Diese Arbeit wurde zum Teil durch NSFDMI-0508454, NSF / LEQSF (2006)-Pfund-53, NSF-CMMI-0811888 und NSF-CMMI-0900595 Zuschüsse unterstützt.

<ol>
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C., Weber, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Polypyrrole: A new patterning approach and applications. Polypyrrole: Properties, Performance and Applications. , (2011).</li><li>Poddar, R., Luo, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+approach+to+fabricate+a+PPy/p-type+Si+heterojunction.">A novel approach to fabricate a PPy/p-type Si heterojunction.</a> Solid-State Electronics. 50, 1687 (2006).</li><li>Liu, X., Chakraborty, A., Luo, C., Martingale, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Generation of all-polymeric diodes and capacitors using an innovative intermediate-layer lithography. 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Keine Interessenskonflikte erklärt.

Informationen zur Fehlerbehebung: Kritische Punkte in Bezug auf Erzeugung von ein-und mehrlagige Mikrostrukturen von leitfähigen Polymeren und Metallen durch das &quot;Schneiden&quot; Operation: (1) Die Temperatur der Prägung sorgt Fließfähigkeit des Zwischen-PMMA-Schicht, die optimale Ergebnisse erzeugt. Es ist ratsam, an der unteren Grenze des Bereiches starten und Temperatur allmählich erhöht, wenn die gewünschten Ergebnisse nicht erreicht werden. Zu hohe Temperaturen kann die leitende Polymerschicht seiner chemischen und / oder elektrischen Eigenschaften ändern. (2) Wenn Imprinting Kraft zu hoch ist, kann es zu der Si-Form zu knacken beim Prägen, während geringer Kraft kann zu fehlerhafter Formfüllung und der Polymerschichten zur Folge haben kann nicht abgeschnitten zu sein. (3) Die Prägung Maschine sollte so programmiert, dass Imprinting beginnen erst, nachdem das Substrat hat den eingestellten Temperaturwert erreicht werden. (4) Das Profil des Impressums hängt Strukturgröße, Aufdrucken Kraft, Temperatur-und Formenbau INSErt der Zeit, und kann zwischen einem mit scharfen Kanten zu einer abgerundeten ein variieren. Da die Anzahl der Polymerschichten Zunahme neigt das Profil an den Kanten abgerundet werden. (5) Si Formen mit scharfen Kanten sind bevorzugt, um sicherzustellen, dass die leitenden Polymer / Metall-Schichten abgeschnitten werden, wie gewünscht. Verwendung einer Form mit Si geneigten Seitenwänden wird nicht empfohlen. (6) Verwendung von sehr tiefen Si Schimmel kann zu Haftreibung zwischen Werkzeug und Polymer-Schicht (en). Wenn die Form zu flach ist es möglicherweise nicht in der Lage, &quot;Schneiden&quot; der oberen Schicht (en) zu erreichen. (7) Es wird empfohlen, eine Anti-Haft-Film (zB Teflon) auf dem Si-Form sollte für leicht trennt sie vom Substrat bei der Entformung Verfahren beschichtet werden. (8) Low Formeinsatz Zeit darf nicht in &quot;Schneiden&quot; führen und die Form-Profil können gerundet sein. Wenn das Feature klein ist, sind längere Zeiten erforderlich einfügen und umgekehrt. (9) Dickere leitenden Polymer / Metall-Filme sind mehr mechanisch stärker im Vergleich zu dünneren. Allerdings ist die comkombinierten Dicke der oberen Schicht sollte nicht mehr als die Dicke der Zwischenschicht PMMA-Schicht. (10) Entformung Temperatur sollte unter 105 ° C (T g PMMA). Ein hoher Wert kann in dem Substrat gekrümmten bis nach dem Entformen und einem niedrigen Wert führen kann bewirken, dass die Si Form auf dem Substrat haften und zerbrechen. Kritische Punkte in Bezug auf die Generation der Sub-Mikrometer-und Au-Drähte PPy: (1) Vor der Verwendung der Si-Formen zum ersten Mal, sollten keine AFM und SEM-Scans der Form durchgeführt werden. Dies ist notwendig, die ursprüngliche Oberfläche des Silizium-Form zu halten. (2) aggressive Reinigungsmittel Verfahren wie die Verwendung NanoStrip Lösung oder Sauerstoffplasma sollte vermieden werden, da es eine Möglichkeit der Erhöhung der Oberflächenrauhigkeit der