This work was supported by the NIH grant (5R01 CA178386-03) and the USC ASPIRE-1 grant to HC. We would like to thank Vrushab Gowda for his assistance with manuscript.

Diese Studie wurde von der Institutional Review Board der Universität Chonnam Hwasun Hospital und University of South Carolina genehmigt. TMA-Proben zusammengesetzt von Brustkrebs und abgestimmt angrenzenden normalen Brustgewebe wurden durch die Biobank der Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, ein Mitglied des Korea Biobank-Netzwerk zur Verfügung gestellt. 1. Herstellung der Lösung <ol><li> Bereiten Sie 1 l DNase und RNase freies Wasser. Nehmen Sie alle chemischen Lösungen mit Diethylpyrocarbonat (DEPC) behandeltem Wasser. Behandlung 1 l Wasser mit 500 &amp; mgr; l DEPC und Inkubation für 3 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur. Autoklav, das Wasser zu inaktivieren DEPC. Achtung: DEPC nicht einatmen, da sie krebserregend bekannt ist. </li><li> Bereiten Sie 1x PBS aus 10x PBS DEPC behandeltes Wasser verwendet wird. </li><li> Bereiten Sie 20x SSC (lösen 175,3 g NaCl und 88,2 g Natriumcitrat in 800 ml Wasser, den pH-Wert auf 7,0 mit ein paar Tropfen 14 N HCl-Lösung und stellen Sie die Lautstärke auf 1 L mit water), 4% Paraformaldehyd, 95% Ethanol, 80% Ethanol DEPC behandeltes Wasser verwendet wird. </li><li> 8 ml Triethanolamin und 1,05 ml HCl in 590 ml DEPC-behandeltem Wasser und 1,5 ml Essigsäureanhydrid zur Acetylierung. </li><li> Vorbereitung 50 &amp; mgr; g / &amp; mgr; l Proteinase K in Puffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8,0, in DEPC-behandeltem Wasser). </li><li> Bereiten Hybridisierungspuffer, bestehend aus 500 &amp; mgr; l Formamid, 250 &amp; mgr; l 20x SSC, 100 &amp; mgr; l 50x Denhardt-Lösung, 12,5 &amp; mgr; l t-RNA, 2,5 &amp; mgr; l Heringssperma-DNA, 30 ul RVC, 0,02 g Blockierungsreagenz und 50 &amp; mgr; l DEPC-Wasser. Bereiten Sie frisch. </li></ol> 2. Brustgewebeschnitte <ol><li> Schneiden Sie 5 um Formalin-fixierten und in Paraffin eingebetteten Schnitten mit Mikrotom und wenden Sie den Abschnitt Schlitten zu laden 14. Hinweis: Die hier verwendeten Brustgewebe wurde zuvor aus dem Korea Biobank Netzwerk vorbereitet. </li></ol> 3. Gewebepräparation <ol><li> Entfernen Paraffin from das Gewebe durch Dias in Glasküvette 2x in frischem Xylol für jeweils 10 Minuten und Rehydrierung der Gewebeschnitt von 5 min Inkubationen in abnehmenden Konzentrationen von Ethanol (100%, 95% und 80%) in ddH 2 O getaucht Führen Sie diesen Schritt in einem Abzug. </li><li> Tauchen Sie das Gewebe in DEPC Wasser für 5 min behandelt. An dieser Stelle machen Grenzen um Gewebeschnitt mit hydrophoben Barriere Stift. </li><li> Befestigen Sie das Gewebe mit 4% PFA für 15 min durch eine Wäsche mit PBS. </li><li> Eintauchen des Gewebes in 0,3% Triton X-100 / PBS für 10 min durch eine Waschung mit PBS. </li><li> Inkubieren Probe mit 50 &amp; mgr; g / &amp; mgr; l Proteinase K-Lösung für 15 min bei 37 ° C. Dann Gewebeschnitte mit Triethanolamin und Essigsäureanhydrid für 5 min bei