity within an individual tumor is well-recognized by histopathologists in surgical practice. While this often takes the form of ...

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 18&#x2013;24 nucleotide long, non-coding RNA molecules. They are involved in virtually every cellular process including development1, apoptosis2, and cell cycle regulation3. MiRNAs are estimated to regulate the expression of 30% to 90% of human genes4 by binding to their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs)5. Widespread dysregulation of miRNAs has been reported in various diseases and cancer subtypes6. Due to their prevalence and unique structure, these small molecules are likely to be the next generation of biomarkers, therapeutic agents and/or targets.
Methods used to investigate miRNA expression include SYBR green I dye- based as well as Taqman-probe based qPCR. If miRNAs are to be effectively used in the clinical setting, it is imperative that their detection in fresh and/or archived clinical samples be accurate, reproducible, and specific. qPCR has been widely used for validating expression of miRNAs in whole genome analyses such as microarray studies7. The samples used in this protocol were from patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer; however other tissues and cell lines can be substituted in. Prostate specimens were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen after resection. Clinical variables and follow-up information for each patient were collected for subsequent analysis8.
Quantification of miRNA levels in prostate tumor samples. The main steps in qPCR analysis of tumors are: Total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and detection of qPCR products using miRNA-specific primers. Total RNA, which includes mRNA, miRNA, and other small RNAs were extracted from specimens using TRIzol reagent. Qiagen's miScript System was used to synthesize cDNA and perform qPCR (Figure 1). Endogenous miRNAs are not polyadenylated, therefore during the reverse transcription process, a poly(A) polymerase polyadenylates the miRNA. The miRNA is used as a template to synthesize cDNA using oligo-dT and Reverse Transcriptase. A universal tag sequence on the 5' end of oligo-dT primers facilitates the amplification of cDNA in the PCR step. PCR product amplification is detected by the level of fluorescence emitted by SYBR Green, a dye which intercalates into double stranded DNA. Specific miRNA primers, along with a Universal Primer that binds to the universal tag sequence will amplify specific miRNA sequences. 
The miScript Primer Assays are available for over a thousand human-specific miRNAs, and hundreds of murine-specific miRNAs. Relative quantification method was used here to quantify the expression of miRNAs. To correct for variability amongst different samples, expression levels of a target miRNA is normalized to the expression levels of a reference gene. The choice of a gene on which to normalize the expression of targets is critical in relative quantification method of analysis. Examples of reference genes typically used in this capacity are the small RNAs RNU6B, RNU44, and RNU48 as they are considered to be stably expressed across most samples. In this protocol, RNU6B is used as the reference gene.

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR qPCR

Quantitative Real Time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a rapid and sensitive method to investigate the expression levels of various microRNA (miRNA) molecules in tumor samples. Using this method expression of hundreds of different miRNA molecules can be amplified, quantified, and analyzed from the same cDNA template.

MicroRNA איתור גידולים הערמונית ב כמותי בזמן אמת PCR (QPCR)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 18&#x2013;24 nucleotide long, non-coding RNA molecules. They are involved in virtually every cellular process ...

In vitro Organoid Culture of Primary Mouse Colon Tumors

Several human and murine colon cancer cell lines have been established, physiologic integrity of colon tumors such as multiple cell layers, basal-apical polarity, ability to differentiate, and anoikis are not maintained in colon cancer derived cell lines. The present study demonstrates a method for culturing primary mouse colon tumor organoids adapted from Sato T et al. 1, which retains important physiologic features of colon tumors. This method consists of mouse colon tumor tissue collection, adjacent normal colon epithelium dissociation, colon tumor cells digestion into single cells, embedding colon tumor cells into matrigel, and selective culture based on the principle that tumor cells maintain growth on limiting nutrient conditions compared to normal epithelial cells.
The primary tumor organoids if isolated from genetically modified mice provide a very useful system to assess tumor autonomous function of specific genes. Moreover, the tumor organoids are amenable to genetic manipulation by virus meditated gene delivery; therefore signaling pathways involved in the colon tumorigenesis could also be extensively investigated by overexpression or knockdown. Primary tumor organoids culture provides a physiologic relevant and feasible means to study the mechanisms and therapeutic modalities for colon tumorigenesis.

In vitro Organoid Culture of Primary Mouse Colon Tumors

A simple method to establish primary murine colon tumor organoid is described. This method utilizes the feature that colon tumor cells survive and grow into organoids in media containing limited growth factors, whereas normal colon epithelial do not.