Silikonform. Dies kann zu Haftreibung zwischen der Silikonform und der leitenden Polymerschicht. (3) Die Dicke der Deckschicht (leitendes Polymer oder Metall) sollte kleiner sein als die Tiefe der Formzum Abschneiden der Schicht an den Kanten. Es gibt keine Beschränkung der Dicke des isolierenden Polymerschicht. (4) Die Oberflächenrauhigkeit der Silikonform sollte minimal sein. Falls die Oberfläche des Silizium-Form rau ist aufgrund der Verarbeitung oder Verunreinigung, kann es nicht perfekten Kontakt zwischen der Form und dem Substrat, was zu einer fehlerhaften Musterübertragung. Kritische Punkte in Bezug auf Erzeugung von Mikrostrukturen Au auf HDPE-Kanäle: (1) Bei höheren Temperaturen Prägung (≥ 136 ° C), haben die Au-Linien nicht-Kurve bis an die Oberfläche zu folgen als das HDPE wird aufgeweicht. (2) Bei höheren Formtiefen (≥ 42 &amp;mgr; m), können die Au-Linien an den Rändern der PE-HD-Kanäle aufgrund von Stress 12 zu brechen. Kritische Punkte in Bezug auf die Erzeugung von PE-HD-Kanäle mit PDMS Mikrosäulen: (1) Ist die Höhe der PDMS Mikrosäulen groß ist, kann es herunterfallen nach der Entlassung aus der SU-8-Form. (2) Hohe Seitenverhältnis von PDMS-Säulen kannwährend der &quot;Zeichnung&quot; Schritt 15 beschädigt werden.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Name des Reagenzes </td><td> Firma </td><td> Katalog-Nummer </td><td> Kommentare </td></tr><tr><td> PMMA </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich Co. </td><td> 495C9 </td><td> Das Lösungsmittel ist cholorobenzene. Behandeln PMMA-Lösung unter einer Abzugshaube mit ausreichender Belüftung. Atmen Sie die Dämpfe. Verweisen auf die Sicherheitsdatenblätter zum sicheren Umgang Anweisungen. </td></tr><tr><td> PPy </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich Co. </td><td> - </td><td> 5 Gew.% in Wasser. Wie erhalten verwendet. </td></tr><tr><td> PEDOT-PSS </td><td> HC Starck Co. </td><td> Baytron P HC V4 </td><td> Proprietäre Lösungsmittel. Wie erhalten verwendet. </td></tr><tr><td> Späni </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich Co. </td><td> - </td><td> Wasserlöslicher Form. Wie erhalten verwendet. </td></tr><tr><td> Heißprägemaschine </td><td> JenoptikMikrotechnik Co. </td><td> HEX 01/LT </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sputter-Maschine </td><td> Cressington Co. </td><td> 208HR </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> FIB-Maschine </td><td> Zeiss Co. </td><td> Crossbeam FIB 1540 XB </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Spin Coater </td><td> Headway Reseach Co. </td><td> PWM32-PS-R790 Spinner-System </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> RIE-Maschine </td><td> Technics MicroRIE Co. </td><td> - </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fotolack </td><td> Shipley Co. </td><td> S1813 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PDMS </td><td> Dow Corning </td><td> Sylgard 184 Siliconelastomer Kit </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> HDPE-Folie </td><td> US Plastic Integrieren </td><td> - </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PMMA-Tafel </td><td> Cyro Co. </td><td> - </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Beidseitig selbstklebende Band </td><td> Scotch Co. </td><td> - </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Einzel-Klebeband </td><td> Delphon Co. </td><td> Ultratape # 1310 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Glasmikropipetten </td><td> FHC Co. </td><td> 30-30-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Beschneiden </td><td> Office Depot Co. </td><td> Papierklammer </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Luftbefeuchter </td><td> Vicks Co. </td><td> Filter frei Luftbefeuchter </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

micropunching lithography for generating micro- and submicron-patterns on polymer substrates