Raumtemperatur, gefolgt von einem Waschen mit PBS inkubiert. Kein PBS-Wasch zwischen Proteinase K-Behandlung und Triethanolamin / Essigsäureanhydrid-Behandlung erforderlich. </li></ol> 4. Die Hybridisierung <ol><li> Waschen Sie das Gewebe gründlich und incuBeize der Gewebeschnitt mit Hybridisierungspuffer für 2 bis 3 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur. Typischerweise 120 ul Hybridisierungspuffer ist genug, um den Gewebeschnitt zu bedecken. </li><li> Verdünnte 5&#39;-DIG markierten LNA-Sonde zur Endkonzentration von 03.00 in 120 &amp; mgr; l Hybridisierungslösung. Da die Stoffkonzentration für 5 min in der Regel ist 40 ng / ul, fügen Sie 3 ul Lager bis 120 &amp; mgr; l Hybridisierungspuffer und Inkubation Mischung bei 95 ° C. </li><li> Inkubieren Gewebeschnitt mit der Sonde über Nacht bei 54 ° C (Tm) in einer feuchten Kammer. Typischerweise beträgt 120 &amp; mgr; l genug einen Abschnitt abzudecken. Erstellen Sie Feuchtigkeit von zwei feuchten Papiertüchern. Die ideale Größe der Kammer ist 10 Zoll von 8 Zoll. </li><li> Hinweis: Tm kann für verschiedene miRNA unterschiedlich sein. 54 ° C ist die Rede für miR-489. </li></ol> 5. Die Stringenz Wash <ol><li> Waschen Sie das Gewebe mit 5 × SSC für 7 min (nach dem Hybridisierungsschritt sind freien Bedingungen RNase nicht mehr benötigt). </li><li> Waschen Sie den Gewebeschnitt Witzh 1x SSC für 7 min zweimal bei 57 ° C. </li><li> Waschen der Gewebeschnitt mit 0,2x SSC für 7 min bei 57 ° C. </li><li> Waschen der Gewebeschnitt mit 0,2x SSC für 7 min bei Raumtemperatur. </li><li> Inkubieren Gewebeschnitt in PBS für 10 min. </li></ol> 6. Sperrung <ol><li> Inkubieren Sie die Gewebeschnitt mit 1 Stunde in einer feuchten Kammer Puffer bei Raumtemperatur blockiert (um Puffer 2 ml FBS Blockierung hinzufügen, 10 ul Tween-20 und 3 ul BSA in 18 m von PBS. Speicherpuffer bei 4 blockiert ° C). </li></ol> 7. Primäre Antikörper-Inkubation und Entwicklung <ol><li> Verdünne 1: 300 Anti-DIG-AP-Antikörper in Blocking-Puffer und Inkubation über Nacht der Gewebeschnitt mit einem Antikörper bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Waschen Sie die Abschnitte mit Waschpuffer 3-mal für jeweils 5 min (Puffer-Development-Kit zur Verfügung gestellt). </li><li> Entwickeln Sie den Gewebeschnitt mit einem kommerziellen Kit für die alkalische Phosphatase, die CY-3 fluoreszierendem Licht erzeugt. </li> &lt;li&gt; Waschen Sie den Abschnitt mit Waschpuffer für 5 min. Abschnitt Stain mit 100 &amp; mgr; l von 2,5 ng / ul Hoechst-Farbstoff für 5 Minuten, gefolgt von einer 5 min Waschen mit Waschpuffer. </li><li> Montieren Sie den Abschnitt mit Montagepuffer nach dem Protokoll des Herstellers. Verwenden Sie 15 ul pro Gewebeschnitt und wischen Sie übermäßige Montagelösung mit Tuch abwischen. Siegel die Folie mit klarem Nagellack zu verhindern undicht. </li><li> Beachten Sie den Abschnitt fluoreszierendem Mikroskop mit 10fach-Objektiv so Gesamtvergrößerung ist 100X. </li></ol>

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There is nothing to disclose.

Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Höhe der miRNA - Expression in Brustkrebsgewebe mit miRNA in - situ - Hybridisierung zu bestimmen. Es ist zu beachten, dass in diesem Experiment sind alle Bedingungen für die Brustkrebsgewebe optimiert. Eine weitere Optimierung könnte für andere Gewebetypen erforderlich. Alle Lösungen müssen mit DEPC Wasser hergestellt werden und alle Behälter verwendet werden, sollten mit DEPC behandeltem Wasser und anschließend autoklaviert gespült werden. Selbst geringe RNase Kontamination kann mit dem endgültigen Ergebnis des Experiments stören. Als miRNA eine sehr kurze Sequenz ist, ist es notwendig, einen LNA-Sonde zu verwenden, besser Hybridisierung mit dem Target zu erleichtern. Weiterhin wird nach Gewebefixierung, Behandlung mit RNase-freiem Proteinase K ist absolut notwendig, ansonsten Proteine ​​mit der Hybridisierung der Sonde mit dem endogenen miRNA stören können. Darüber hinaus, bevor sie mit der Sonde den Gewebeschnitt Inkubation, muss dieser auf 95 gekocht werden ° C entfalten jedeSekundärstrukturen. über Nacht Nach Inkubation ist es wichtig, mit variierenden Konzentrationen von SSC bei einer Temperatur oberhalb in Protokoll erwähnt zu waschen unspezifische Bindung zu reduzieren. Für die Entwicklung der Fluoreszenz, Gewebeschnitt mit Substrat für mindestens 1 h inkubiert. Es empfiehlt sich, den gesamten Abschnitt der Inkubation zu beobachten, so dass Überentwicklung vermieden werden kann. Achten Sie darauf, den Abschnitt mit den Befestigungs Medien mit dem Kit zur Verfügung gestellt zu montieren. Es ist ein limitierender Faktor, die man in Betracht ziehen sollte. Wenn Ziel-miRNA-Expression niedriger im Gewebe ist, wird es schwierig sein, seinen Ausdruck mit dieser Technik zu erkennen. Es ist immer ratsam, dieses Protokoll mit einer positiven Kontrolle, wie U6 durchzuführen, um die Technik bestätigt werden kann und alle Reagenzien gewährleistet sind zu arbeiten und sie sind RNase frei. Es ist möglich, Biotin markierten Sonde anstelle von DIG-markierten Sonde bei schwachen Zeichen zu verwenden,al mit DIG markierten Sonde. Signalverstärkung ist möglich durch Biotin-Avidin-System. Avidin- hat eine starke Affinität für Biotin. Durch die Nutzung dieser Affinität ist es möglich, Biotin-Sonde mit Avidin-Biotin-Duplex zu markieren, die anhängen mit alkalischer Phosphatase ist. Durch die Nutzung dieser Strategie ist es möglich, Signal für niedrige reichlich miRNA als auch zu verstärken. Das Feld der miRNA wird sich schnell entwickelnden, da miRNAs wichtige Rollen in wichtigen zellulären Prozessen spielen und sind stark mit der Entwicklung von Krebs verbunden. Darüber hinaus können diese miRNAs auch als Biomarker in der Krebsdiagnose verwendet werden. Mehrere Studien haben eine starke Korrelation zwischen miRNA-Expression und klinischen Parametern wie Tumorstadium der Eingabe mögliche Anwendung von miRNA-Expression in Krebsprognose angegeben. Diese Technik kann auch für die miRNA-Expressionsanalyse in anderen Krebsarten eingesetzt werden. Zum Beispiel wird die Expression von miR-182 und miR-503 wurden in Darmkrebspatientengewebe mit in si analysierttu Hybridisierung 15. Traditionelle Genexpressionsanalyse kann miRNA-Expressionsniveau in Gewebe zeigen, aber es kann nicht die Position zeigen, aus der Struktur miRNA ausgedrückt wird. Durch die Verwendung dieser Technik kann man leicht die miRNA-Expressionsniveau finden sowie Lage.

