Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el Austrian Research Foundation (FMF, la concesión N211-NAN para DS) y la Agencia de Promoción de la Investigación de Austria (FFG, otorgar N200 para DS). Los autores agradecen Url Claudia por su excelente asistencia técnica y Mónica Farrell para la edición lingüística.

1. Material de partida Comience con plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP) unidades preparadas por citaféresis o derivados de buffy abrigos. 2. Comprobar la esterilidad Para comprobar la esterilidad tomar una muestra de 20 ml de cada unidad de PRP mediante la transferencia del volumen de una bolsa conectada pequeños (Baxter). Desconecte esta bolsa por soldadura. 3. La congelación de las unidades de PRP Inmediatamente después de la preparación, congelación de las unidades de PRP hasta al menos -20 ° C en la bolsa de almacenamiento original, sin manipulación. 4. Descongelación de las unidades de HPL Cuando los ensayos con bacterias son negativos, descongelar humanos unidades lisado de plaquetas, que ahora se llama unidades de HPL a 37 ° C (baño de agua) hasta que la formación de coágulos de hielo desaparecen. No caliente el HPL. 5. Puesta en común de las unidades de HPL Tomar por lo menos diez a quince unidades descongelado HPL para una piscina lisado de plaquetas para preparar un producto estandarizado. Conecte las bolsas de HPL consecutiva a la bolsa de la puesta en común de matrimonio (MacoPharma) y la transferencia de la HPL en estas dos bolsas. Desconecte las bolsas vacías HPL por soldadura. Obtener un volumen final de 3 a 4 litros de combinado lisado de plaquetas humanas (pHPL) al mezclar el contenido de las dos bolsas. Conecte una bolsa pequeña (Baxter) y tomar una muestra de 20 ml pHPL para comprobar la esterilidad del producto combinado. Desconecte esta bolsa por soldadura. 6. Porcionado de la pHPL Parte de la pHPL para obtener alícuotas adecuadas para su posterior procesamiento. Conectar pequeñas bolsas (Baxter) a la bolsa de la puesta en común de matrimonio (MacoPharma) y la transferencia de volúmenes de hasta 250 ml a las bolsas de almacenamiento de pequeño (Baxter). Desconecte las bolsas llenas de soldadura. 7. Volver a la congelación de las alícuotas pHPL Aumentar la tasa de fragmentación de las plaquetas y la cantidad de factores de crecimiento liberados por otros de congelación / descongelación paso. Congelar las pequeñas bolsas de pHPL porciones de nuevo por lo menos a -20 ° C. 8. Re-descongelación y dosificación de las alícuotas pHPL Descongele las bolsas pHPL a 37 ° C (baño de agua). Transferir el contenido en viales de 50 ml (Falcon BD) por cortar el tubo de la bolsa con unas tijeras estériles y verter el pHPL en los viales. Realice este paso en un banco de flujo laminar para evitar la contaminación bacteriana o micótica. 9. Extirpación de los fragmentos de plaquetas Como fragmentos de plaquetas tienden a agruparse y puede inducir a aloinmunización, sacarlos de la pHPL. Centrifugue los viales pHPL por lo tanto, a 4.000 g (15 minutos, 4 ° C). En una pipeta banco de flujo laminar el plasma sobrenadante en los viales de almacenamiento final (Falcons BD) y desechar los gránulos de las plaquetas a evitar los fragmentos en cultivos celulares. 10. Almacenamiento de pHPL Congelar las alícuotas de 50 ml viales pHPL de nuevo en menos de 20 ° C y almacenarlos para su uso experimental. 11. El uso de pHPL en cultivo celular Inicialmente añadir heparina sin conservantes para el medio para evitar la formación de gel. Descongelar una alícuota de pHPL a 37 ° C y complementar el medio de cultivo mediante la adición de 8 a 10%. Medios MSC-Media: Utilizar 500 ml de una MEM, añadir 56 ml de descongelado pHPL (véase también la referencia 1 para más detalles) e IU 2 / ml (= l de solución madre 224) de la heparina sin conservantes (evita la coagulación del medio a través de la formación de grumos el fibrinógeno en el plasma) para alcanzar una concentración final del 10% pHPL. Además añade la penicilina (100U/mL) / estreptomicina (100μg/mL) y la solución 2 mM de L-glutamina (Sigma ambos). Filtrar el medio a través de 20 micras de poro del filtro de vacío de tamaño (Millipore). Etiqueta de la botella adecuadamente (contenido, la fecha). ECFC-Media: Utilice una botella (500 ml) de la MBE, añadir las alícuotas de citoquinas, 56 ml de pHPL, 10 UI / ml (= 1120μl de la solución madre) sin conservantes heparina, penicilina (100U/mL) / estreptomicina (100 g / ml) y 2 mM de L-glutamina en el medio basal y el filtro con 20 l-de tamaño de poro del filtro de vacío (Millipore). Etiqueta de la botella adecuadamente (contenido, la fecha). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1523/1523fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1: Preparación de plasma rico en plaquetas a partir de una donación de sangre total de un banco de sangre local o cualquier otro proveedor autorizado. Después de la centrifugación de la sangre puede ser separada en plasma, la capa leucocitaria y los glóbulos rojos. Cuatro unidades de la capa leucocitaria, grupo sanguíneo O y un grupo sanguíneo AB plasma pueden agruparse antes de la centrifugación para separar el plasma rico en plaquetas. Una calidad regular rico en plaquetas unidad de plasma de aproximadamente 300 ml debe contener 1x10 9 plaquetas por ml o 3x10 platele 11ts total. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1523/1523fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1523/1523fig3.jpg" alt="Figura 3" />

