Authors were funded in part by the intramural program of NIDCR (N.M.M) and supported by a Wellcome Trust Stepping Stones Fellowship (097820/Z/11/B to J.E.K) and by a Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research grant (to J.E.K). The authors thank Teresa Wild for critically reviewing the manuscript.

Todos los procedimientos experimentales descritos en este protocolo siguen las pautas requeridas y fueron aprobados por el Cuidado de Animales institucional y el empleo, NIDCR / NIH. 1. Prepárese por adelantado <ol><li> Preparar medio completo: RPMI suplementado con 2 mM L-glutamina, 100 unidades / ml de penicilina, 100 ug / ml de estreptomicina y 10% de FBS. </li><li> Preparar medios DNasa: 50 ml de medio RPMI suplementado con 7,5 mg de DNasa (Haga fresco, mantener en hielo en todo momento). </li><li> Preparar los medios de colagenasa-DNasa: 5 ml de medio DNasa más 3,2 mg / ml de colagenasa tipo IV (Haga fresco, mantener en hielo en todo momento). </li><li> Pre-cool tampón FACS: 0,5% de SFB diluido en PBS. </li><li> centrifugadora pre-enfriamiento a 4 ° C. </li><li> agitador incubadora caliente a 37 ° C. </li></ol> 2. El aislamiento, la disección y aislamiento de células gingivales de los bloques <ol><li> La eutanasia a los ratones mediante la exposición a CO 2 en una cámara apropiada, según las directrices de ARAC. </li> &lt;li&gt; Abra la cavidad torácica y abdominal para exponer el corazón y los órganos internos. Para perfundir, hacer una incisión en la vena cava inferior y perfundir 3 ml de PBS a través del ventrículo izquierdo con una jeringa de 3 ml con una aguja de 27 G. </li><li> Inmovilizar el cuerpo y la cabeza del ratón sobre un cojín con el estómago hacia arriba. </li><li> Cortar cada comisura del labio hacia el cuello con unas tijeras, separando la piel que cubre la región de la mandíbula y el cuello, la exposición de los tejidos y los músculos subyacentes. Diseccionar el labio inferior para descubrir la mandíbula. </li><li> Corte entre los incisivos inferiores para separar ambos lados de la mandíbula e inmovilizar cada lado para acceder a la cavidad oral. </li><li> Visualizar y analizar el paladar lejos de la cavidad nasal. </li><li> Diseccionar áreas utilizando una cuchilla 10 e incluyen áreas molares maxilares y mandibulares y la zona gingival (Figura 1). Hacen incisiones verticales, justo por delante del primer molar y posterior al tercer molar y una incisión horizontal enel borde de la encía (blanco cuello de los dientes adyacentes de tejido). </li><li> Coloque el maxilar y mandibular bloques en un tubo cónico de 50 ml con 5 ml de colagenasa / DNasa (mantener en hielo). </li><li> Incubar en un incubador agitador a 37 ° C durante 1 hora y durante el último 5 min de incubación se añaden 50 l de 0,5 M EDTA. </li><li> Añadir 5 ml de medio de DNasa frío al tubo de 50 ml con los tejidos y agitar suavemente para mezclar. </li><li> La transferencia de los 4 bloques de tejido en una placa de Petri y cubrir con 500 l de DNasa medios. Eliminar encía de cada bloque de tejido, utilizando una hoja de bisturí y apuntando la hoja en las áreas gingivales y interdentales. </li><li> La transferencia de los tejidos y los medios de comunicación de la placa de Petri, así como los medios de comunicación de DNasa anteriores utilizados durante la disección, a un nuevo tubo de 50 ml a través del filtro de células (70 micras de tamaño). Lavar con medios DNasa (3-5 ml) todos los instrumentos utilizados y filtro. </li><li> Usando el émbolo de una jeringa estéril de 3 ml, triturar el tejido contra el colador,filtración con medios DNasa frío (30 a 35 ml). </li><li> Lavar el filtro de células con DNasa medios frío. </li><li> Centrifugar a 4 ° C, 314 xg durante 6 min. </li><li> Descartar el sobrenadante, resuspender en 1 ml de medio completo. </li><li> Recuento de células (la cantidad esperada debe oscilar entre 8 x 10 5 a 1,2 x 10 6 células con una viabilidad de&gt; 80%) usando un contador de células automatizado. </li></ol> 3. Estimulación y FACS La tinción de las células de la encía <ol><li> Estimular la suspensión de células individuales con PMA (50 ng / ml) e ionomicina (2,5 g / ml) en presencia de 1 l / ml de Brefeldina A. </li><li> Incubar durante 3,5 horas a 37 ° C y 5% de CO2. </li><li> Centrifugar y lavar con PBS y centrifugar a 4 ° C; 314 xg durante 6 minutos. </li><li> Tinción de las células utilizando una mancha viabilidad siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante. </li><li> Mancha de marcadores extracelulares (CD45, TCRγδ, TCR, CD4, CD8, TCRγδ o de hormigasibodies de elección) siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante. </li><li> Se lavan las células con tampón frío FACS y centrifugar a 4 ° C, 314 xg durante 5 min. </li><li> vórtice suavemente para perturbar el sedimento