בתרבות Organoid מבחנה של גידולים במעי גס עכבר העיקרי

Several  human and murine colon cancer cell lines have been established, physiologic  integrity of colon tumors such as multiple cell layers, basal-apical ...

Cerebrospinal Fluid MicroRNA Profiling Using Quantitative Real Time PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their translational repression. Changes in miRNA expression have been shown to be involved in the development of all major complex diseases. Furthermore, recent findings showed that miRNAs can be secreted to the extracellular environment and enter the bloodstream and other body fluids where they can circulate with high stability. The function of such circulating miRNAs remains largely elusive, but systematic high throughput approaches, such as miRNA profiling arrays, have lead to the identification of miRNA signatures in several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders and several types of cancers. In this context, the identification of miRNA expression profile in the cerebrospinal fluid, as reported in our recent study, makes miRNAs attractive candidates for biomarker analysis.
There are several tools available for profiling microRNAs, such as microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and deep sequencing. Here, we describe a sensitive method to profile microRNAs in cerebrospinal fluids by quantitative real-time PCR. We used the Exiqon microRNA ready-to-use PCR human panels I and II V2.R, which allows detection of 742 unique human microRNAs. We performed the arrays in triplicate runs and we processed and analyzed data using the GenEx Professional 5 software.
Using this protocol, we have successfully profiled microRNAs in various types of cell lines and primary cells, CSF, plasma, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.

We describe a protocol of real time PCR to profile microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). With the exception of RNA extraction protocols, the procedure can be extended to RNA extracted from other body fluids, cultured cells, or tissue specimens.

נוזל עמוד שדרת MicroRNA פרופיל שימוש כמותי בזמן אמת PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their ...

In Vivo Optical Imaging of Brain Tumors and Arthritis Using Fluorescent SapC-DOPS Nanovesicles

We describe a multi-angle rotational optical imaging (MAROI) system for in vivo monitoring of physiopathological processes labeled with a fluorescent marker. Mouse models (brain tumor and arthritis) were used to evaluate the usefulness of this method. Saposin C (SapC)-dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS) nanovesicles tagged with CellVue Maroon (CVM) fluorophore were administered intravenously. Animals were then placed in the rotational holder (MARS) of the in vivo imaging system. Images were acquired in 10&#176; steps over 380&#176;. A rectangular&#160;region of interest (ROI) was placed across the full image width at the model disease site. Within the ROI, and for every image, mean fluorescence intensity was computed after background subtraction. In the mouse models studied, the labeled nanovesicles were taken up in both the orthotopic and transgenic brain tumors, and in the arthritic sites (toes and ankles). Curve analysis of the multi angle image ROIs determined the angle with the highest signal. Thus, the optimal angle for imaging each disease site was characterized. The MAROI method applied to imaging of fluorescent compounds is a noninvasive, economical, and precise tool for in vivo quantitative analysis of the disease states in the described mouse models.

In Vivo Optical Imaging of Brain Tumors and Arthritis Using Fluorescent SapC-DOPS Nanovesicles

We describe a multi-angle rotational optical imaging (MAROI) system for in vivo quantitation of a fluorescent marker delivered by saposin C (SapC)-dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS) nanovesicles. Employing mouse models of cancer and arthritis, we demonstrate how the MAROI signal curve analysis can be used for the precise mapping and biological characterization of disease processes.

בדימות אופטי Vivo של גידולים במוח ודלקת פרקים באמצעות פלורסנט SapC-DOPS nanovesicles

We describe a multi-angle rotational optical imaging (MAROI) system for in vivo monitoring of physiopathological processes labeled with a fluorescent ...

Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Profiling of Cancer-cell Proteomes Derived From Liquid and Solid Tumors

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes are needed to elucidate oncogenic pathomechanisms, as well as to identify potential drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers. However, methods for quantitative proteomic characterization of patient-derived tumors and in particular their cellular subpopulations are largely lacking. Here we describe an experimental set-up that allows quantitative analysis of proteomes of cancer cell subpopulations derived from either liquid or solid tumors. This is achieved by combining cellular enrichment strategies with quantitative Super-SILAC-based mass spectrometry followed by bioinformatic data analysis. To enrich specific cellular subsets, liquid tumors are first immunophenotyped by flow cytometry followed by FACS-sorting; for solid tumors, laser-capture microdissection is used to purify specific cellular subpopulations. In a second step, proteins are extracted from the purified cells and subsequently combined with a tumor-specific, SILAC-labeled spike-in standard that enables protein quantification. The resulting protein mixture is subjected to either gel electrophoresis or Filter Aided Sample Preparation (FASP) followed by tryptic digestion. Finally, tryptic peptides are analyzed using a hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer, and the data obtained are processed with bioinformatic software suites including MaxQuant. By means of the workflow presented here, up to 8,000 proteins can be identified and quantified in patient-derived samples, and the resulting protein expression profiles can be compared among patients to identify diagnostic proteomic signatures or potential drug targets.