<ol>
	<li>Nurden, A. T., Nurden, P., Sanchez, M., Andia, I., Anitua, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelets+and+wound+healing.">Platelets and wound healing.</a> Front Biosci. 13, 3532-3548 (2008).</li><li>Barrientos, S., Stojadinovic, O., Golinko, M. 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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+in+vitro+expansion+of+human+multipotent+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+for+cell-therapy+approaches:+further+insights+in+the+search+for+a+fetal+calf+serum+substitute.">Optimization of in vitro expansion of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells for cell-therapy approaches: further insights in the search for a fetal calf serum substitute.</a> J Cell Physiol. 211, 121-130 (2007).</li><li>Carrancio, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+mesenchymal+stem+cell+expansion+procedures+by+cell+separation+and+culture+conditions+modification.">Optimization of mesenchymal stem cell expansion procedures by cell separation and culture conditions modification.</a> Exp Hematol. 36, 1014-1021 (2008).</li><li>Muller, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelet+lysate+as+a+serum+substitute+for+2D+static+and+3D+perfusion+culture+of+stromal+vascular+fraction+cells+from+human+adipose+tissue.">Platelet lysate as a serum substitute for 2D static and 3D perfusion culture of stromal vascular fraction cells from human adipose tissue.</a> Tissue Eng Part A. 15, 869-875 (2009).</li><li>Anitua, E., Sanchez, M., Orive, G., Andia, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+potential+impact+of+the+preparation+rich+in+growth+factors+(PRGF)+in+different+medical+fields.">The potential impact of the preparation rich in growth factors (PRGF) in different medical fields.</a> Biomaterials. 28, 4551-4560 (2007).</li><li>Anitua, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+into+and+novel+applications+for+platelet-rich+fibrin+therapies.">New insights into and novel applications for platelet-rich fibrin therapies.</a> Trends Biotechnol. 24, 227-234 (2006).</li><li>Martinez-Zapata, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+and+safety+of+the+use+of+autologous+plasma+rich+in+platelets+for+tissue+regeneration:+a+systematic+review.">Efficacy and safety of the use of autologous plasma rich in platelets for tissue regeneration: a systematic review.</a> Transfusion. 49, 44-56 (2009).</li><li>Weibrich, G., Kleis, W. K., Hafner, G., Hitzler, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+factor+levels+in+platelet-rich+plasma+and+correlations+with+donor+age,+sex,+and+platelet+count.">Growth factor levels in platelet-rich plasma and correlations with donor age, sex, and platelet count.</a> J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 30, 97-102 (2002).</li><li>Frechette, J. 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En algunas regiones de plaquetas en plasma rico (PRP) se puede obtener a partir de buffy-coats de lo contrario ser un producto de desecho de concentrados de la producción de glóbulos rojos a partir de donaciones de sangre analizadas (Figura 1). En condiciones óptimas, PRP se utiliza inmediatamente para su posterior elaboración de pHPL, como en las plaquetas obsoletas se concentra la disponibilidad de factores de crecimiento puede ser reducida debido a las lesiones de almacenamiento de plaquetas y la degradación 20. Se recomienda, además de producir PRP, haciendo coincidir las plaquetas de la sangre del grupo O con plasma de la sangre del grupo AB para evitar posibles influencias de los antígenos ABH y isoaglutininas. Hasta ahora, los cultivos de células en su mayoría han utilizado suero fetal bovino (FBS), que asume el riesgo de xenoimmunization 21 y la transmisión de agentes patógenos conocidos y desconocidos. Alternativas como los medios de comunicación de suero autólogo o suero libre todavía no tenga éxito en la sustitución de FBS en muchas aplicaciones. 22 En estudios anteriores se han comparado los efectos de pHPL y FBS en la expansión de células mesenquimales del estroma revelando una mayor eficiencia de pHPL en la propagación de la célula. 7,8,23 El aislamiento y la expansión a gran escala de células progenitoras endoteliales en el suero animal sin condiciones en EGM-2 complementado con pHPL ha sido demostrado por Reinisch et. al. 11 y se presentó además como un protocolo JoVe por Nicole A. Hofmann. Los protocolos para la preparación de MSC y los preparativos ECFC medio se describen en las Figuras 2 y 3. El uso de pHPL como un sustituto potente para el FBS, representa un paso hacia el atractivo de un animal libre de suero Buenas Prácticas de Fabricación (BPF), compatible con el desarrollo de la terapéutica de células para su aplicación clínica. 9,24