celular. </li><li> Fijar las células con 2% de paraformaldehído durante 20 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Se lavan las células con tampón frío FACS, se centrifuga a 4 ° C, 314 xg durante 5 min y las manchas para citoquinas intracelulares. <ol><li> Llenar los tubos FACS con una solución de frío saponina 0,5% diluido en tampón de FACS y se centrifuga a 4 ° C, 314 xg durante 5 min. </li><li> Añadir 300 l de solución de saponina 0,5% a los tubos de FACS, se incuba durante 15 min en la oscuridad a 4 ° C y centrifugar a 4 ° C, 314 xg durante 5 min. </li><li> Teñir las células para marcadores intracelulares (IL-17A y IFN o citocinas de elección) siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante. Lavar las células con solución de saponina 0,5% y centrifugar a 4 ° C, 314 xg durante 5 min. </li><li> Lavar a continuación con FACStampón y se centrifuga a 4 ° C, 314 xg durante 5 min. </li><li> Volver a suspender las células en 300 l de tampón FACS. </li></ol></li><li> Analizar los resultados en un citómetro de flujo. </li></ol> 4. Análisis de Citometría de Flujo <ol><li> visualizar las células a analizar en adelante (FSC) y dispersión lateral (SCC) y la puerta para excluir los desechos. </li><li> Seleccionar celdas individuales con área de dispersión frontal (FSC-A) vs. parámetros de altura (FSC-H). </li><li> Células de puertas que son en vivo (como se indica por la tinción de viabilidad) y positivos para el marcador hematopoyéticas CD45 + para el análisis adicional (Figura 2A y 2C). </li><li> Continuar el análisis de marcadores específicos como se muestra en la Figura 2 y la Figura 3. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Aas, J. A., Paster, B. J., Stokes, L. N., Olsen, I., Dewhirst, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+The+Normal+Bacterial+Flora+Of+The+Oral+Cavity.">Defining The Normal Bacterial Flora Of The Oral Cavity.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 43, 5721-5732 (2005).</li><li>Belkaid, Y., Naik, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compartmentalized+And+Systemic+Control+Of+Tissue+Immunity+By+Commensals.">Compartmentalized And Systemic Control Of Tissue Immunity By Commensals.</a> Nat Immunol. 14, 646-653 (2013).</li><li>Darveau, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Periodontitis:+A+Polymicrobial+Disruption+Of+Host+Homeostasis.">Periodontitis: A Polymicrobial Disruption Of Host Homeostasis.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 8, 481-490 (2010).</li><li>Hajishengallis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunomicrobial+Pathogenesis+Of+Periodontitis:+Keystones,+Pathobionts,+And+Host+Response.">Immunomicrobial Pathogenesis Of Periodontitis: Keystones, Pathobionts, And Host Response.</a> Trends Immunol. 35, 3-11 (2014).</li><li>Eke, P. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+Of+Periodontitis+In+Adults+In+The+United+States:+2009+And+2010.">Prevalence Of Periodontitis In Adults In The United States: 2009 And 2010.</a> J Dent Res. 91, 914-920 (2012).</li><li>Moutsopoulos, N. M., Lionakis, M. S., Hajishengallis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inborn+Errors+In+Immunity:+Unique+Natural+Models+To+Dissect+Oral+Immunity.">Inborn Errors In Immunity: Unique Natural Models To Dissect Oral Immunity.</a> J Dent Res. , (2015).</li><li>Hajishengallis, G., Lamont, R. J., Graves, D. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Enduring+Importance+Of+Animal+Modelsin+Understanding+Periodontal+Disease.">The Enduring Importance Of Animal Modelsin Understanding Periodontal Disease.</a> Virulence. 6, 229-235 (2015).</li><li>Sharrow, S. O., Coligan, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+Of+Flow+Cytometry+Data.">Analysis Of Flow Cytometry Data.</a> Current Protocols In Immunology. , (2001).</li><li>Arizon, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Langerhans+Cells+Down-Regulate+Inflammation-Driven+Alveolar+Bone+Loss.">Langerhans Cells Down-Regulate Inflammation-Driven Alveolar Bone Loss.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109, 7043-7048 (2012).</li><li>Moutsopoulos, N. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defective+Neutrophil+Recruitment+In+Leukocyte+Adhesion+Deficiency+Type+I+Disease+Causes+Local+IL-17-Driven+Inflammatory+Bone+Loss.">Defective Neutrophil Recruitment In Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type I Disease Causes Local IL-17-Driven Inflammatory Bone Loss.</a> Sci Transl Med. 6, 229-240 (2014).</li><li>Gaffen, S. L., Jain, R., Garg, A. V., Cua, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+IL-23-IL-17+Immune+Axis:+From+Mechanisms+To+Therapeutic+Testing.">The IL-23-IL-17 Immune Axis: From Mechanisms To Therapeutic Testing.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 14, 585-600 (2014).</li></ol>