Brustkrebs ist eine der häufigsten bösartigen Tumoren in der ganzen Welt die weibliche Bevölkerung zu beeinflussen. Mehr als 1,3 Millionen Fälle von Brustkrebs werden jedes Jahr weltweit 1,2 berichtet. Obwohl Tumorzellen traditionell als biologisch homogen und hochproliferative angesehen worden sind, hat sich gezeigt, dass Brustkrebs ist genetisch und klinisch heterogen. Der Widerstand gegen vorherrschende Krebsmedikamente ist ein Markenzeichen von fortgeschrittenem Brustkrebs, in der Mehrzahl der Patienten durch die Erleichterung der Tumorprogression und Metastasierung Abstand 3 auf die Mortalität führt. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) sind eine Klasse von kleinen RNA - Moleküle , etwa 22 Nukleotide lang , die die Genexpression regulieren , indem mRNA - Translation zu blockieren oder zu vermitteln mRNA - Abbau 4. Mehr als 2.000 verschiedene miRNAs sind bisher beim Menschen identifiziert worden, die für die menschliche Krankheiten 5 verbunden sind. Eine wachsende Reihe von Studien have gezeigt , dass miRNAs als Onkogene und Tumorsuppressoren wirken können und in Tumoren 6 häufig dysreguliert. miRNAs stark die gesamte Primär tumorigenesis auswirken , indem die wichtigsten Regulatoren des Zellzyklus zu steuern, Seneszenz, Apoptose und autophagy, zusammen mit denen der Tumorzellbeweglichkeit, Invasion und Metastasierung 7. Aberrant miRNA - Expression wurde auch mit klinischen Auswirkungen wie Stadium, Differenzierung, Prognose und das Ansprechen auf adjuvante Therapie 8 verbunden. Insbesondere erhöht miR-146 - Expression mit einer schlechten Prognose bei Patienten mit Lungenkrebs 9 korreliert. Eine andere Studie hat gezeigt , dass verloren Expression von miRNA-let7b maligne Phänotypen verbunden ist und folglich schlechte Überleben 6. die Typen von Zellen und Strukturen zu verstehen, dass miRNAs ist ein wichtiger Teil des Verständnisses der Mechanik, durch die Veränderungen in der miRNA-Expression beeinflussen Zelle ausdrücken undGewebe Phänotypen 10. gefunden bestimmte miRNAs in Stromazellen sezerniert werden, werden von Epithelzellen aufgenommen und gezielt auf ihre Ziele handeln. In die gleiche Richtung, miR-212 und miR-132 werden von Stroma und regeln die epithelial-Stroma - Interaktionen für duktale Auswuchs während Brustdrüse Entwicklung 11 erforderlich abgesondert. Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, ein detailliertes Protokoll zu erklären miRNA - Expression in Brustkrebsgewebe durch miRNA in - situ - Hybridisierung zu detektieren. Wir haben alle Bedingungen optimiert, um die Ebenen der miRNA-489-Expression zu untersuchen bei Brustkrebs Patientenproben. Zu diesem Zweck verwendeten wir ein markiertes DIG-Nukleinsäure (LNA) -Sonde in unserem Experiment verriegelt. Einige seiner Nukleotide hatte eine LNA Modifikation, das heißt, eine Methylenbrücke der 2 &#39;Sauerstoffatom und 4&#39; Kohlenstoffatom der Ribose-Backbone verbindet, die das Nukleotid fixiert, so dass sie &quot;eingerastet&quot; bleibt nach der Hybridisierung. Als Ergebnis ist es viel schwierigerfür die hybridisierten Komplexes 12,13 zu denaturieren.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">50X Denhard&#39;t&#160;</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">t-RNA</td>
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			<td>Reconstitute in DEPC water</td>
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			<td>Before use spin down it at 16.1 RCF and take supernatant&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">miR-489 probe&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nuclease free BSA</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Roche&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Primary antibody-anti DIG</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Diethyl Pyrocarbonate&#160;</td>
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			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1609478</td>
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clinicopathological analysis of mirna expression in breast cancer tissues by using mirna in situ hybridization