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Double bag (2 x 3.5L)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>MacoPharma</td>
<td>VDL 8000XQ</td>
<td>originally for ascites puncture</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>50 mL Falcon tube</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Falcon BD</td>
<td>2098</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>50 mL Stripettes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Costar</td>
<td>4501</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Plasma bags (600mL)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Baxter</td>
<td>R4R2021</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sterile tubing welder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Terumo</td>
<td>TSCD-II</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Welding equipment </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fresenius Kabi</td>
<td>Compo Seal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Water bath</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sterile scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Clamps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Centrifuge</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

preparation of pooled human platelet lysate (phpl) as an efficient supplement for animal serum-free human stem cell cultures

Factores de crecimiento derivados de plaquetas se ha demostrado que estimulan la proliferación celular de manera eficiente<em&gt; In vivo</em<sup&gt; 1,2</sup&gt; Y<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt;. Este efecto se ha informado de células mesenquimales del estroma (MSC), fibroblastos y células endoteliales que forman colonias con las plaquetas activadas por la trombina<sup&gt; 5.3</sup&gt; O lisadas por los ciclos de congelación / descongelación<sup&gt; 14/06</sup&gt; Antes de la releasate plaquetas se añade al medio de cultivo celular. El efecto trófico de los factores de crecimiento derivados de plaquetas ya ha sido probado en varios estudios de ingeniería de tejidos y terapia regenerativa.<sup&gt; 1,15-17</supEficiencia&gt; Variación se considera al menos en parte debido a las concentraciones de forma individual divergentes de los factores de crecimiento<sup&gt; 18,19</sup&gt; Y la actual falta de protocolos estandarizados para la preparación de plaquetas.<sup&gt; 15,16</sup&gt; Este protocolo presenta un procedimiento viable para generar un conjunto de lisado de plaquetas humanas (pHPL) derivados de la producción rutinaria de plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP) de cuarenta a cincuenta donaciones de sangre única. Por varios de congelación / descongelación ciclos de las membranas de las plaquetas están dañadas y los factores de crecimiento son liberados de manera eficiente en el plasma. Finalmente, los fragmentos de plaquetas se separa por centrifugación para evitar la formación de agregados amplios y agotan los antígenos potenciales. La implementación de protocolos de cultivo en pHPL estándar representa una herramienta prometedora para el futuro desarrollo de la terapéutica de células propagadas en un animal libre de proteínas del sistema.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Pooled Human Platelet Lysate pHPL as an Efficient Supplement for Animal Serum-Free Human Stem Cell Cultures at JoVE.com