Leitende Polymere sind große Aufmerksamkeit seit der Entdeckung der hohen Leitfähigkeit in dotierten Polyacetylen in 1977 1 angezogen. Sie bieten die Vorteile der niedrigen Gewicht, einfache Anpassung von Eigenschaften und einem breiten Spektrum von Anwendungen 2,3. Aufgrund der Empfindlichkeit von leitfähigen Polymeren auf Umweltbedingungen (zB Luft, Sauerstoff, Feuchtigkeit, hoher Temperatur und chemische Lösungen) präsentieren lithographische Techniken erhebliche technische Herausforderungen bei der Arbeit mit dieser Materialien 4. Zum Beispiel sind aktuelle photolithographischen Methoden, wie ultraviolette (UV), ungeeignet für die Strukturierung der leitfähigen Polymere aufgrund der Beteiligung der nassen und / oder trockene Ätzverfahren in diesen Methoden. Darüber hinaus aktuelle Mikro-/ Nanosysteme in erster Linie eine ebene Form 5,6. Eine Schicht von Strukturen auf den Oberflächen der anderen Schicht hergestellt Features. Mehrere Schichten von diesen Strukturen zusammen mit zahlreichen Geräten auf gestapelt sindeinem gemeinsamen Substrat. Die Seitenwandflächen der Mikrostrukturen nicht bei der Konstruktion verwendet worden. Auf der anderen Seite, könnte Seitenwand Muster verwendet werden, zum Beispiel, um 3-D-Schaltungen zu bauen, zu verändern Fluidik-Kanäle und direkte horizontale Wachstum der Nanodrähte und Nanoröhren. Ein macropunching Methode wurde in der verarbeitenden Industrie angewendet worden, um macropatterns in einem Blech für mehr als hundert Jahren zu schaffen. Motiviert durch diesen Ansatz haben wir eine micropunching Lithographie-Methode (MPL), um die Hindernisse der Strukturierung leitfähiger Polymere und Erzeugung Seitenwand Muster überwinden entwickelt. Wie die macropunching Methode, die MPL enthält auch zwei Operationen (Abb. 1): (i) Schneiden, und (ii) Zeichnung. Die &quot;Schneiden&quot; Operation wurde auf Muster drei leitende Polymere 4, Polypyrrol (PPy), Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen)-Poly (4-styrolsulfonat) (PEDOT) und Polyanilin (PANI) aufgebracht ist. Es wurde auch verwendet, um zu erstellen Al Mikrostrukturen 7. Die gefertigten Mikrostrukturen von leitfähigen Polymeren haben als Feuchtigkeit 8, chemischen 8, 9 und Glukose-Sensoren eingesetzt. Kombinierte Mikrostrukturen von Al und leitende Polymere wurden verwendet, um Kondensatoren und verschiedenen Heteroübergänge 9,10,11 herzustellen. Das &quot;Schneiden&quot; Operation wurde auch eingesetzt, um Submikron-Muster, wie 100 zu generieren - und 500-nm-weiten PPy Linien sowie 100-nm breiten Au-Drähte. Die &quot;Zeichnung&quot; Operation wurde für zwei Anwendungen eingesetzt: (i) produzieren Au Seitenwand Muster auf Polyethylen hoher Dichte (HDPE) Kanäle, die für den Aufbau 3D-Mikrosystemen 12,13,14 verwendet werden könnten, und (ii) fabrizieren Polydimethylsiloxan (PDMS) Mikrosäulen auf HDPE Substrate zur Erhöhung der Kontaktwinkel des Kanals 15.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Micropunching Lithography for Generating Micro- and Submicron-patterns on Polymer Substrates at JoVE.com

Micropunching Lithography for Generating Micro- and Submicron-patterns on Polymer Substrates

Ein micropunching Lithographie Ansatz wurde entwickelt, um Mikro-und Submikron-Muster auf der Oberseite, Seitenwand-und Bodenflächen der Polymer-Substraten zu erzeugen. Sie überwindet die Hindernisse der Strukturierung leitfähiger Polymere und Erzeugung Seitenwand Muster. Diese Methode ermöglicht eine schnelle Fertigung von mehreren Funktionen und ist frei von aggressiven Chemie.