Authors have nothing to disclose

La técnica actual produce con éxito un gran número de células inmunes (de un solo ratón) adecuado, no sólo para la caracterización fenotípica, sino también para estudios funcionales ex vivo. Otro grupo había publicado previamente un protocolo para aislar y caracterizar células inmunes gingivales murino y se introduce el valor de la utilización de la citometría de flujo multicolor en el estudio de la periodontitis en modelos animales 9. Tras la resolución de problemas considerables la modificación clave en este protocolo fue incluir la disección de bloques enteros de tejido con el fin de incluir las dos áreas de cuello gingivales y encía interdental (Figura 1). Con la disección gingival solo, a menudo no se logran los colgajos de espesor completo y parte de la encía se pierde en particular en las zonas interdentales. Utilizando este enfoque, el número de células inmunes cosechadas se incrementan significativamente. Esta técnica también permite el aislamiento óptimo de los tejidos gingivales, tanto de un maxilard mandíbula. Los pasos críticos de este protocolo incluyen una disección conservadora de áreas gingivales y una tasa de eficiencia de la disección. En concreto, bloques de tejido deben ser diseccionados para incluir solamente mínima del tejido alrededor de los dientes (encía) y los tejidos bucales no. Los bloques deben ser disecadas de forma rápida y tejidos y células deben permanecer en el hielo para asegurar la viabilidad celular óptima. Para los fines de la solución de problemas, es importante tener en cuenta que bajo rendimiento de las células puede estar relacionada con la falta de tiempo de incubación con colagenasa, las concentraciones inadecuadas de la colagenasa y / o disección inadecuada de la encía de los bloques de tejido. En ese sentido, la disección de la encía utilizando lupas de aumento (2X-6X) puede ser útil. Low viabilidad de las células se puede relacionar la lentitud en el procedimiento y a los medios de comunicación, tampones y las células no quedan continuamente en hielo. Las limitaciones de este protocolo, inherentes al tipo de tejido disdiseccionados es el tamaño de los tejidos gingivales, en comparación con otros sitios de barrera anatómica estudiada (ex. Skin o en el tracto gastrointestinal) en el que los tejidos más grandes están disponibles. No obstante, la técnica presentada aquí nos ha permitido caracterizar las poblaciones de células predominantes en el LFA - / - modelo que desarrolló espontáneamente periodontitis. En LFA - / - ratones que identifica un IL-17 de la firma citoquina dominante durante el desarrollo de la periodontitis 10. Utilizando el análisis de citometría de flujo multicolor hemos sido capaces de definir las fuentes celulares de IL-17 11. En esta configuración, la IL-17 fue la enfermedad producida por las células T, las células TCRγδ T CD4 + y células linfoides innatas (CIT) a nivel local dentro de la encía 10. Con el número sustancial de células aisladas con esta metodología y la capacidad de identificar incluso las pequeñas subpoblaciones, ahora será posible desarrollar una amplia entiendención de la red de células inmunes especializadas salvaguardar la integridad de la barrera gingival. Esta visión crítica nos permitirá evaluar las respuestas inmunes en el entorno de la encía. Mediante el empleo de esta técnica podemos pasar ahora para aislar los componentes específicos de la red de células inmunes encía por la clasificación de células por citometría de flujo, lo que permite el análisis y caracterizaciones adicionales que deben realizarse.