Preparation of Pooled Human Platelet Lysate pHPL as an Efficient Supplement for Animal Serum-Free Human Stem Cell Cultures

Lisado de plaquetas humanas es una rica fuente de factores de crecimiento y un suplemento potente en cultivo celular. Este protocolo se presenta el proceso de preparación de una gran cantidad de lisado de plaquetas humanas, partiendo de plasma rico en plaquetas, la realización de varios ciclos de congelación-descongelación y el agotamiento de los fragmentos de plaquetas.

Preparación de combinados lisado plaquetario humano (pHPL) como un suplemento eficaz de los animales libres de suero humano culturas de células madre

Platelet derived growth factors have been shown to stimulate cell proliferation efficiently in vivo1,2 and in vitro. This effect has been reported for ...

preparation-pooled-human-platelet-lysate-phpl-as-an-efficient

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Preparation of Pooled Human Platelet Lysate (pHPL) as an Efficient Supplement for Animal Serum-Free Human Stem Cell Cultures

25.1K vistas.  Medical University of Graz, Austria. Lisado de plaquetas humanas es una rica fuente de factores de crecimiento y un suplemento potente en cultivo celular. Este protocolo se presenta el proceso de preparación de una gran cantidad de lisado de plaquetas humanas, partiendo de plasma rico en plaquetas, la realización de varios ciclos de congelación-descongelación y el agotamiento de los fragmentos de plaquetas.

Video: Preparation of Pooled Human Platelet Lysate pHPL as an Efficient Supplement for Animal Serum-Free Human Stem Cell Cultures

Mouse Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell (EPI-NCSC) Cultures

EPI-NCSC are remnants of the embryonic neural crest in an adult location, the bulge of hair follicles. They are multipotent stem cells that have the physiological property to generate a wide array of differentiated cell types, including neurons, nerve supporting cells, smooth muscle cells, bone/cartilage cells and melanocytes. EPI-NCSC are easily accessible in the hairy skin and can be isolated as a highly pure population of stem cells. This video provides a detailed protocol for preparing mouse EPI-NCSC cultures from whisker follicles. The whisker pad of an adult mouse is removed, and whisker follicles dissected. The follicles are then cut longitudinally and subsequently transversely above and below the bulge region. The bulge is removed from the collagen capsule and placed in a culture plate. EPI-NCSC start to emigrate from the bulge explants 3 to 4 days later.

Mouse Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell EPI-NCSC Cultures

Here we show our method to isolate mouse epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSC). Technique involves micro-dissecting whisker follicles, isolating the bulge and placeing it into tissue culture. EPI-NCSC start to emigrate from bulge explants onto the substratum within 3 - 4 days.

Ratón epidérmico de la cresta neural de células madre (EPI-NCSC) Culturas

EPI-NCSC are remnants of the embryonic neural crest in an adult location, the bulge of hair follicles. They are multipotent stem cells that have the ...