Micropunching Lithographie zur Erzeugung von Mikro-und Submikron-Muster auf Polymersubstrate

Conducting polymers have attracted great attention since the discovery of high conductivity in doped polyacetylene in 19771. They offer the advantages of ...

micropunching-lithography-for-generating-micro-submicron-patterns-on

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

15.1K Aufrufe.  University of Texas at Arlington. Ein micropunching Lithographie Ansatz wurde entwickelt, um Mikro-und Submikron-Muster auf der Oberseite, Seitenwand-und Bodenflächen der Polymer-Substraten zu erzeugen. Sie überwindet die Hindernisse der Strukturierung leitfähiger Polymere und Erzeugung Seitenwand Muster. Diese Methode ermöglicht eine schnelle Fertigung von mehreren Funktionen und ist frei von aggressiven Chemie.

Serie: Micropunching Lithography for Generating Micro- and Submicron-patterns on Polymer Substrates

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates

In recent years &pi;-conjugated organic semiconductors have emerged as the active material in a number of diverse applications including large-area, low-cost displays, photovoltaics, printable and flexible electronics and organic spin valves. Organics allow (a) low-cost, low-temperature processing and (b) molecular-level design of electronic, optical and spin transport characteristics. Such features are not readily available for mainstream inorganic semiconductors, which have enabled organics to carve a niche in the silicon-dominated electronics market. The first generation of organic-based devices has focused on thin film geometries, grown by physical vapor deposition or solution processing. However, it has been realized that organic nanostructures can be used to enhance performance of above-mentioned applications and significant effort has been invested in exploring methods for organic nanostructure fabrication.	
A particularly interesting class of organic nanostructures is the one in which vertically oriented organic nanowires, nanorods or nanotubes are organized in a well-regimented, high-density array. Such structures are highly versatile and are ideal morphological architectures for various applications such as chemical sensors, split-dipole nanoantennas, photovoltaic devices with radially heterostructured "core-shell" nanowires, and memory devices with a cross-point geometry. Such architecture is generally realized by a template-directed approach. In the past this method has been used to grow metal and inorganic semiconductor nanowire arrays. More recently &pi;-conjugated polymer nanowires have been grown within nanoporous templates. However, these approaches have had limited success in growing nanowires of technologically important &pi;-conjugated small molecular weight organics, such as tris-8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (Alq3), rubrene and methanofullerenes, which are commonly used in diverse areas including organic displays, photovoltaics, thin film transistors and spintronics.	
Recently we have been able to address the above-mentioned issue by employing a novel "centrifugation-assisted" approach. This method therefore broadens the spectrum of organic materials that can be patterned in a vertically ordered nanowire array. Due to the technological importance of Alq3, rubrene and methanofullerenes, our method can be used to explore how the nanostructuring of these materials affects the performance of aforementioned organic devices. The purpose of this article is to describe the technical details of the above-mentioned protocol, demonstrate how this process can be extended to grow small-molecular organic nanowires on arbitrary substrates and finally, to discuss the critical steps, limitations, possible modifications, trouble-shooting and future applications.

We report a simple method for fabricating an ultrahigh density array of vertically ordered small-molecular organic nanowires. This method allows for synthesis of complex heterostructured hybrid nanowire geometries, which can be inexpensively grown on arbitrary substrates. These structures have potential applications in organic electronics, optoelectronics, chemical sensing, photovoltaics and spintronics.

Ultrahigh Density Array von vertikal ausgerichteten Klein-molekulare organische Nanodrähte auf beliebige Untergründe

In  recent years &pi;-conjugated  organic semiconductors have emerged as the active material in a number of  diverse applications including large-area, ...

Forschung

Ingenieurwesen

Micro-masonry for 3D Additive Micromanufacturing

Transfer printing is a method to transfer solid micro/nanoscale materials (herein called &#8216;inks&#8217;) from a substrate where they are generated to a different substrate by utilizing elastomeric stamps. Transfer printing enables the integration of heterogeneous materials to fabricate unexampled structures or functional systems that are found in recent advanced devices such as flexible and stretchable solar cells and LED arrays. While transfer printing exhibits unique features in material assembly capability, the use of adhesive layers or the surface modification such as deposition of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on substrates for enhancing printing processes hinders its wide adaptation in microassembly of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) structures and devices. To overcome this shortcoming, we developed an advanced mode of transfer printing which deterministically assembles individual microscale objects solely through controlling surface contact area without any surface alteration. The absence of an adhesive layer or other modification and the subsequent material bonding processes ensure not only mechanical bonding, but also thermal and electrical connection between assembled materials, which further opens various applications in adaptation in building unusual MEMS devices.