Tejidos gingivales rodean la dentición humana y murina y están constantemente expuestos al complejo biofilm del diente 1. La red de células inmunes la vigilancia de la barrera gingival es vital para mantener la integridad del tejido, asegurando homeostasis con los microbios comensales locales y, al mismo tiempo, proporcionando una inmunidad eficaz contra el desafío patogénico 2. Para lograr la homeostasis, el sistema inmunológico está cuidadosamente adaptada al entorno gingival creación de una red de células inmunes altamente especializado, sin embargo, poco se conoce el detalle de las poblaciones de células inmunes gingivales y su papel en el mantenimiento de la inmunidad tisular 2. Cuando se interrumpe la homeostasis inmune en la encía, ya sea mediante el aumento de la susceptibilidad y / o presencia de comunidades microbianas dysbiotic, una condición inflamatoria del huésped, surge la periodontitis 3 4. La periodontitis es una enfermedad inflamatoria común, lo que lleva a la pérdida del diente sPOYO estructuras. En sus formas severas se observa en aproximadamente el 10% de la población general 5. La disección de los factores clave implicados en la susceptibilidad periodontitis y la progresión ha sido difícil 6. Sin embargo, los modelos animales han sido extremadamente útiles en la comprensión de los mecanismos de iniciación y progresión periodontitis 7. Los modelos pueden ser empleados para definir las poblaciones de células y mediadores moleculares clave que son vitales para el mantenimiento de la homeostasis inmune y el desarrollo de la unidad de la periodontitis. Tal visión va a transformar nuestra comprensión del control-encía específica de la homeostasis inmune y mejorar nuestra comprensión actual de la patogénesis de la enfermedad.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="914">
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Fine Scissors</td>
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			<td style="width:188px;">Fine science tools</td>
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			<td style="width:188px;">Integra Miltex</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Needles with regular bevel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">BD Medical</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">305109</td>
			<td>27G, 12.7 mm length</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Monoject syringes</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Covidien</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">8881513934</td>
			<td>Luer-lock tip, 3mL</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">PBS, pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">10010-049</td>
			<td>Without Calcium and Magnesium</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">12-167F</td>
			<td>Without L-glutamine</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">DNase I from bovine pancreas</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:304px;">Collagenase type IV</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Gibco (by Life technologies)</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:304px;">Pen Strep</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Gibco (by Life technologies)</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">15140-122</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:304px;">L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Gibco (by Life technologies)</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">25030-081</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">0.5M EDTA pH 8.0</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Quality biological</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">351-027-721EA</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">50 mL tubes</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">352070</td>
			<td>Polypropylene, sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">70 &#956;M Cell Strainers</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">351029</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">5 mL FACS tubes</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">352052</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD GolgiPlug</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">555029</td>
			<td>Contains brefeldin A solution</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate (PMA)</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">P8139</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Ionomycin Calcium Salt</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">13909</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Saponin from quillaja bark</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">S4521</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LIVE/DEAD Fixable Aqua Dead Cell Stain Kit</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>L34957</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td style="width:188px;">56-0451-82</td>
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			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">48-0042-82</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Mouse TCR beta APC eFluor 780</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Mouse gamma delta TCR FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-5711-82</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse IL-17A APC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">12-7311-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse IFN-&#947; PE</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td>11-5931-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse NK1.1 PE-Cy7</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">25-5941-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD90.2 APC eFluor 780</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">47-0902-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD3e FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-0031-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD19 FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-0193-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD11b FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-0112-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD11c FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-0114-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse TCR beta FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-5961-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse Ly-6G FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-5931-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse Ly-6C FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">553104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation, characterization and functional examination of the gingival immune cell network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