In this article, we describe a detailed protocol for miRNA detection in breast cancer tissue using in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labelled LNA (Locked Nucleic Acid) probe. The probe was recognized by anti-DIG alkaline phosphatase antibodies and later developed using alkaline phosphatase substrate producing fluorescence signals. Here we utilized miRNA in situ hybridization (MISH) technique to analyze expression of miR-489 in tissues from breast cancer patients. This technique can detect the localization of miRNA of interest in individual tissue samples. This technique can be used to compare the expression of desired miRNA in tumor tissue with that in adjacent normal tissue and to identify the specific structures responsible for expressing this miRNA. This technique can be very useful in answering certain clinical questions, such as role of specific miRNA in the development of cancer. Our results indicate that mammary epithelial cells express significantly higher levels of miR-489 than adjacent tumor cells.

Menschliche Brustkrebsgewebe wurde verwendet, miRNA-489-Expression zu bestimmen. Brustdrüsenkanal und Epithelzellen wurden in zwei Patienten (1A und 1B) signifikant höher miRNA-489 Ebenen als benachbarte Tumorgewebe zu exprimieren gefunden. Dies zeigt deutlich, dass miRNA-489 Expression im Tumorgewebe verloren gegangen ist, Tumor unterdrückende Aktivität von miRNA-489 hindeutet. Weiter zu bestätigen diese Ergebnisse, Tumorgewebe und benachbarten normalen Gewebe desselben Patienten verglichen. Wie in 2A und 2B beobachtet wurde normales Gewebe ergab mehr miRNA-489 als seine benachbarten Tumorgewebe zu exprimieren. 10 &amp; mgr; m in den Bildern zeigt die Maßstabsleiste. Bilder wurden unter Verwendung von 10X-Objektiv aufgenommen. <img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53928/53928fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1: Die Expression von miR-489 in normalem Brustgewebe. Sowohl normale Kanalstruktur und Tumorzellen werden auf demselben Abschnitt angezeigt. Gewebe sind von verschiedenen Brustkrebspatienten. Normale Brustkanal und Brustdrüse exprimieren miRNA-489, während fehlt im Tumorgewebe. Maßstabsbalken = 10 &amp; mgr; m. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53928/53928fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier</a> , um <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53928/53928fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> <img alt="Figur 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53928/53928fig2.jpg" /> Abbildung 2:. Die Expression von miR-489 in Brustkrebs-Patienten - Pair Ein Gewebe wurde Mikro - Array verwendet , miR-489 Expression in einer Brustkrebs-Patienten zu untersuchen. Ein Vertreter Patientenpaar wird hier gezeigt. Maßstabsbalken = 10 &amp; mgr; m. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53928/53928fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier</a> , um <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53928/53928fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Clinicopathological Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues by Using miRNA In Situ Hybridization at JoVE.com

Clinicopathological Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues by Using miRNA In Situ Hybridization

Here we present a protocol to detect miRNA expression in breast cancer patient samples using miRNA in situ hybridization.

Clinicopathological Analyse von miRNA Expression in Mammakarzinomen von miRNA Verwendung<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Die Hybridisierung

In this article, we describe a detailed protocol for miRNA detection in breast cancer tissue using in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labelled LNA ...

clinicopathological-analysis-mirna-expression-breast-cancer-tissues

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Clinicopathological Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues by Using miRNA In Situ Hybridization

6.7K Aufrufe.  University of South Carolina. Here we present a protocol to detect miRNA expression in breast cancer patient samples using miRNA in situ hybridization.