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes facilitate identification of novel drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers. We describe an experimental workflow for quantitative analysis of (phospho-)proteomes in cancer cell subpopulations derived from liquid and solid tumors. This is achieved by combining cellular enrichment strategies with quantitative Super-SILAC-based mass spectrometry.

Mass כמותי spectrometric פרופיל של Proteomes סרטן התאים נגזרים מנוזלים וגידולים מוצקים

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes are needed to elucidate oncogenic pathomechanisms, as well as to identify potential drug targets and diagnostic ...

Spatial Measurements of Perfusion, Interstitial Fluid Pressure and Liposomes Accumulation in Solid Tumors

The heterogeneous intra-tumoral accumulation of liposomes is a critical determinant of their efficacy. Both the chaotic tumor microcirculation and elevated IFP are linked to the heterogeneous intra-tumoral distribution of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems such as liposomes. In the present study, the relationship between tumor microcirculation, elevated IFP, and accumulation of nanoparticles was investigated through in vivo experimentation. This was accomplished by evaluation of the tumor microcirculation using dynamic contrast enhanced computed tomography (DCE-CT) and measurement of tumor IFP using a novel image-guided robotic needle placement system connected to the micro-CT scanner. The intra-tumoral accumulation of liposomes was determined by CT image-based assessment of a nanoparticle liposomal formulation that stably encapsulate the contrast agent iohexol (CT-liposomes). CT imaging allowed for co-localization of the spatial distribution of tumor hemodynamics, IFP and CT-liposome accumulation in an individual subcutaneous xenograft mouse model of breast cancer. Measurements led to the discovery that perfusion and plasma volume fraction are strong mediators of the intra-tumoral distribution of liposomes. Furthermore, the results suggest that IFP plays an indirect role in mediating liposome distribution through modulating blood flow.

The heterogeneous intra-tumoral accumulation of liposomes has been linked to an abnormal tumor microenvironment. Herein methods are presented to measure tumor microcirculation by perfusion imaging and elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) using an image-guided robotic system. Measurements are compared to the intra-tumoral accumulation of liposomes, determined using volumetric micro-CT imaging.

מדידות מרחבים של זלוף, לחצו נוזלי ביניים ו ליפוזומים צבירה בגידולים מוצקים

The heterogeneous intra-tumoral accumulation of liposomes is a critical determinant of their efficacy. Both the chaotic tumor microcirculation and ...

Multicolor 3D Printing of Complex Intracranial Tumors in Neurosurgery

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies offer the possibility of visualizing patient-specific pathologies in a physical model of correct dimensions. The model can be used for planning and simulating critical steps of a surgical approach. Therefore, it is important that anatomical structures such as blood vessels inside a tumor can be printed to be colored not only on their surface, but throughout their whole volume. During simulation this allows for the removal of certain parts (e.g., with a high-speed drill) and revealing internally located structures of a different color. Thus, diagnostic information from various imaging modalities (e.g., CT, MRI) can be combined in a single compact and tangible object.
However, preparation and printing of such a fully colored anatomical model remains a difficult task. Therefore, a step-by-step guide is provided, demonstrating the fusion of different cross-sectional imaging data sets, segmentation of anatomical structures, and creation of a virtual model. In a second step the virtual model is printed with volumetrically colored anatomical structures using a plaster-based color 3D binder jetting technique. This method allows highly accurate reproduction of patient-specific anatomy as shown in a series of 3D-printed petrous apex chondrosarcomas. Furthermore, the models created can be cut and drilled, revealing internal structures that allow for simulation of surgical procedures.

The protocol describes the fabrication of fully colored three-dimensional prints of patient-specific, anatomical skull models to be used for surgical simulation. The crucial steps of combining different imaging modalities, image segmentation, three-dimensional model extraction, and production of the prints are explained.

Multicolor 3D הדפסה של גידולים בתוך-גולגולתי מורכב בנוירוכירורגיה

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies offer the possibility of visualizing patient-specific pathologies in a physical model of correct dimensions. ...