Investigación

Biología

Preparation of Aplysia Sensory-motor Neuronal Cell Cultures

The nervous system of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica is relatively simple, consisting of approximately 20,000 neurons. The neurons are large (up to 1 mm in diameter) and identifiable, with distinct sizes, shapes, positions and pigmentations, and the cell bodies are externally exposed in five paired ganglia distributed throughout the body of the animal. These properties have allowed investigators to delineate the circuitry underlying specific behaviors in the animal1. The monosynaptic connection between sensory and motor neurons is a central component of the gill-withdrawal reflex in the animal, a simple defensive reflex in which the animal withdraws its gill in response to tactile stimulation of the siphon. This reflex undergoes forms of non-associative and associative learning, including sensitization, habituation and classical conditioning. Of particular benefit to the study of synaptic plasticity, the sensory-motor synapse can be reconstituted in culture, where well-characterized stimuli elicit forms of plasticity that have direct correlates in the behavior of the animal2,3. Specifically, application of serotonin produces a synaptic strengthening that, depending on the application protocol, lasts for minutes (short-term facilitation), hours (intermediate-term facilitation) or days (long-term facilitation). In contrast, application of the peptide transmitter FMRFamide produces a synaptic weakening or depression that, depending on the application protocol, can last from minutes to days (long-term depression). The large size of the neurons allows for repeated sharp electrode recording of synaptic strength over periods of days together with microinjection of expression vectors, siRNAs and other compounds to target specific signaling cascades and molecules and thereby identify the molecular and cell biological steps that underlie the changes in synaptic efficacy.
An additional advantage of the Aplysia culture system comes from the fact that the neurons demonstrate synapse-specificity in culture4,5. Thus, sensory neurons do not form synapses with themselves (autapses) or with other sensory neurons, nor do they form synapses with non-target identified motor neurons in culture. The varicosities, sites of synaptic contact between sensory and motor neurons, are large enough (2-7 microns in diameter) to allow synapse formation (as well as changes in synaptic morphology) with target motor neurons to be studied at the light microscopic level.
In this video, we demonstrate each step of preparing sensory-motor neuron cultures, including anesthetizing adult and juvenile Aplysia, dissecting their ganglia, protease digestion of the ganglia, removal of the connective tissue by microdissection, identification of both sensory and motor neurons and removal of each cell type by microdissection, plating of the motor neuron, addition of the sensory neuron and manipulation of the sensory neurite to form contact with the cultured motor neuron.

Preparation of Aplysia Sensory-motor Neuronal Cell Cultures

Primary cultures of Aplysia sensory-motor neurons provide a model preparation for studying synapse formation and synaptic plasticity in vitro. This video demonstrates the identification and microdissection of sensory and motor neurons from Aplysia ganglia as well as the methods for establishing and maintaining sensory-motor neurons in culture.

Preparación de Aplysia Sensorio-motor culturas de células neuronales

The nervous system of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica is relatively simple, consisting of approximately 20,000 neurons.  The neurons are large (up ...

Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells

CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been identified as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cancer immunotherapy 1-3. Compared to Dendritic cells (DCs), the best characterized APC, CD40-B cells have several distinct biological and technical properties. Similar to DCs, B cells show an increased expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules (Fig.1b), exhibit a strong migratory capacity and present antigen presentation efficiently to T cells, after stimulation with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L). However, in contrast to immature or mature DCs, CD40-B cells express the full lymph node homing triad consisting of CD62L, CCR7/CXCR4, and leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA1, CD11a/CD18), necessary for homing to secondary lymphoid organs (Fig.1a) 3. CD40-B cells can be generated without difficulties from very small amounts of peripheral blood which can be further expanded in vitro to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients (Fig.1c,d) 1,4. 
In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated CD40-B cells from human PBMC. Key molecules for the cell culture are CD40 ligand, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and cyclosporin A (CsA), which are replenished in a 3-4 day culture cycle. For laboratory purposes CD40-stimulation is provided by NIH/3T3 cells expressing recombinant human CD40 ligand (tCD40L NIH/3T3) 5. To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the human CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be checked regularly (Fig.2). 
After 14 days CD40-B cell cultures consist of more than 95% pure B cells and an expansion of CD40-B cells over 65 days is frequently possible without any loss of function 1, 4. CD40-B cells efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells 6. They do not only prime na&#970;ve, but also expand memory T cells 7,8. CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation, differentiation and function. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors 9.

In this video we present the ex vivo generation and expansion of human CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by stimulation with CD40 ligand and interleukin-4.