This paper introduces a 3D additive micromanufacturing strategy (termed &#8216;micro-masonry&#8217;) for the flexible fabrication of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) structures and devices. This approach involves transfer printing-based assembly of micro/nanoscale materials in conjunction with rapid thermal annealing-enabled material bonding techniques.

Micro-Mauerwerk für 3D-Additive Mikroproduktion

Transfer printing is a method to transfer solid micro/nanoscale materials (herein called &#8216;inks&#8217;) from a substrate where they are generated to ...

Preparation and Friction Force Microscopy Measurements of Immiscible, Opposing Polymer Brushes

Solvated polymer brushes are well known to lubricate high-pressure contacts, because they can sustain a positive normal load while maintaining low friction at the interface. Nevertheless, these systems can be sensitive to wear due to interdigitation of the opposing brushes. In a recent publication, we have shown via molecular dynamics simulations and atomic force microscopy experiments, that using an immiscible polymer brush system terminating the substrate and the slider surfaces, respectively, can eliminate such interdigitation. As a consequence, wear in the contacts is reduced. Moreover, the friction force is two orders of magnitude lower compared to traditional miscible polymer brush systems. This newly proposed system therefore holds great potential for application in industry. Here, the methodology to construct an immiscible polymer brush system of two different brushes each solvated by their own preferred solvent is presented. The procedure how to graft poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) from a flat surface and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) from an atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloidal probe is described. PNIPAM is solvated in water and PMMA in acetophenone. Via friction force AFM measurements, it is shown that the friction for this system is indeed reduced by two orders of magnitude compared to the miscible system of PMMA on PMMA solvated in acetophenone.

The methodology to perform friction force microscopy experiments for contacting brushes is presented: Two polymer brushes that are grafted from (a) substrates and (b) colloidal probes are slid to show that, by using two contacting immiscible brush systems, friction in sliding contacts is reduced compared to miscible brush systems.

Vorbereitung und Reibungskraftmikroskopie Messungen mischbar, Entgegenpolymerbürsten

Solvated polymer brushes are well known to lubricate high-pressure contacts, because they can sustain a positive normal load while maintaining low ...

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step process that finishes with Negishi coupling. Negishi coupling is a cross-coupling process in which a chemical precursor is first lithiated, followed by transmetallation with ZnCl2. The resultant organozinc compound can be coupled to a dibrominated aromatic precursor to give the conjugated monomer. Polymer films can be prepared via electropolymerization of the monomer and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. Nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared via emulsion polymerization of the monomer using a two-surfactant system to yield an aqueous dispersion of the polymer NPs. The NPs are characterized using dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and UV-Vis-NIR-spectroscopy. Cytocompatibility of NPs is investigated using the cell viability assay. Finally, the NP suspensions are irradiated with a NIR laser to determine their effectiveness as potential materials for photothermal therapy (PTT).

A protocol is presented for the synthesis and preparation of nanoparticles consisting of electroactive polymers.

Elektroaktiven Polymer-Nanopartikel Teilnahmephotothermische Eigenschaften

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step ...

Adsorption Device Based on a Langatate Crystal Microbalance for High Temperature High Pressure Gas Adsorption in Zeolite H-ZSM-5

We present a high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurement device based on a high-frequency oscillating microbalance (5 MHz langatate crystal microbalance, LCM) and its use for gas adsorption measurements in zeolite H-ZSM-5. Prior to the adsorption measurements, zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals were synthesized on the gold electrode in the center of the LCM, without covering the connection points of the gold electrodes to the oscillator, by the steam-assisted crystallization (SAC) method, so that the zeolite crystals remain attached to the oscillating microbalance while keeping good electroconductivity of the LCM during the adsorption measurements. Compared to a conventional quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) which is limited to temperatures below 80 &#176;C, the LCM can realize the adsorption measurements in principle at temperatures as high as 200-300 &#176;C (i.e., at or close to the reaction temperature of the target application of one-stage DME synthesis from the synthesis gas), owing to the absence of crystalline-phase transitions up to its melting point (1,470 &#176;C). The system was applied to investigate the adsorption of CO2, H2O, methanol and dimethyl ether (DME), each in the gas phase, on zeolite H-ZSM-5 in the temperature and pressure range of 50-150 &#176;C and 0-18 bar, respectively. The results showed that the adsorption isotherms of these gases in H-ZSM-5 can be well fitted by Langmuir-type adsorption isotherms. Furthermore, the determined adsorption parameters, i.e., adsorption capacities, adsorption enthalpies, and adsorption entropies, compare well to literature data. In this work, the results for CO2 are shown as an example.

