La asistencia técnica capaz de Anthony Thomas se agradece.

Procedimiento para el procesamiento de muestras de orina <ol><li> Descongele la muestra de orina en un baño de agua a 37 ° C. Decantar en un nuevo envase si el original está en peligro. </li><li> Tomar una alícuota máxima de 13 ml de muestra y almacenarla a -20 ° C en un tubo de centrífuga cónico de etiquetado. </li><li> Medir y registrar la densidad óptica de la muestra mediante la colocación de un par de gotas de orina en el refractómetro. </li><li> Filtrar la muestra a través de un filtro de 0,2 um. </li><li> Medir el volumen de muestra a continuación de acuerdo a la densidad óptica <table border="0"><tbody><tr><td> 1.000-1.009 </td><td> 1,00 ml </td></tr><tr><td> 1.010-1.019 </td><td> 0,50 ml </td></tr><tr><td> 1.020-1.050 </td><td> 0,25 ml + 0,25 ml de H 2 O </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li> El volumen específico se transfiere entonces a un Reactivial contiene las siguientes normas internas: 500 nanomoles (nmoles) 3 creatina, 10 nmoles d 3 El ácido metilmalónico, 100 nmoles de cada uno de los siguientes 13 C 3 de lactato, piruvato 3 13 C, 13 C 2 15 N glicina, serina 3 d, d 5 fenilalanina, d 11 hexanoylglycine, 15 N 2 orotato, d 4 ácido sebácico, 13 C 6 glucosa, inositol y 6 d d 5 triptófano. </li><li> 20 microlitros (l) de un 7,5 unidades / l de solución de ureasa (Calzyme Catálogo de laboratorios no. 116A0100) se añade a la muestra, que es vaciado y sellado en CO 2 a través de un tabique inerte. </li><li> La muestra se lleva a cabo a 37 ° C durante 30 minutos con más gas carbónico añadido a intervalos de 15 minutos para mantener la presión. </li><li> 20 l más de la solución de ureasa, se añade, el frasco se llena con dióxido de carbono, y la muestra se mantuvo a 37 ° C durante 15 minutos. </li><li> 500 l de acetona 30:70: se mezcla con metanol, el tapón de goma se sustituye por un tabique recubierto de teflón, y la muestra se enfría a -20 ° C durante 15 minutos. </li><li> Los sólidos son retirados por centrifugación a 1500 rpm x 10 minutos y luego se decanta en un lugar limpio Reactivial 2,0 cc (Supelco / Sigma) </li><li> Añadir trifluoroacetato trietilamonio (TEA / TFA) (Sigma) como sigue: <ul><li> 20 l de 1,00 ml de muestras </li><li> 40 ml de 0,5 ml o menos muestras, </li></ul></li><li> Rematar con acetonitrilo y de lugar en una corriente de nitrógeno a 70 ° C hasta que el volumen constante se logra (TEA / TFA seguirá siendo) (~ 15 minutos). </li><li> Repita el paso 13, hasta 4 veces hasta que se forma un precipitado (~ 10 minutos cada uno). </li><li> Deje enfriar durante unos 2 minutos. Rematar con cloruro de metileno, teniendo cuidado de hervir, y seco (~ 4:00 minutos). </li><li> Repita el paso 15. </li><li> Añadir MSTFA (N-metil-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide) (térmica Científica) a las siguientes tarifas: <ul><li> 150 l de 1,00 ml de muestras </li><li> 200 l de 0,50 ml o menos muestras, </li></ul></li><li> Cap en una atmósfera de nitrógeno y se incuba a 70 ° C durante 1 hora. </li><li> Traslado al microviales, bajo una atmósfera de nitrógeno, para el análisis de cromatografía de gases / espectrómetro de masas. </li><li> Microviales lugar para la inyección automatizada por el GC Agilent 5975 / TM: temperatura del instrumento son las siguientes: inyector 200 ° C, la interfaz de 250 ° C, horno de 80 º C durante 1 minuto; rampa a 4 º C / minuto 80-130 ° C, rampa 6 ° C / minuto 130-200 ° C, rampa de 12 ° C / minuto 200-285 ° C, mantenida durante 10 minutos. Columna: 25 m, 320 micras ID, 0,5 micrones espesor de la película DB-5. Espectrómetro de masas: fuente de 230 ° C, quad 150 ° C, escaneado 50-650 amu a 2,46 lecturas / seg. Solvente demora 3,5 minutos. </li></ol> Resultados representante Por favor, <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/2014/ShoemakerResultHawkinsinuria.pdf">haga clic aquí</a> para ver los resultados representativos.