Para ilustrar la aplicación del protocolo, mostramos los resultados representativos que examinan la red de células inmunes en la encía de los ratones con y sin periodontitis (WT vs. LFA - / -, Figura 2A - C). FACS representativos gráficos muestran células CD45 + hematopoyéticos vivos en la encía (Figura 2A, 2C). El aislamiento y la transformación de las células inmunes con este protocolo da suficientes células para realizar la estimulación ex vivo y caracterización de los patrones de secreción de citoquinas. Aquí mostramos IL-17 e IFN-γ tinción total de células CD45 + en el estado estacionario (WT) y en ratones que presentan periodontitis (debido a la deficiencia de LFA) (Figura 2B - D). Estos datos revelan el potencial de esta técnica para capturar los perfiles de citoquinas durante el tejido en estado estacionario (WT) y en el contexto de la periodontitis local (LFA - / -). en micrófonoe susceptibles a la periodontitis que caracteriza, además, la composición de células inmunes gingival en particular de la célula T y los compartimentos de células innata linfoide (ILC) (Figura 3A - B). Hemos sido capaces de definir la producción de IL-17 e IFN-γ dentro de la célula T TCR + CD4 +, células T TCR + CD8 +, + T cell TCRγδ, NK y los compartimentos de la CDI (Figura 3C). <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53736/53736fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1:. Aislamiento de encía murino Dibujo que demuestra las fronteras de la disección en el maxilar superior y el segmento aislado gingival que debe utilizarse para la disección del tejido gingival. (B) Segmento del maxilar murino (zona molar) con el esquema de bloques para la disección y el bloque aislado. Hematoxilina y eosina (H &amp; E) de un segmento molar superior con la encía<html> l tejidos descritos se muestra en baja (C) y un aumento mayor en (D). Magnificaciones originales indicados. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53736/53736fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53736/53736fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2: Los datos de FACS representativos para la producción de citoquinas de células de la encía. (A - C) FACS gráfico que muestra la puerta para Live + células CD45 en preparaciones de células de ratón gingivales siguientes ex vivo re-estimulación con PMA e ionomicina en el documento WT y LFA - / -. (B - D) parcelas FACS representativos que muestran IFN-γ e IL-17 tinción en total ratón células CD45 + de la encía de los ratones con / sin periodontitis (debido a la LFA-deficiencia).iles / ftp_upload / 53736 / 53736fig2large.jpg &quot;target =&quot; _ blank &quot;&gt; Haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura. <img alt="figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53736/53736fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3:. La producción de citocinas por las poblaciones inmunes en encía inflamada (A) gráfico representativo que muestra la tinción de FACS TCR frente TCRγδ cerrada en células CD45 +. Active en las células TCR +, la trama central muestra CD4 frente a la tinción TCR (permite el análisis de las células T TCR + CD4 +, células T CD8 + TCR + T y células TCRγδ). Gating en TCR - TCRγδ - células, parcela derecha muestra CD45 frente a la tinción NK1.1 (permite el análisis de las células NK). (B) gráfico representativo que muestra la tinción de FACS CD90.2 cerrada en las células CD45 + negativas de linaje (CD3- CD19 - NK1.1 - CD11c - CD11b - Ly6G - Ly6C - TCRγδ - TCR -) que identifica las células linfoides innatas. (C) parcelas FACS representativo que muestra IFN-γ e IL-17 en la tinción de poblaciones de células identificados. Preparaciones Gingiva son de 20 semanas de edad LFA - / - ratones que desarrollan periodontitis; los datos son representativos de tres experimentos independientes. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53736/53736fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor, haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network at JoVE.com

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Hemos establecido una técnica para el aislamiento, la caracterización fenotípica y análisis funcional de células inmunes de encía murino.

El aislamiento, caracterización y examen funcional de la red celular gingival Inmune

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

isolation-characterization-functional-examination-gingival-immune

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

10.7K vistas.  NIH.  Hemos establecido una técnica para el aislamiento, la caracterización fenotípica y análisis funcional de células inmunes de encía murino. 

Video: Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Measuring Calpain Activity in Fixed and Living Cells by Flow Cytometry

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, including signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, regulation of gene expression, apoptosis and cell cycle progression 1. Calpains have been implicated in many pathologies including muscular dystrophies, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis 1. Calpain regulation is complex and incompletely understood. mRNA and protein levels correlate poorly with activity, limiting the use of gene or protein expression techniques to measure calpain activity. This video protocol details a flow cytometric assay developed in our laboratory for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells. This method uses the fluorescent substrate BOC-LM-CMAC, which is cleaved specifically by calpain, to measure calpain activity. 2 In this video, calpain activity in fixed and living murine 32Dkit leukemia cells, alone or as part of a splenocyte population is measured using an LSRII (BD Bioscience). 32Dkit cells are shown to have elevated activity compared to normal splenocytes.

This article will detail the protocol for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells using flow cytometry.

Medición de la actividad calpaína en células fijadas y vivir por citometría de flujo

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Isolation of Functional Cardiac Immune Cells

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5 These immune cells, which include mast cells, T-cells and macrophages; store and release a variety of biologically active mediators including cytokines and proteases such as tryptase.6-8 These mediators have been shown to be key players in extracellular matrix metabolism by activating matrix metalloproteinases or causing collagen accumulation by modulating the cardiac fibroblasts' function.9-11 However, available techniques for isolating cardiac immune cells have been problematic because they use bacterial collagenase to digest the myocardial tissue. This technique causes activation of the immune cells and thus a loss of function. For example, cardiac mast cells become significantly less responsive to compounds that cause degranulation.12 Therefore, we developed a technique that allows for the isolation of functional cardiac immune cells which would lead to a better understanding of the role of these cells in cardiac disease.13, 14
This method requires a familiarity with the anatomical location of the rat's xiphoid process, axilla and falciform ligament, and pericardium of the heart. These landmarks are important to increase success of the procedure and to ensure a higher yield of cardiac immune cells. These isolated cardiac immune cells can then be used for characterization of functionality, phenotype, maturity, and co-culture experiments with other cardiac cells to gain a better understanding of their interactions.