Generación de humanos CD40 activado por células B

CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been identified as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cancer ...

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture conditions they become prone to acquire chromosomal anomalies such as addition of whole or parts of chromosomes. Indeed, during long-term culture, karyotypic alterations are observed when enzymatic or chemical dissociation are used 2,3,4, while manual dissection of colonies for passaging retains a stable karyotype 5. Besides, changes in the environment such as the removal of feeder cells also seem to compromise the genetic integrity of hESC 3,6. Once chromosomal alterations could affect cellular physiology, the characterization of the genetic integrity of hESC in vitro is crucial considering hESC as an essential tool in embryogenesis studies and drug testing. Furthermore, for future therapeutic purposes chromosomal changes are a real concern as it is frequently associated to carcinogenesis.
Here we show a simple and useful method to obtain high quality chromosome spreads for subsequent analysis of chromosome set by G-banding, FISH, SKY or CGH techniques 7,8. We recommend checking the chromosomal status routinely with intervals of 5 passages in order to monitor the appearance of translocations and aneuploidies
Priscila Britto and Rafaela Sartore contributed equally to the paper.

Karyotyping is a simple and useful technique widely used for detecting genetic alterations. Here we describe a step by step protocol for chromosome spread preparation of human embryonic stem cells for monitoring the chromosomal status of these cells maintained in culture.

Preparación Extienda los cromosomas de las células estaminales embrionarias para cariotipo

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture ...

Isolation and Animal Serum Free Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) and Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells (ECFCs)

The umbilical cord is a rich source for progenitor cells with high proliferative potential including mesenchymal stromal cells (also termed mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs) and endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs). Both cell types are key players in maintaining the integrity of tissue and are probably also involved in regenerative processes and tumor formation.
To study their biology and function in a comparative manner it is important to have both cells types available from the same donor. It may also be beneficial for regenerative purposes to derive MSCs and ECFCs from the same tissue.
Because cellular therapeutics should eventually find their way from bench to bedside we established a new method to isolate and further expand progenitor cells without the use of animal protein. Pooled human platelet lysate (pHPL) replaced fetal bovine serum in all steps of our protocol to completely avoid contact of the cells to xenogeneic proteins.
This video demonstrates a methodology for the isolation and expansion of progenitor cells from one umbilical cord.
All materials and procedures will be described.

Isolation and Animal Serum Free Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells MSCs and Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells ECFCs

This protocol describes the isolation and subsequent expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial colony forming cells without the use of animal serum to generate autologous pairs for experimental transplantation purposes.

Aislamiento y suero animal expansión libre de cordón umbilical humano derivado de células mesenquimales del estroma (MSC) y endoteliales formadoras de colonias Células Progenitoras (ECFCs)

The umbilical cord is a rich source for progenitor cells with high proliferative potential including mesenchymal stromal cells (also termed mesenchymal ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

La diferenciación de células madre embrionarias en los precursores de oligodendrocitos

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

Xenotransplantation of Human Stem Cells into the Chicken Embryo

The chicken embryo is a classical animal model for studying normal embryonic and fetal development and for xenotransplantation experiments to study the behavior of cells in a standardized in vivo environment. The main advantages of the chicken embryo include low cost, high accessibility, ease of surgical manipulation and lack of a fully developed immune system. Xenotransplantation into chicken embryos can provide valuable information about cell proliferation, differentiation and behavior, the responses of cells to signals in defined embryonic tissue niches, and tumorigenic potential. Transplanting cells into chicken embryos can also be a step towards transplantation experiments in other animal models. Recently the chicken embryo has been used to evaluate the neurogenic potential of human stem and progenitor cells following implantation into neural anlage1-6. In this video we document the entire procedure for transplanting human stem cells into the developing central nervous system of the chicken embryo. The procedure starts with incubation of fertilized eggs until embryos of the desired age have developed. The eggshell is then opened, and the embryo contrasted by injecting dye between the embryo and the yolk. Small lesions are made in the neural tube using microsurgery, creating a regenerative site for cell deposition that promotes subsequent integration into the host tissue. We demonstrate injections of human stem cells into such lesions made in the part of the neural tube that forms the hindbrain and the spinal cord, and into the lumen of the part of the neural tube that forms the brain. Systemic injections into extraembryonic veins and arteries are also demonstrated as an alternative way to deliver cells to vascularized tissues including the central nervous system. Finally we show how to remove the embryo from the egg after several days of further development and how to dissect the spinal cord free for subsequent physiological, histological or biochemical analyses.