<ol>
	<li>Shoemaker, J. D., Elliott, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+screening+of+urine+samples+for+carbohydrates,+organic+and+amino+acids+after+treatment+with+urease.">Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease.</a> J. Chromatogr. 562 (1-2), 125-138 (1991).</li><li>Kuhara, T., Shinka, T., Inoue, Y., Ohse, M., Zhen-wei, X., Yoshida, I., Inokuchi, T., Yamaguchi, S., Takayanagi, M., Matsumoto, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pilot+study+of+gas+chromatographic-mass+spectrometric+screening+of+newborn+urine+for+inborn+errors+of+metabolism+after+treatment+with+urease.">Pilot study of gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric screening of newborn urine for inborn errors of metabolism after treatment with urease.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 731 (1), 141-147 (1999).</li><li>Fu, X., Iga, M., Kimura, M., Yamaguchi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+screening+for+organic+acidemia+using+GC/MS+and+dried+urine+filter+paper:+a+study+on+neonatal+mass+screening.">Simplified screening for organic acidemia using GC/MS and dried urine filter paper: a study on neonatal mass screening.</a> Early Hum Dev. 58 (1), 41-55 (2000).</li><li>Kuhara, T., Ohdoi, C., Ohse, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+gas+chromatographic-mass+spectrometric+procedure+for+diagnosing+pyrimidine+degradation+defects+for+prevention+of+severe+anticancer+side+effects.">Simple gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedure for diagnosing pyrimidine degradation defects for prevention of severe anticancer side effects.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 758 (1), 61-74 (2001).</li><li>Kuhara, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis+of+inborn+errors+of+metabolism+using+filter+paper+urine,+urease+treatment,+isotope+dilution+and+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry.">Diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism using filter paper urine, urease treatment, isotope dilution and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 758, 3-25 (2001).</li><li>Iga, M., Kimura, M., Ohura, T., Kikawa, Y., Yamaguchi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid,+simplified+and+sensitive+method+for+screening+fructose-1,6-diphosphatase+deficiency+by+analyzing+urinary+metabolites+in+urease/direct+preparations+and+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+in+the+selected-ion+monitoring+mode.">Rapid, simplified and sensitive method for screening fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency by analyzing urinary metabolites in urease/direct preparations and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected-ion monitoring mode.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 746 (1), 75-82 (2000).</li><li>Kuhara, T., Ohse, M., Ohdoi, C., Ishida, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+diagnosis+of+homocystinuria+by+urease+treatment,+isotope+dilution+and+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry.">Differential diagnosis of homocystinuria by urease treatment, isotope dilution and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 742 (1), 59-70 (2000).</li><li>Young, V., Lo, S., Shoemaker, J., Thomas, A., Rhead, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+and+Extension+of+the+Urease+Method+for+Urine+Organic+and+Amino+Acid+Analysis.">Validation and Extension of the Urease Method for Urine Organic and Amino Acid Analysis.</a> , (2008).</li><li>Smith, E. M., Hoi, J. T., Eissenberg, J. C., Shoemaker, J. D., Neckameyer, W. S., Ilvarsonn, A. M., Harshman, L. G., Schlegel, V. L., Zempleni, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feeding+Drosophila+a+biotin-deficient+diet+for+multiple+generations+increases+stress+resistance+and+lifespan+and+alters+gene+expression+and+histone+biotinylation+patterns.">Feeding Drosophila a biotin-deficient diet for multiple generations increases stress resistance and lifespan and alters gene expression and histone biotinylation patterns.</a> J Nutr. 137 (9), 2006-2012 (2007).</li><li>Brown, S. M., Shoemaker, J. D., Lodge, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Importance+of+NADP+-Dependent+Isocitrate+Dehydrogenase+in+Resistance+to+Nitrosative+Stress+and+the+Inessentiality+of+Glucose-6-Phosphate+Dehydrogenase+for+Oxidative+Stress+Resistance+in+Cryptococcus+neoformans.">The Importance of NADP+-Dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase in Resistance to Nitrosative Stress and the Inessentiality of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase for Oxidative Stress Resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans.</a> Eukaryotic Cell. , (2010).</li><li>Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutritional+Screening+in+Humans+by+Gas+Chromatography-Mass+Spectrometry+of+Urine+Metabolites+After+Substrate+Loading.">Nutritional Screening in Humans by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of Urine Metabolites After Substrate Loading.</a> , (1992).</li><li>Baggot, P. J., Kalamarides, J. A., Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Valproate-induced+biochemical+abnormalities+in+pregnancy+corrected+by+vitamins:+A+Case+Report.">Valproate-induced biochemical abnormalities in pregnancy corrected by vitamins: A Case Report.</a> Epilepsia. 40 (44), 512-515 (1999).</li><li>Baggot, P. J., Eliseo, A. J., Kalamarides, J. A., Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+folate-dependent+metabolite+in+amniotic+fluid+from+pregnancies+with+normal+or+trisomy+21+chromosomes.">A folate-dependent metabolite in amniotic fluid from pregnancies with normal or trisomy 21 chromosomes.</a> Fetal Diagn Ther. 21 (1), 148-152 (2006).</li><li>Baggot, P. J., Eliseo, A. J., DeNicola, N. G., Kalamarides, J. A., Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organic+acid+concentrations+in+amniotic+fluid+found+in+normal+and+Down+syndrome+pregnancies.">Organic acid concentrations in amniotic fluid found in normal and Down syndrome pregnancies.</a> Fetal Diagn Ther. 23 (3), 245-248 (2008).</li><li>Baggot, P. J., Eliseo, A. J., DeNicola, N. G., Kalamarides, J. A., Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pyridoxine-related+metabolite+concentrations+in+normal+and+Down+syndrome+amniotic+fluid.">Pyridoxine-related metabolite concentrations in normal and Down syndrome amniotic fluid.</a> Fetal Diagn Ther. 23 (4), 254-257 (2008).</li></ol>