A protocol for high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurements on zeolite H-ZSM-5 using an adsorption measurement device based on a langatate crystal microbalance is presented. Prior to the adsorption measurements, the synthesis of zeolite H-ZSM-5 on the langatate crystal microbalance sensor by the steam-assisted crystallization (SAC) method is demonstrated.

Adsorptionsvorrichtung Basierend auf einem Langatate Crystal Micro für Hochtemperatur-Hochdruck-Gas Adsorption in Zeolith H-ZSM-5

We present a high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurement device based on a high-frequency oscillating microbalance (5 MHz langatate ...

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting material. However, fullerene derivatives are air-sensitive; therefore, air-stable material is needed as an alternative. In the present study, we propose and describe the properties of Ti-alkoxide as an alternative electron-accepting material to fullerene derivatives to create highly air-stable BHJ solar cells. It is well-known that controlling the morphology in the photoactive layer, which is constructed with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor, is important for obtaining a high overall efficiency through the solvent method. The conventional solvent method is useful for high-solubility materials, such as fullerene derivatives. However, for Ti-alkoxides, the conventional solvent method is insufficient, because they only dissolve in specific solvents. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to morphology control that uses the molecular bulkiness of Ti-alkoxides without the conventional solvent method. That is, this method is one approach to obtain highly efficient, air-stable, organic-inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

A method for fully printable, fullerene-free, highly air-stable, bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on Ti alkoxides as the electron acceptor and the electron-donating polymer fabrication is described here. Moreover, a method for controlling the morphology of the photoactive layer through the molecular bulkiness of the Ti-alkoxide units is reported.

Morphologie-Steuerung für Volldruck organisch-anorganische Masse-Heterosolarzellen Basierend auf einem Ti-Alkoxid und halbleitendes Polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting ...

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, interface precipitation, and mini-emulsion. In all methods, well-defined, micrometer-sized spheres are obtained from a self-assembling process in solution. The vapor diffusion method can result in spheres with the highest sphericity and surface smoothness, yet the types of the polymers able to form these spheres are limited. On the other hand, in the mini-emulsion method, microspheres can be made from various types of polymers, even from highly crystalline polymers with coplanar, &#960;-conjugated backbones. The photoluminescent (PL) properties from single isolated microspheres are unusual: the PL is confined inside the spheres, propagates at the circumference of the spheres via the total internal reflection at the polymer/air interface, and self-interferes to show sharp and periodic resonant PL lines. These resonating modes are so-called "whispering gallery modes" (WGMs). This work demonstrates how to measure WGM PL from single isolated spheres using the micro-photoluminescence (&#181;-PL) technique. In this technique, a focused laser beam irradiates a single microsphere, and the luminescence is detected by a spectrometer. A micromanipulation technique is then used to connect the microspheres one by one and to demonstrate the intersphere PL propagation and color conversion from coupled microspheres upon excitation at the perimeter of one sphere and detection of PL from the other microsphere. These techniques, &#181;-PL and micromanipulation, are useful for experiments on micro-optic application using polymer materials.

Protocols for the synthesis of microspheres from polymers, the manipulation of microspheres, and micro-photoluminescence measurements are presented.