Serie: Clinicopathological Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues by Using miRNA In Situ Hybridization

Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of natural heterogeneous biofilm is today facilitated by a comprehensive range of staining techniques, one of them being fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).1,2 We performed a pilot study in which oral biofilm samples collected from fixed orthodontic appliances (palatal expanders) were stained by FISH, the objective being to assess the three-dimensional organization of natural biofilm and plaque accumulation.3,4 FISH creates an opportunity to stain cells in their native biofilm environment by the use of fluorescently labeled 16S rRNA-targeting probes.4-7,19 Compared to alternative techniques like immunofluorescent labeling, this is an inexpensive, precise and straightforward labeling technique to investigate different bacterial groups in mixed biofilm consortia.18,20 General probes were used that bind to Eubacteria (EUB338 + EUB338II + EUB338III; hereafter EUBmix),8-10 Firmicutes (LGC354 A-C; hereafter LGCmix),9,10 and Bacteroidetes (Bac303).11 In addition, specific probes binding to Streptococcus mutans (MUT590)12,13 and Porphyromonas gingivalis (POGI)13,14 were used. The extreme hardness of the surface materials involved (stainless steel and acrylic resin) compelled us to find new ways of preparing the biofilm. As these surface materials could not be readily cut with a cryotome, various sampling methods were explored to obtain intact oral biofilm. The most workable of these approaches is presented in this communication. Small flakes of the biofilm-carrying acrylic resin were scraped off with a sterile scalpel, taking care not to damage the biofilm structure. Forceps were used to collect biofilm from the steel surfaces. Once collected, the samples were fixed and placed directly on polysine coated glass slides. FISH was performed directly on these slides with the probes mentioned above. Various FISH protocols were combined and modified to create a new protocol that was easy to handle.5,10,14,15 Subsequently the samples were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Well-known configurations3,4,16,17 could be visualized, including mushroom-style formations and clusters of coccoid bacteria pervaded by channels. In addition, the bacterial composition of these typical biofilm structures were analyzed and 2D and 3D images created.

We present a protocol for structural and compositional analysis of natural oral biofilm from orthodontic appliances with in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Oral biofilm samples were collected from palatal expanders, scraping acrylic-resin flakes off their surface and referring them for molecular processing.

Oral Biofilm Analyse Palatal Expander durch Fluoreszenz in situ Hybridisierung und konfokale Laser Scanning Mikroskopie

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of natural heterogeneous biofilm is today facilitated by a comprehensive range of staining techniques, one of ...

Forschung

Medizin

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell proliferation in the bone marrow cavity as well as for interaction of tumor and bone cells resulting in local bone destruction. Our aim was to develop a model of experimental bone metastasis that allows in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in skeletal lesions using non-invasive imaging techniques.
For this purpose, we injected 105 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the superficial epigastric artery, which precludes the growth of metastases in body areas other than the respective hind leg1. Following 25-30 days after tumor cell inoculation, site-specific bone metastases develop, restricted to the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula1. Morphological and functional aspects of angiogenesis can be investigated longitudinally in bone metastases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volumetric computed tomography (VCT) and ultrasound (US).
MRI displays morphologic information on the soft tissue part of bone metastases that is initially confined to the bone marrow cavity and subsequently exceeds cortical bone while progressing. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) functional data including regional blood volume, perfusion and vessel permeability can be obtained and quantified2-4. Bone destruction is captured in high resolution using morphological VCT imaging. Complementary to MRI findings, osteolytic lesions can be located adjacent to sites of intramedullary tumor growth. After contrast agent application, VCT angiography reveals the macrovessel architecture in bone metastases in high resolution, and DCE-VCT enables insight in the microcirculation of these lesions5,6. US is applicable to assess morphological and functional features from skeletal lesions due to local osteolysis of cortical bone. Using B-mode and Doppler techniques, structure and perfusion of the soft tissue metastases can be evaluated, respectively. DCE-US allows for real-time imaging of vascularization in bone metastases after injection of microbubbles7.
In conclusion, in a model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastases multi-modal imaging techniques including MRI, VCT and US offer complementary information on morphology and functional parameters of angiogenesis in these skeletal lesions.

In the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, angiogenesis is a crucial process and therefore represents a target for imaging and therapy. Here, we present a rat model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastasis and describe strategies to non-invasively image angiogenesis in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, volumetric computed tomography and ultrasound.