This method for isolating functional immune cells from the heart provides an alternative to the conventional methods of collagenase digestion, which causes unwanted immune cell activation, resulting in a decreased responsiveness of these cells. Our method of isolation yields functional cardiac immune cells by avoiding problems associated with enzymatic digestion.

Aislamiento de células inmunes funcionales cardíacos

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5  These immune cells, which ...

Differentiating Functional Roles of Gene Expression from Immune and Non-immune Cells in Mouse Colitis by Bone Marrow Transplantation

To understand the role of a gene in the development of colitis, we compared the responses of wild-type mice and gene-of-interest deficient knockout mice to colitis. If the gene-of-interest is expressed in both bone marrow derived cells and non-bone marrow derived cells of the host; however, it is possible to differentiate the role of a gene of interest in bone marrow derived cells and non- bone marrow derived cells by bone marrow transplantation technique. To change the bone marrow derived cell genotype of mice, the original bone marrow of recipient mice were destroyed by irradiation and then replaced by new donor bone marrow of different genotype. When wild-type mice donor bone marrow was transplanted to knockout mice, we could generate knockout mice with wild-type gene expression in bone marrow derived cells. Alternatively, when knockout mice donor bone marrow was transplanted to wild-type recipient mice, wild-type mice without gene-of-interest expressing from bone marrow derived cells were produced. However, bone marrow transplantation may not be 100% complete. Therefore, we utilized cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules (CD45.1 and CD45.2) as markers of donor and recipient cells to track the proportion of donor bone marrow derived cells in recipient mice and success of bone marrow transplantation. Wild-type mice with CD45.1 genotype and knockout mice with CD45.2 genotype were used. After irradiation of recipient mice, the donor bone marrow cells of different genotypes were infused into the recipient mice. When the new bone marrow regenerated to take over its immunity, the mice were challenged by chemical agent (dextran sodium sulfate, DSS 5%) to induce colitis. Here we also showed the method to induce colitis in mice and evaluate the role of the gene of interest expressed from bone-marrow derived cells. If the gene-of-interest from the bone derived cells plays an important role in the development of the disease (such as colitis), the phenotype of the recipient mice with bone marrow transplantation can be significantly altered. At the end of colitis experiments, the bone marrow derived cells in blood and bone marrow were labeled with antibodies against CD45.1 and CD45.2 and their quantitative ratio of existence could be used to evaluate the success of bone marrow transplantation by flow cytometry. Successful bone marrow transplantation should show a vast majority of donor genotype (in term of CD molecule marker) over recipient genotype in both the bone marrow and blood of recipient mice.

Bone marrow transplantation provides a way to change the genotype of the bone marrow derived cells. If the gene of interest is expressed in both bone marrow derived cells and non-bone marrow derived cells, bone marrow transplantation can change the bone marrow derived cells to a different genotype without changing the non-bone marrow derived cell genotype.

Diferenciar los roles funcionales de la expresión génica de las células inmunes y no inmunes en la colitis de ratón por Trasplante de Médula Ósea

To understand the role of a gene in the development of colitis, we compared the responses of wild-type mice and gene-of-interest deficient knockout mice ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Throughout the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII) to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been increasingly recognized. AECII have been shown to participate in cytokine production in inflamed airways and to even act as antigen-presenting cells in both infection and T-cell mediated autoimmunity 1-8. Therefore, they are especially interesting also in clinical contexts such as airway hyper-reactivity to foreign and self-antigens as well as infections that directly or indirectly target AECII. However, our understanding of the detailed immunologic functions served by alveolar type II epithelial cells in the healthy lung as well as in inflammation remains fragmentary. Many studies regarding AECII function are performed using mouse or human alveolar epithelial cell lines 9-12. Working with cell lines certainly offers a range of benefits, such as the availability of large numbers of cells for extensive analyses. However, we believe the use of primary murine AECII allows a better understanding of the role of this cell type in complex processes like infection or autoimmune inflammation. Primary murine AECII can be isolated directly from animals suffering from such respiratory conditions, meaning they have been subject to all additional extrinsic factors playing a role in the analyzed setting. As an example, viable AECII can be isolated from mice intranasally infected with influenza A virus, which primarily targets these cells for replication 13. Importantly, through ex vivo infection of AECII isolated from healthy mice, studies of the cellular responses mounted upon infection can be further extended.
Our protocol for the isolation of primary murine AECII is based on enzymatic digestion of the mouse lung followed by labeling of the resulting cell suspension with antibodies specific for CD11c, CD11b, F4/80, CD19, CD45 and CD16/CD32. Granular AECII are then identified as the unlabeled and sideward scatter high (SSChigh) cell population and are separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting 3.
In comparison to alternative methods of isolating primary epithelial cells from mouse lungs, our protocol for flow cytometric isolation of AECII by negative selection yields untouched, highly viable and pure AECII in relatively short time. Additionally, and in contrast to conventional methods of isolation by panning and depletion of lymphocytes via binding of antibody-coupled magnetic beads 14, 15, flow cytometric cell-sorting allows discrimination by means of cell size and granularity. Given that instrumentation for flow cytometric cell sorting is available, the described procedure can be applied at relatively low costs. Next to standard antibodies and enzymes for lung disintegration, no additional reagents such as magnetic beads are required. The isolated cells are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies, which include in vitro culture and T-cell stimulation assays as well as transcriptome, proteome or secretome analyses 3, 4.