Herstellung von Polymer-Mikrosphären für optische Resonator- und Laseranwendungen

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

Fabrication of Periodic Gold Nanocup Arrays Using Colloidal Lithography

Within recent years, the field of plasmonics has exploded as researchers have demonstrated exciting applications related to chemical and optical sensing in combination with new nanofabrication techniques. A plasmon is a quantum of charge density oscillation that lends nanoscale metals such as gold and silver unique optical properties. In particular, gold and silver nanoparticles exhibit localized surface plasmon resonances-collective charge density oscillations on the surface of the nanoparticle-in the visible spectrum. Here, we focus on the fabrication of periodic arrays of anisotropic plasmonic nanostructures. These half-shell (or nanocup) structures can exhibit additional unique light-bending and polarization-dependent optical properties that simple isotropic nanostructures cannot. Researchers are interested in the fabrication of periodic arrays of nanocups for a wide variety of applications such as low-cost optical devices, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and tamper indication. We present a scalable technique based on colloidal lithography in which it is possible to easily fabricate large periodic arrays of nanocups using spin-coating and self-assembled commercially available polymeric nanospheres. Electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy from the visible to near-infrared (near-IR) was performed to confirm successful nanocup fabrication. We conclude with a demonstration of the transfer of nanocups to a flexible, conformal adhesive film.

We demonstrate the fabrication of periodic gold nanocup arrays using colloidal lithographic techniques and discuss the importance of nanoplasmonic films.

Herstellung von periodischen Gold Nanocup Arrays mit kolloidalen Lithographie

Within recent years, the field of plasmonics has exploded as researchers have demonstrated exciting applications related to chemical and optical sensing ...

Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7&#8722;&#948;/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 (STO) Single-crystal Substrates

Here, we demonstrate a method of coating ferromagnetic La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) nanoparticles on (001) SrTiO3 (STO) single-crystal substrates by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. LSMO nanoparticles were deposited with diameters from 10 to 20 nm and heights between 20 and 50 nm. At the same time, (Gd) Ba2Cu3O7&#8722;&#948; ((Gd) BCO) films were fabricated on both undecorated and LSMO nanoparticle decorated STO substrates using RF magnetron sputtering. This report also describes the properties of GdBa2Cu3O7&#8722;&#948;/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 quasi-bilayer films structures (e.g., crystalline phase, morphology, chemical composition); magnetization, magneto-transport, and superconducting transport properties were also evaluated.

Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7ÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬Â 'ÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½ Â´/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 STO Single-crystal Substrates

Here, we present a protocol to grow LSMO nanoparticles and (Gd) BCO films on (001) SrTiO3 (STO) single-crystal substrates by radio frequency (RF)-sputtering.

Radiofrequenz das Magnetron-Sputtern GdBa2Cu3O7−δ/ La0,67Sr0,33MnO3 quasi-Bilayer Filme auf SrTiO3 (STO) Einkristall Substraten

Here, we demonstrate a method of coating ferromagnetic La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) nanoparticles on (001) SrTiO3 (STO) single-crystal substrates by radio ...

Generating Lap Joints Via Friction Stir Spot Welding on DP780 Steel

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW), a derivative of friction stir welding (FSW), is a solid-state welding technique that was developed in 1991. An industry application was found in the automotive industry in 2003 for the aluminum alloy that was used in the rear doors of automobiles. Friction stir spot welding is mostly used in Al alloys to create lap joints. The benefits of friction stir spot welding include a nearly 80% melting temperature that lowers the thermal deformation welds without splashing compared to resistance spot welding. Friction stir spot welding includes 3 steps: plunging, stirring, and retraction. In the present study, other materials including high strength steel are also used in the friction stir welding method to create joints. DP780, whose traditional welding process involves the use of resistance spot welding, is one of several high strength steel materials used in the automotive industry. In this paper, DP780 was used for friction stir spot welding, and its microstructure and microhardness were measured. The microstructure data showed that there was a fusion zone with fine grain and a heat effect zone with island martensite. The microhardness results indicated that the center zone exhibited a greater degree of hardness compared with the base metal. All data indicated that the friction stir spot welding used in dual phase steel 780 can create a good lap joint. In the future, friction stir spot welding can be used in high-strength steel welding applied in industrial manufacturing processes.

Here, we present a friction stir spot welding (FSSW) protocol on dual phase 780 steel. A tool pin with high-speed rotation generates heat from friction to soften the material, and then, the pin plunges into 2 sheet joints to create the lap joint.

Erzeugung von Rundengelenken über Friction Stir Spot Welding auf DP780 Stahl

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW), a derivative of friction stir welding (FSW), is a solid-state welding technique that was developed in 1991. An industry ...