El laboratorio de cribado metabólico es un laboratorio clínico con licencia CLIA propiedad de Saint Louis University, una corporación sin fines de lucro. El Dr. Shoemaker no se benefician directamente de los ingresos de laboratorio, pero podrían beneficiarse indirectamente de la productividad del laboratorio. Ninguno de los métodos, las técnicas, los resultados, los rangos normales, macros, las bibliotecas de software, o las conclusiones se consideran de propiedad y son de libre disposición de los interesados.

El método de la ureasa (1) ha sido citado 62 veces en la literatura médica con varias modificaciones. Grupo de Matsumoto (2,3) simplificó el procedimiento para el alto rendimiento de cribado neonatal e informó de los resultados de 16.000 pacientes. Kuhara y otros (4-7) han reportado el uso del método en varios casos de diagnóstico de errores innatos y seguimiento. Rhead (8) también confirmó la utilidad del método para el diagnóstico clínico y el seguimiento de los errores innatos. El método ha sido aplicado a la orina de los osos, ratones knock-out, los elefantes y los homogeneizados de moscas de la fruta entera y sus larvas (9). Los medios de cultivo de Cryptococcus antes y después de la mutagénesis dirigida también se analizaron, sin el paso de ureasa (10). El método ha sido aplicado a la evaluación de la nutrición humana en estudiantes de medicina, pacientes con síndrome de Down y demencia veteranos ancianos después de la carga de los sujetos con dosis orales de los aminoácidos triptófano, metionina e isoleucina (11). Los ocho vitaminas B se evaluó mediante la cuantificación de los productos de descomposición de los tres aminoácidos que, entre ellos, requieren que todos los 8 vitaminas en algún momento de su degradación. Los efectos tóxicos de los fármacos y su mitigación mediante el suplemento vitamínico se ha reportado (12). Muestras de líquido amniótico de embarazos con síndrome de Down normal y se analizaron e informaron (13-15).