We describe the rapid isolation of primary murine type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) by flow cytometric negative selection. These AECII show high viability and purity and are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies regarding their role in respiratory conditions such as autoimmune or infectious diseases.

Citometría de flujo El aislamiento de células primarias murino tipo II alveolares epiteliales de Estudios funcionales y moleculares

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique and important tissue to study immune mechanisms because it is involved in host immune response against oral biofilm that might cause periodontal diseases. Furthermore, the close proximity of the gingiva to alveolar bone tissue enables also studying bone remodeling under inflammatory conditions. Our method yields large amount of immune cells that allows analysis of even rare cell populations such as Langerhans cells and T regulatory cells as we demonstrated previously 1. Employing mice to study local immune responses involved in alveolar bone loss during periodontal diseases is advantageous because of the availability of various immunological and experimental tools. Nevertheless, due to their small size and the relatively inconvenient access to the murine gingiva, many studies avoided examination of this critical tissue. The method described in this work could facilitate gingival analysis, which hopefully will increase our understating on the oral immune system and its role during periodontal diseases.

This study describes an efficient technique to isolate and process gingival tissues from the mouse oral cavity in order to produce a single-cell culture. The resulting cells can be further used for flow cytometry analysis and molecular studies.

El aislamiento, tratamiento y análisis de células gingivales murinos

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique ...

Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an intensification of interest in immune cell contribution to local and systemic insulin resistance. Isolation and quantification of different immune cell populations in lean and obese AT is now a commonly utilized technique in immunometabolism laboratories; yet extreme care must be taken both in stromal vascular cell isolation and in the flow cytometry analysis so that the data obtained is reliable and interpretable. In this video we demonstrate how to mince, digest, and isolate the immune cell-enriched stromal vascular fraction. Subsequently, we show how to antibody label macrophages and T lymphocytes and how to properly gate on them in flow cytometry experiments. Representative flow cytometry plots from low fat-fed lean and high fat-fed obese mice are provided. A critical element of this analysis is the use of antibodies that do not fluoresce in channels where AT macrophages are naturally autofluorescent, as well as the use of proper compensation controls.

Adipose tissue (AT) is a site of intense immune cell activation and interaction. Almost all cells of the immune system are present in AT and their ratios are altered by obesity. Proper isolation, quantification, and characterization of AT immune cell populations are critical for understanding their role in immunometabolic disease.

Aislamiento de tejido adiposo células inmunes

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in  the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an  intensification of interest in ...

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. Although understanding the disease dynamics for each of these pathogens independently is vital, it is also important that the interactions between these pathogens are investigated and understood. 
We have developed a versatile in vitro model of HIV-malaria co-infection to study host immune responses to malaria in the context of HIV infection. Our model allows the study of secreted factors in cellular supernatants, cell surface and intracellular protein markers, as well as RNA expression levels. The experimental design and methods used limit variability and promote data reliability and reproducibility. 
All pathogens used in this model are natural human pathogens (Plasmodium falciparum and HIV-1), and all infected cells are naturally infected and used fresh. We use human erythrocytes parasitized with P. falciparum and maintained in continuous in vitro culture. We obtain freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically HIV-infected volunteers. Every condition used has an appropriate control (P. falciparum parasitized vs. normal erythrocytes), and every HIV-infected donor has an HIV uninfected control, from which cells are harvested on the same day. This model provides a realistic environment to study the interactions between malaria parasites and human immune cells in the context of HIV infection.