In this paper we present a method for transplanting human stem cells into various regions of the central nervous system of the chicken embryo. This provides an in vivo model for assessing the proliferation and differentiation of various types of human stem cells in embryonic tissue environments.

Xenotrasplante de células madre humanas en el embrión de pollo

The chicken embryo is a classical animal model for studying normal embryonic and fetal development and for xenotransplantation experiments to study the ...

Efficient Derivation of Human Cardiac Precursors and Cardiomyocytes from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based transplantation or by cardiac tissue engineering1-3. Cardiomyocytes become terminally-differentiated soon after birth and lose their ability to proliferate. There is no evidence that stem/progenitor cells derived from other sources, such as the bone marrow or the cord blood, are able to give rise to the contractile heart muscle cells following transplantation into the heart1-3. The need to regenerate or repair the damaged heart muscle has not been met by adult stem cell therapy, either endogenous or via cell delivery1-3. The genetically stable human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have unlimited expansion ability and unrestricted plasticity, proffering a pluripotent reservoir for in vitro derivation of large supplies of human somatic cells that are restricted to the lineage in need of repair and regeneration4,5. Due to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease worldwide and acute shortage of donor organs, there is intense interest in developing hESC-based therapies as an alternative approach. However, how to channel the wide differentiation potential of pluripotent hESCs efficiently and predictably to a desired phenotype has been a major challenge for both developmental study and clinical translation. Conventional approaches rely on multi-lineage inclination of pluripotent cells through spontaneous germ layer differentiation, resulting in inefficient and uncontrollable lineage-commitment that is often followed by phenotypic heterogeneity and instability, hence, a high risk of tumorigenicity6-8 (see a schematic in Fig. 1A). In addition, undefined foreign/animal biological supplements and/or feeders that have typically been used for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of hESCs may make direct use of such cell-specialized grafts in patients problematic9-11. To overcome these obstacles, we have resolved the elements of a defined culture system necessary and sufficient for sustaining the epiblast pluripotence of hESCs, serving as a platform for de novo derivation of clinically-suitable hESCs and effectively directing such hESCs uniformly towards clinically-relevant lineages by small molecules12 (see a schematic in Fig. 1B). After screening a variety of small molecules and growth factors, we found that such defined conditions rendered nicotinamide (NAM) sufficient to induce the specification of cardiomesoderm direct from pluripotent hESCs that further progressed to cardioblasts that generated human beating cardiomyocytes with high efficiency (Fig. 2). We defined conditions for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent hESCs without an intervening multi-lineage embryoid body stage, enabling well-controlled efficient derivation of a large supply of human cardiac cells across the spectrum of developmental stages for cell-based therapeutics.

We have established a protocol for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent human embryonic stem cells maintained under defined conditions with small molecules, which enables derivation of a large supply of human cardiac progenitors and functional cardiomyocytes for cardiovascular repair.

Derivación eficiente de los Derechos Humanos precursores cardiacos y cardiomiocitos de pluripotentes células madre embrionarias humanas mediante la inducción de moléculas pequeñas

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based ...