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>MSD 5975</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Agilent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>GC/MS/Computer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MSD 5973</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Agilent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>GC/MS/Computer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Urease</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Calzyme</td>
<td>116A0100</td>
<td>Also Sigma C3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Stable Isotope Standards</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>CDN Isotopes, Isotec, Cambridge Isotope Lab</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Solvents</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Analytes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Ernesto Brunet</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>GC Columns</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>J&amp;W Scientific</td>
<td>123-5026</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>TEA/TFA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fluka/Sigma</td>
<td>09747</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Vials</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Supelco/Sigma</td>
<td>Z115088/12EA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Merlin Microseal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Agilent</td>
<td>5181-8815</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MSTFA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Thermal Scientific</td>
<td>48913</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

one-step metabolomics: carbohydrates, organic and amino acids quantified in a single procedure

Cada niño nacido en los EE.UU. es ahora seleccionados para un máximo de 42 trastornos genéticos raros llamados &quot;errores congénitos del metabolismo&quot;. El método de detección se basa en la espectrometría de masas y cuantifica acilcarnitinas como una pantalla para acidemias orgánicas, así como las medidas de los aminoácidos. Todos los estados también realizan pruebas enzimáticas para los trastornos de los hidratos de carbono como la galactosemia. Debido a que los resultados pueden ser no específicos, pruebas de seguimiento de resultados positivos es necesario utilizar un método más definitivo. El presente informe describe la &quot;ureasa&quot; método de preparación de muestras para la detección de errores innatos. Enzima ureasa cristalina se utiliza para eliminar la urea de los fluidos del cuerpo que permite que la mayoría de los otros metabolitos solubles en agua para deshidratar y derivado de cromatografía de gases en un solo procedimiento. La deshidratación por evaporación en una corriente de nitrógeno se ve facilitada por la adición de acetonitrilo y cloruro de metileno. Entonces, trimethylsilylation lleva a cabo en la presencia de un catalizador único trifluoroacetato trietilamonio,. Inyección automatizada y es seguida por cromatografía de macro-impulsado cuantificación personalizadas de 192 metabolitos y semi-cuantificación de todos los componentes principales con las bibliotecas especializadas de espectros de masas de compuestos biológicos TMS derivado. El análisis se puede realizar en la plataforma Chemstation ampliamente utilizado con las macros y librerías disponibles por parte del autor. En nuestro laboratorio, más de 16.000 muestras de pacientes han sido analizados usando el método con un rendimiento diagnóstico del 17% - es decir, el 17% de los resultados de las muestras revelan los resultados que deben ser tramitadas por el médico solicitante. Se incluyen en estas más de 180 confirmados errores innatos, de los cuales aproximadamente el 38% no podría haber sido diagnosticado con los métodos anteriores.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure at JoVE.com

One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure

El método de la ureasa de preparación de muestras para análisis GC / MS de metabolitos intermedios es presentado por su inventor. El método permite un paso de seguimiento de cribado neonatal de errores congénitos por espectrometría de masas en tándem de los hidratos de carbono cuantificar, orgánicos y aminoácidos a todos en un solo proceso.

De un solo paso metabolómica: Hidratos de carbono, ácidos orgánicos y aminoácidos cuantificados en un procedimiento único

Every infant born in the US is now screened for up to 42 rare genetic disorders called "inborn errors of metabolism". The screening method is based on ...

one-step-metabolomics-carbohydrates-organic-amino-acids-quantified

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.1K vistas.  Saint Louis University School of Medicine. El método de la ureasa de preparación de muestras para análisis GC / MS de metabolitos intermedios es presentado por su inventor. El método permite un paso de seguimiento de cribado neonatal de errores congénitos por espectrometría de masas en tándem de los hidratos de carbono cuantificar, orgánicos y aminoácidos a todos en un solo proceso.

Video: One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

Procedimiento murino Trasplante Renal

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

Investigación

Biología

Single-cell Suction Recordings from Mouse Cone Photoreceptors

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment are open and allow cations to flow steadily inwards across the membrane, depolarizing the cell. Light exposure triggers the closure of the CNG channels, blocks the inward cation current flow, and thus results in cell hyperpolarization. Based on the polarity of photoreceptors, a suction recording method was developed in 1970s that, unlike the classic patch-clamp technique, does not require penetrating the plasma membrane 1. Drawing the outer segment into a tightly-fitting glass pipette filled with extracellular solution allows recording the current changes in individual cells upon test-flash exposure. However, this well-established "outer-segment-in (OS-in)" suction recording is not suitable for mouse cone recordings, because of the low percentage of cones in the mouse retina (3%) and the difficulties in identifying the cone outer segments. Recently, an inner-segment-in (IS-in) recording configuration was developed to draw the inner segment/nuclear region of the photoreceptor into the recording pipette 2,3. In this video, we will show how to record from individual mouse cone photoresponses using single-cell suction electrode.

We will show how to record flash responses from single mouse cones using a suction electrode.

Una sola célula grabaciones de succión de los conos del ratón

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment ...

Mammary Epithelial Transplant Procedure

This article describes and compares the fat pad clearance procedure developed by DeOme KB et al.1 and the sparing procedure developed by Brill B et al.2, followed by the mammary epithelial transplant procedure. The mammary transplant procedure is widely used by mammary biologists because it takes advantage of the fact that significant development of the mammary epithelium doesn't occur until after puberty. At 3 weeks of age, growth of the mammary epithelial tree is confined to the vicinity of the nipple and the fat pad is largely devoid of mammary epithelium, but by 7 weeks of age the epithelial ductal tree extends throughout the entire fat pad. Therefore, if this small portion of the fat pad containing epithelium, the region between the nipple and the lymph node, is removed at 3 weeks of age, the endogenous epithelium will never populate the mammary fat pad and the fat pad is described as "cleared". At this time, mammary epithelium from another source can be transplanted in the cleared fat pad where it has the potential to extend mammary ductal trees through out the fat pad. This procedure has been utilized in many experimental models including the examination of tumor phenotype in transgenic mammary epithelial tissue without the confounding effects of genotype on the entire animal3, in the identification of mammary stem cells by transplanting cells in limited dilution4,5, determining if hyperplastic nodules proceed to mammary tumors6, and to assess the effect of prior hormone exposure on the behavior of the mammary epithelium7,8.
Three week old host mice are anesthetized, cleaned and restrained on a surgical stage. A mid-sagittal incision is made through the skin, but not the peritoneum, extending from the pubis to the sternum. Oblique cuts are made through the skin from the mid-sagittal incision across the pelvis toward each leg. The skin is pulled away from the peritoneum to expose the 4th inguinal mammary gland. The fat pad is cleared by removing the fat pad tissue anterior to the lymph node. Epithelium fragments or epithelial cells are transplanted into the remaining cleared fat pad and the mouse is closed.

This article demonstrates the procedure developed by DeOme KB et al. (1959) and the sparing procedure developed by Brill B et al. (2008) for clearing the 4th inguinal mammary fat pad of a pubescent mouse in preparation for transplantation of mammary fragments, mammary epithelial cells, or mammary tumor cells.

Procedimiento de mama epiteliales de Trasplantes

This article describes and compares the fat pad clearance procedure developed by DeOme KB et al.1 and the sparing procedure developed by Brill B et al.2, ...

High-Throughput Measurement and Classification of Organic P in Environmental Samples

Many types of organic phosphorus (P) molecules exist in environmental samples1. Traditional P measurements do not detect these organic P compounds since they do not react with colorimetric reagents2,3. Enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) is an emerging method for accurately characterizing organic P forms in environmental samples4,5. This method is only trumped in accuracy by Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (31P-NMR) -a method that is expensive and requires specialized technical training6. We have adapted an enzymatic hydrolysis method capable of measuring three classes of phosphorus (monoester P, diester P and inorganic P) to a microplate reader system7. This method provides researchers with a fast, accurate, affordable and user-friendly means to measure P species in soils, sediments, manures and, if concentrated, aquatic samples. This is the only high-throughput method for measuring the forms and enzyme-lability of organic P that can be performed in a standard laboratory. The resulting data provides insight to scientists studying system nutrient content and eutrophication potential.

This protocol describes a high-throughput method of enzymatic hydrolysis that utilizes a microplate reader to measure and classify soil phosphorus as P monoesters, P diesters and inorganic P. Up to 96 samples can be measured at one time in a standard laboratory.

Alto Rendimiento de medición y clasificación de P orgánico en las muestras ambientales

Many types of organic phosphorus (P) molecules exist in environmental samples1.  Traditional P measurements do not detect these organic P compounds since ...

Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids

Microbes have complex metabolic pathways that can be investigated using biochemistry and functional genomics methods. One important technique to examine cell central metabolism and discover new enzymes is 13C-assisted metabolism analysis 1. This technique is based on isotopic labeling, whereby microbes are fed with a 13C labeled substrates. By tracing the atom transition paths between metabolites in the biochemical network, we can determine functional pathways and discover new enzymes. 
As a complementary method to transcriptomics and proteomics, approaches for isotopomer-assisted analysis of metabolic pathways contain three major steps 2. First, we grow cells with 13C labeled substrates. In this step, the composition of the medium and the selection of labeled substrates are two key factors. To avoid measurement noises from non-labeled carbon in nutrient supplements, a minimal medium with a sole carbon source is required. Further, the choice of a labeled substrate is based on how effectively it will elucidate the pathway being analyzed. Because novel enzymes often involve different reaction stereochemistry or intermediate products, in general, singly labeled carbon substrates are more informative for detection of novel pathways than uniformly labeled ones for detection of novel pathways3, 4. Second, we analyze amino acid labeling patterns using GC-MS. Amino acids are abundant in protein and thus can be obtained from biomass hydrolysis. Amino acids can be derivatized by N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (TBDMS) before GC separation. TBDMS derivatized amino acids can be fragmented by MS and result in different arrays of fragments. Based on the mass to charge (m/z) ratio of fragmented and unfragmented amino acids, we can deduce the possible labeled patterns of the central metabolites that are precursors of the amino acids. Third, we trace 13C carbon transitions in the proposed pathways and, based on the isotopomer data, confirm whether these pathways are active 2. Measurement of amino acids provides isotopic labeling information about eight crucial precursor metabolites in the central metabolism. These metabolic key nodes can reflect the functions of associated central pathways.
13C-assisted metabolism analysis via proteinogenic amino acids can be widely used for functional characterization of poorly-characterized microbial metabolism1. In this protocol, we will use Cyanothece 51142 as the model strain to demonstrate the use of labeled carbon substrates for discovering new enzymatic functions.

Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids

13C-isotope labeling is a useful technique for determining the cell central metabolism for various types of microorganisms. After cells have been cultured with a specific labeled substrate, GC-MS measurement can reveal functional metabolic pathways based on unique labeling patterns in proteinogenic amino acids.

Confirmación vía metabólica y el descubrimiento a través de 13 C-etiquetado de proteinogenic Aminoácidos

Microbes have complex metabolic pathways that can be investigated using biochemistry and functional genomics methods. One important technique to examine ...

Quantitative Measurement of Invadopodia-mediated Extracellular Matrix Proteolysis in Single and Multicellular Contexts

Cellular invasion into local tissues is a process important in development and homeostasis. Malregulated invasion and subsequent cell movement is characteristic of multiple pathological processes, including inflammation, cardiovascular disease and tumor cell metastasis1. Focalized proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the epithelial or endothelial basement membrane is a critical step in initiating cellular invasion. In tumor cells, extensive in vitro analysis has determined that ECM degradation is accomplished by ventral actin-rich membrane protrusive structures termed invadopodia2,3. Invadopodia form in close apposition to the ECM, where they moderate ECM breakdown through the action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The ability of tumor cells to form invadopodia directly correlates with the ability to invade into local stroma and associated vascular components3. 
Visualization of invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation of cells by fluorescent microscopy using dye-labeled matrix proteins coated onto glass coverslips has emerged as the most prevalent technique for evaluating the degree of matrix proteolysis and cellular invasive potential4,5. Here we describe a version of the standard method for generating fluorescently-labeled glass coverslips utilizing a commercially available Oregon Green-488 gelatin conjugate. This method is easily scaled to rapidly produce large numbers of coated coverslips. We show some of the common microscopic artifacts that are often encountered during this procedure and how these can be avoided. Finally, we describe standardized methods using readily available computer software to allow quantification of labeled gelatin matrix degradation mediated by individual cells and by entire cellular populations. The described procedures provide the ability to accurately and reproducibly monitor invadopodia activity, and can also serve as a platform for evaluating the efficacy of modulating protein expression or testing of anti-invasive compounds on extracellular matrix degradation in single and multicellular settings.

We describe the prototypical method for producing microscope coverslips coated with fluorescent gelatin for visualizing invadopodia-mediated matrix degradation. Computational techniques using available software are presented for quantifying the resultant levels of matrix proteolysis by single cells within a mixed population and for multicellular groups encompassing entire microscopic fields.

La medición cuantitativa de invadopodios mediada por proteolisis de la matriz extracelular en contextos simples y multicelulares

Cellular invasion into local tissues is a process important in development and homeostasis.  Malregulated invasion and subsequent cell movement is ...

A Chemical Screening Procedure for Glucocorticoid Signaling with a Zebrafish Larva Luciferase Reporter System

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with glucocorticoids can lead to severe side effects. Test systems are needed to search for novel compounds influencing glucocorticoid signaling in vivo or to determine unwanted effects of compounds on the glucocorticoid signaling pathway. We have established a transgenic zebrafish assay which allows the measurement of glucocorticoid signaling activity in vivo and in real-time, the GRIZLY assay (Glucocorticoid Responsive In vivo Zebrafish Luciferase activitY). The luciferase-based assay detects effects on glucocorticoid signaling with high sensitivity and specificity, including effects by compounds that require metabolization or affect endogenous glucocorticoid production. We present here a detailed protocol for conducting chemical screens with this assay. We describe data acquisition, normalization, and analysis, placing a focus on quality control and data visualization. The assay provides a simple, time-resolved, and quantitative readout. It can be operated as a stand-alone platform, but is also easily integrated into high-throughput screening workflows. It furthermore allows for many applications beyond chemical screening, such as environmental monitoring of endocrine disruptors or stress research.

We describe the procedure and data analysis of a chemical screening system for glucocorticoid stress hormone signaling using zebrafish larvae: the Glucocorticoid Responsive In vivo Zebrafish Luciferase activitY (GRIZLY) assay. The assay sensitively and specifically detects effects on glucocorticoid signaling by compounds that require metabolization or affect endogenous glucocorticoid production.

Un procedimiento de detección química de glucocorticoides Señalización con un sistema indicador de pez cebra Larva luciferasa

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with glucocorticoids ...

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. However, current platforms have different limiting factors, such as labor intensive sample preparations, low detection limits, slow scan speeds, intensive method optimization for each metabolite, and the inability to measure both positively and negatively charged ions in single experiments. Therefore, a novel metabolomics protocol could advance metabolomics studies. Amide-based hydrophilic chromatography enables polar metabolite analysis without any chemical derivatization. High resolution MS using the Q-Exactive (QE-MS) has improved ion optics, increased scan speeds (256 msec at resolution 70,000), and has the capability of carrying out positive/negative switching. Using a cold methanol extraction strategy, and coupling an amide column with QE-MS enables robust detection of 168 targeted polar metabolites and thousands of additional features simultaneously.&#160; Data processing is carried out with commercially available software in a highly efficient way, and unknown features extracted from the mass spectra can be queried in databases.

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. Utilizing normal-phased liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with polarity switching and a rapid duty cycle, we describe a protocol to analyze the polar metabolic composition of biological material with high sensitivity, accuracy, and resolution.

Una estrategia para sensibles, grande escala cuantitativa Metabolómica

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. However, current platforms have different limiting ...