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Human co-infection is difficult to replicate in vitro. However, human malaria parasites can readily be cultured in vitro, as can freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells naturally infected with HIV. This provides an excellent model for studying early immune responses to malaria parasites in the context of HIV co-infection.

Un<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Modelo para medir la respuesta inmune a la malaria en el contexto del VIH Co-infección

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse Brain

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident cells. A key mechanism of this inflammatory response is the migration of circulating immune cells to the ischemic brain facilitated by chemokine release and increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Brain-invading leukocytes are well-known contributing to early-stage secondary ischemic injury, but their significance for the termination of inflammation and later brain repair has only recently been noticed.
Here, a simple protocol for the efficient isolation of immune cells from the ischemic mouse brain is provided. After transcardial perfusion, brain hemispheres are dissected and mechanically dissociated. Enzymatic digestion with Liberase&#160;is followed by density gradient (such as Percoll) centrifugation to remove myelin and cell debris. One major advantage of this protocol is the single-layer density gradient procedure which does not require time-consuming preparation of gradients and can be reliably performed. The approach yields highly reproducible cell counts per brain hemisphere and allows for measuring several flow cytometry panels in one biological replicate. Phenotypic characterization and quantification of brain-invading leukocytes after experimental stroke may contribute to a better understanding of their multifaceted roles in ischemic injury and repair.

Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that it acts as a double-edged sword which exacerbates early brain injury, but also contributes to later repair. This protocol describes the isolation of immune cells from the ischemic brain and their subsequent flow cytometric phenotyping.

Aislamiento y análisis de citometría de flujo de células inmunes del cerebro isquémico Ratón

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident ...

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophil-derived Microparticles for Functional Studies

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in diameter. MPs are a newly evolving, important part of cell-to-cell communication and signaling machinery. Because of their size and the nature of their release, until recently MP existence was overlooked. However, with improved technology and analytical methods their function in health and disease is now emerging. The protocols presented here are aimed at isolating and characterizing PMN-MPs by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Moreover, several implementation examples are given. These protocols for MP isolation are fast, low-cost, and do not require the use of expensive kits. Furthermore, they allow for the labeling of MPs following isolation, as well as pre-labeling of source cells prior to MP release, using a membrane-specific fluorescent dye for visualization and analysis by flow cytometry. These methods, however, have several limitations including purity of PMNs and MPs and the need for sophisticated analytical instrumentation. A high-end flow cytometer is needed to reliably analyze MPs and minimize false positive reads due to noise or auto-fluorescence. The described protocols can be used to isolate and define MP biogenesis, and characterize their markers and variation in composition under different stimulating conditions. Size heterogeneity can be exploited to investigate whether the content of membrane particles versus exosomes is different, and whether they fulfill different roles in tissue homeostasis. Finally, following isolation and characterization of MPs, their function in cellular responses and various disease models (including, PMN-associated inflammatory disorders, such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases or Acute Lung Injury) can be explored.

New protocols are described here to isolate and characterize microparticles derived from human and mouse neutrophils. These protocols utilize ultracentrifugation, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting techniques to analyze microparticle content, and they can be used to study the role of microparticles derived from various cell types in cellular function.

Aislamiento y caracterización de micropartículas de neutrófilos derivado de estudios funcionales

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in ...

Isolation and Identification of Extravascular Immune Cells of the Heart

The immune system is an essential component of a healthy heart. The myocardium is home to a rich population of different immune cell subsets with functional compartmentalization both during steady state and during different forms of inflammation. Until recently, the study of immune cells in the heart required the use of microscopy or poorly developed digestion protocols, which provided enough sensitivity during severe inflammation but were unable to confidently identify small &#8212; but key &#8212; populations of cells during steady state. Here, we discuss a simple method combining enzymatic (collagenase, hyaluronidase and DNAse) and mechanical digestion of murine hearts preceded by intravascular administration of fluorescently-labelled antibodies to differentiate small but unavoidable intravascular cell contaminants. This method generates a suspension of isolated viable cells that can be analyzed by flow cytometry for identification, phenotyping and quantification, or further purified with fluorescence-activated cell sorting or magnetic bead separation for transcriptional analysis or in vitro studies. We include an example of a step-by-step flow cytometric analysis to differentiate the key macrophage and dendritic cell populations of the heart. For a medium sized experiment (10 hearts) the completion of the procedure requires 2&#8211;3 h.

This protocol presents a simple and efficient method to isolate, identify and quantify immune cells residing in the myocardium of mice during steady state or inflammation. The protocol combines enzymatic and mechanical digestion for the generation of a single cell suspension that can be further analyzed by flow cytometry.