Multimodale Bildgebung von Angiogenese in einem Nude Rattenmodell der Brustkrebs Knochenmetastasen mittels Magnetresonanztomographie, volumetrische Computertomographie und Ultraschall

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen receptors (ERs), ER&#945;, and ER&#946;. ER&#945; is frequently upregulated in breast cancer and drives the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The ERs function as transcription factors and regulate gene expression. Whereas ER&#945;&#39;s regulation of protein-coding genes is well established, its regulation of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) is less explored. miRNAs play a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes, inhibiting their translation or degrading their mRNA. miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors&#160;and are also promising biomarkers. Among the miRNA assays available, microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have been extensively used to detect and quantify miRNA levels. To identify miRNAs regulated by estrogen signaling in breast cancer, their expression in ER&#945;-positive breast cancer cell lines were compared before and after estrogen-activation using both the &#181;Paraflo-microfluidic microarrays and Dual Labeled Probes-low density arrays. Results were validated using specific qPCR assays, applying both Cyanine dye-based and Dual Labeled Probes-based chemistry. Furthermore, a time-point assay was used to identify regulations over time. Advantages of the miRNA assay approach used in this study is that it enables a fast screening of mature miRNA regulations in numerous samples, even with limited sample amounts. The layout, including the specific conditions for cell culture and estrogen treatment, biological and technical replicates, and large-scale screening followed by in-depth confirmations using separate techniques, ensures a robust detection of miRNA regulations,&#160;and eliminates false positives and other artifacts. However, mutated or unknown miRNAs, or regulations at the primary and precursor transcript level, will not be detected. The method presented here represents a thorough investigation of estrogen-mediated miRNA regulation.

Molecular signaling through both estrogen and microRNAs are critical in breast cancer development and growth. Estrogen activates the estrogen receptors, which are transcription factors. Many transcription factors can regulate the expression of microRNAs, and estrogen-regulated microRNAs can be profiled using different large-scale techniques.

Profiling von Östrogen-regulierte MicroRNAs in Brustkrebszellen

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen ...

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional (3D) Model

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator of cell behavior in culture and homeostasis in vivo. The current approach of culturing cells on two-dimensional (2D), plastic surfaces results in the disturbance and loss of complex interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Through the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture assays, the conditions for cell-microenvironment interaction are established resembling the in vivo microenvironment. This article provides a detailed methodology to grow breast cancer cells in a 3D basement membrane protein matrix, exemplifying the potential of 3D culture in the assessment of cell invasion into the surrounding environment. In addition, we discuss how these 3D assays have the potential to examine the loss of signaling molecules that regulate epithelial morphology by immunostaining procedures. These studies aid to identify important mechanistic details into the processes regulating invasion, required for the spread of breast cancer.

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

This article provides detailed methodologies for the use of three-dimensional (3D) assays to quantify breast cancer cell invasion. Specifically, we discuss the procedures required to set up such assays, quantification, and data analysis, as well as methods to examine the loss of membrane integrity that occurs when cells invade.

Quantifizierung der Brustkrebs-Zelle Invasivität Mit einem Drei-dimensionale (3D) Modell

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

Halsschlagader Infusionen für pharmakokinetischen und pharmakodynamischen Analyse von Taxanen in Mäusen

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that self-renew while giving rise to more differentiated progeny. Understanding and targeting these cancer stem cells in breast cancer, which may possess enhanced chemo- and radio-resistance compared to the non-stem tumor bulk, has become an important research area. Markers including CD44, CD24, and ALDH activity can be assessed using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to prospectively isolate cells that display enhanced tumorigenicity when implanted into immunocompromised mice: the mammosphere assay has also become widely used for its ability to retrospectively identify sphere-forming cells that develop from single stem cell-like clones. Here we outline approaches for the appropriate culturing of mammospheres from cell lines or primary patient samples, their passaging, and calculations to estimate sphere forming efficiency (SFE). First we discuss key considerations and pitfalls in the appropriate planning and interpretation of mammosphere experiments.

Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

Mammosphere Formation Assay von Menschen Brustkrebs Geweben und Zelllinien

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that ...