One-step Purification of Twin-Strep-tagged Proteins and Their Complexes on Strep-Tactin Resin Cross-linked With Bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) Suberate (BS3)

Affinity purification of Strep-tagged fusion proteins on resins carrying an engineered streptavidin (Strep-Tactin) has become a widely used method for isolation of protein complexes under physiological conditions. Fusion proteins containing two copies of Strep-tag II, designated twin-Strep-tag or SIII-tag, have the advantage of higher affinity for Strep-Tactin compared to those containing only a single Strep-tag, thus allowing more efficient protein purification. However, this advantage is offset by the fact that elution of twin-Strep-tagged proteins with biotin may be incomplete, leading to low protein recovery. The recovery can be dramatically improved by using denaturing elution with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), but this leads to sample contamination with Strep-Tactin released from the resin, making the assay incompatible with downstream proteomic analysis. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a method whereby resin-coupled tetramer of Strep-Tactin is first stabilized by covalent cross-linking with Bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3) and the resulting cross-linked resin is then used to purify target protein complexes in a single batch purification step. Efficient elution with SDS ensures good protein recovery, while the absence of contaminating Strep-Tactin allows downstream protein analysis by mass spectrometry. As a proof of concept, we describe here a protocol for purification of SIII-tagged viral protein VPg-Pro from nuclei of virus-infected N. benthamiana plants using the Strep-Tactin polymethacrylate resin cross-linked with BS3. The same protocol can be used to purify any twin-Strep-tagged protein of interest and characterize its physiological binding partners.

One-step Purification of Twin-Strep-tagged Proteins and Their Complexes on Strep-Tactin Resin Cross-linked With Bissulfosuccinimidyl Suberate BS3

A method is described for efficient purification of twin-Strep-tagged fusion proteins and their specific complexes on modified streptavidin (Strep-Tactin) resin covalently cross-linked with Bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3). The method has the advantages of fast speed, good target protein recovery and high purity, and is compatible with subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry.

De un solo paso de purificación de proteínas etiquetadas-Twin-Strep y sus complejos de Strep-Tactin resina reticulado con Bis (sulfosuccinimidil) suberato (BS3)

Affinity purification of Strep-tagged fusion proteins on resins carrying an engineered streptavidin (Strep-Tactin) has become a widely used method for ...

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues

S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet or SAM)-dependent methyltransferases (MTase) catalyze the transfer of the activated methyl group from AdoMet to specific positions in DNA, RNA, proteins and small biomolecules. This natural methylation reaction can be expanded to a wide variety of alkylation reactions using synthetic cofactor analogues. Replacement of the reactive sulfonium center of AdoMet with an aziridine ring leads to cofactors which can be coupled with DNA by various DNA MTases. These aziridine cofactors can be equipped with reporter groups at different positions of the adenine moiety and used for Sequence-specific Methyltransferase-Induced Labeling of DNA (SMILing DNA). As a typical example we give a protocol for biotinylation of pBR322 plasmid DNA at the 5&#8217;-ATCGAT-3&#8217; sequence with the DNA MTase M.BseCI and the aziridine cofactor 6BAz in one step. Extension of the activated methyl group with unsaturated alkyl groups results in another class of AdoMet analogues which are used for methyltransferase-directed Transfer of Activated Groups (mTAG). Since the extended side chains are activated by the sulfonium center and the unsaturated bond, these cofactors are called double-activated AdoMet analogues. These analogues not only function as cofactors for DNA MTases, like the aziridine cofactors, but also for RNA, protein and small molecule MTases. They are typically used for enzymatic modification of MTase substrates with unique functional groups which are labeled with reporter groups in a second chemical step. This is exemplified in a protocol for fluorescence labeling of histone H3 protein. A small propargyl group is transferred from the cofactor analogue SeAdoYn to the protein by the histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) MTase Set7/9 followed by click labeling of the alkynylated histone H3 with TAMRA azide. MTase-mediated labeling with cofactor analogues is an enabling technology for many exciting applications including identification and functional study of MTase substrates as well as DNA genotyping and methylation detection.

DNA and proteins are sequence-specifically labeled with affinity or fluorescent reporter groups using DNA or protein methyltransferases and synthetic cofactor analogues. Depending on the cofactor specificity of the enzymes, aziridine or double activated cofactor analogues are employed for one- or two-step labeling.

Etiquetado específico de secuencia de ácidos nucleicos y proteínas con metiltransferasas y el cofactor Análogos

S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet or SAM)-dependent methyltransferases (MTase) catalyze the transfer of the activated methyl group from AdoMet to specific ...