Rapid Fibroblast Removal from High Density Human Embryonic Stem Cell Cultures

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were used to establish human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) cultures after blastocyst isolation1. This feeder system maintains hESCs from undergoing spontaneous differentiation during cell expansion. However, this co-culture method is labor intensive, requires highly trained personnel, and yields low hESC purity4. Many laboratories have attempted to minimize the number of feeder cells in hESC cultures (i.e. incorporating matrix-coated dishes or other feeder cell types5-8). These modified culture systems have shown some promise, but have not supplanted the standard method for culturing hESCs with mitomycin C-treated mouse embyronic fibroblasts in order to retard unwanted spontaneous differentiation of the hESC cultures. Therefore, the feeder cells used in hESC expansion should be removed during differentiation experiments. Although several techniques are available for purifying the hESC colonies (FACS, MACS, or use of drug resistant vectors) from feeders, these techniques are labor intensive, costly and/or destructive to the hESC. The aim of this project was to invent a method of purification that enables the harvesting of a purer population of hESCs. We have observed that in a confluent hESC culture, the MEF population can be removed using a simple and rapid aspiration of the MEF sheet. This removal is dependent on several factors, including lateral cell-to-cell binding of MEFs that have a lower binding affinity to the styrene culture dish, and the ability of the stem cell colonies to push the fibroblasts outward during the generation of their own "niche". The hESC were then examined for SSEA-4, Oct3/4 and Tra 1-81 expression up to 10 days after MEF removal to ensure maintenance of pluripotency. Moreover, hESC colonies were able to continue growing from into larger formations after MEF removal, providing an additional level of hESC expansion.

Despite ongoing efforts to transition cultures to feeder-free conditions, the derivation and culture of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) remain largely dependent on co-cultures with mouse embryonic feeders (MEFs). Here, we show a novel methodology for rapidly removing feeders from hESC cultures prior to experimentation.

La eliminación rápida de fibroblastos de alta densidad Humanos culturas de células madre embrionarias

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were used to establish human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) cultures after blastocyst isolation1. This feeder system ...

Na&iuml;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

Over the last decade, several adult stem cell populations have been identified in human skin 1-4. The isolation of multipotent adult dermal precursors was first reported by Miller F. D laboratory 5, 6. These early studies described a multipotent precursor cell population from adult mammalian dermis 5. These cells--termed SKPs, for skin-derived precursors-- were isolated and expanded from rodent and human skin and differentiated into both neural and mesodermal progeny, including cell types never found in skin, such as neurons 5. Immunocytochemical studies on cultured SKPs revealed that cells expressed vimentin and nestin, an intermediate filament protein expressed in neural and skeletal muscle precursors, in addition to fibronectin and multipotent stem cell markers 6. Until now, the adult stem cells population SKPs have been isolated from freshly collected mammalian skin biopsies.
Recently, we have established and reported that a population of skin derived precursor cells could remain present in primary fibroblast cultures established from skin biopsies 7. The assumption that a few somatic stem cells might reside in primary fibroblast cultures at early population doublings was based upon the following observations: (1) SKPs and primary fibroblast cultures are derived from the dermis, and therefore a small number of SKP cells could remain present in primary dermal fibroblast cultures and (2) primary fibroblast cultures grown from frozen aliquots that have been subjected to unfavorable temperature during storage or transfer contained a small number of cells that remained viable 7. These rare cells were able to expand and could be passaged several times. This observation suggested that a small number of cells with high proliferation potency and resistance to stress were present in human fibroblast cultures 7.
We took advantage of these findings to establish a protocol for rapid isolation of adult stem cells from primary fibroblast cultures that are readily available from tissue banks around the world (Figure 1). This method has important significance as it allows the isolation of precursor cells when skin samples are not accessible while fibroblast cultures may be available from tissue banks, thus, opening new opportunities to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying rare genetic diseases as well as modeling diseases in a dish.

Na&#239;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

We report a method to isolate na&#239;ve multipotent skin-derived precursor (SKP) cells from primary human fibroblast cultures. We show that these SKPs derived from fibroblast cultures share similar stem cell properties to the ones derived directly from human skin biopsies. These cells express the neural crest marker, nestin, in addition to the multipotent markers such as OCT4 and Nanog.

Naïve Adult Stem Cells Aislamiento de Primaria cultivos de fibroblastos humanos

Over the last decade, several adult stem cell  populations have been identified in human skin 1-4.  The isolation of multipotent adult dermal precursors ...