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of women are alive 5 years after diagnosis. The omentum is a preferred site of HGSC metastasis formation. Despite the clinical importance of this microenvironment, the contribution of omental adipose tissue to ovarian cancer progression remains understudied. Omental adipose is unusual in that it contains structures known as milky spots, which are comprised of B, T, and NK cells, macrophages, and progenitor cells surrounding dense nests of vasculature. Milky spots play a key role in the physiologic functions of the omentum, which are required for peritoneal homeostasis. We have shown that milky spots also promote ovarian cancer metastatic colonization of peritoneal adipose, a key step in the development of peritoneal metastases. Here we describe the approaches we developed to evaluate and quantify milky spots in peritoneal adipose and study their functional contribution to ovarian cancer cell metastatic colonization of omental tissues both in vivo and ex vivo. These approaches are generalizable to additional mouse models and cell lines, thus enabling the study of ovarian cancer metastasis formation from initial localization of cells to milky spot structures to the development of widespread peritoneal metastases.

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

We outline a protocol that implements both in vivo and ex vivo approaches to study ovarian cancer colonization of peritoneal adipose tissues, particularly the omentum. Furthermore, we present a protocol to quantitate and analyze immune cell-structures in the omentum known as milky spots, which promote metastases of peritoneal adipose.

In vivo und ex vivo Ansätze für Eierstockkrebs Metastatische Colonization von Milky Punktstrukturen in Peritoneal Fettgewebe Studieren

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

Studieren Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs Stammzelleigenschaften für die Entwicklung neuer Behandlungsstrategien

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

miRNA Expression Analyses in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues

A critical challenge in prostate cancer (PCa) clinical management is posed by the inadequacy of currently used biomarkers for disease screening, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as promising alternate biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the development of miRNAs as effective biomarkers for prostate cancer heavily relies on their accurate detection in clinical tissues. miRNA analyses in prostate cancer clinical specimens is often challenging owing to tumor heterogeneity, sampling errors, stromal contamination etc. The goal of this article is to describe a simplified workflow for miRNA analyses in archived FFPE or fresh frozen prostate cancer clinical specimens using a combination of quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH). Within this workflow, we optimize the existing methodologies for miRNA extraction from FFPE and frozen prostate tissues and expression analyses by Taqman-probe based miRNA RT-PCR. In addition, we describe an optimized method for ISH analyses formiRNA detection in prostate tissues using locked nucleic acid (LNA)- based probes. Our optimized miRNA ISH protocol can be applied to prostate cancer tissue slides or prostate cancer tissue microarrays (TMA).

Here we describe a simplified protocol for microRNA (miRNA) expression analyses in archived Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) or fresh frozen prostate cancer (PCa) clinical tissues employing quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH).

miRNA-Expressionsanalysen in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues

A critical challenge in prostate cancer (PCa) clinical management is posed by the inadequacy of currently used biomarkers for disease screening, ...

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective mining of the information in the large-scale datasets that are obtained from gene expression microarrays, deep sequencing experiments or metabolic profiling is essential to uncover and then effectively target the critical regulators of diseased cell phenotypes. Estrogen Receptor &#945; (ER&#945;) is one of the master transcription factors regulating the gene programs that are important for estrogen responsive breast cancers. In order to understand to role of ER&#945; signaling in breast cancer metabolism we utilized transcriptomic, cistromic and metabolomic data from MCF-7 cells treated with estradiol. In this report we described generation of samples for RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq and metabolomics experiments and the integrative computational analysis of the obtained data. This approach is useful in delineating novel molecular mechanisms and gene regulatory circuits that are regulated by a particular transcription factor which impacts metabolism of normal or diseased cells.

Integration of data from genome-wide sequencing experiments and metabolomics experiments is a challenge. In this paper we report, for the first time, generation, analysis and integration of transcriptome, cistrome and metabolome data from breast cancer cells treated with estradiol.

Systembiologie der Stoffwechselregulation von Estrogen Receptor Signaling bei Brustkrebs

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective ...