我们感谢吉智医科大学埼玉医学中心的透析人员和肾脏科的成员。我们要感谢意得辑（www.editage.com）的英文编辑。

所有参与者都提供了书面知情同意书。该研究得到了日本吉智医科大学埼玉医学中心机构审查委员会的批准（RIN 15-104）。
1. 用于监测rSO 2 的装置
<ol><li>准备用于测量组织氧合的近红外光谱设备。该设备有四个通道，可以同时在多达四个器官中进行测量。</li>
	<li>准备一个用于近红外光谱监测的测量传感器，通过发射两个附着波长的近红外光来评估每个器官中的 rSO2 值。</li>
</ol>2. 安装测量传感器
<ol><li>在HD之前，让每位患者仰卧位休息至少5分钟。</li>
	<li>将测量传感器连接到前额、右肋骨和小腿，以分别评估大脑、肝脏和小腿肌肉中的 rSO2 。</li>
	<li>监测脑氧合<ol><li>将测量传感器连接到主半球的前额。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>监测肝氧合<ol><li>准备超声检查以测量患者肝脏从体表到肝脏的深度。确认此测量值距离体表在 20–30 毫米以内。接下来，将测量传感器连接到右侧的肋骨。 注意:在本装置中，应在距体表20-30毫米的深层组织中获得rSO2 值。在某些情况下，由于存在厚皮下脂肪，肝脏可能位于距体表30毫米以上的地方。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>监测肌肉氧合<ol><li>将测量传感器连接到右侧或双侧小腿。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>传感器连接和为设备供电<ol><li>将每个传感器连接到设备的引线。接下来，打开设备，开始测量氧合。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>3.穿刺透析分流并开始监测
<ol><li>穿刺透析分流器<ol><li>刺穿患者的透析分流器以开始HD治疗。此时，使用配备透析机的数字血压计测量血压，并使用注射器收集血液样本。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>开始监控<ol><li>开始HD治疗后，开始监测三个器官的组织氧合:大脑，肝脏和小腿肌肉。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>HD期间监测rSO2<ol><li>观察每个器官的rSO2 值的变化，并定期测量血压，以及HD治疗期间的常规监测，包括心率，静脉压和血容量。确认连接区域以及传感器和引线之间的连接。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>

<ol>
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R., Kwon, J. Y., Kim, C., Hong, J. 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无利益冲突。

近红外光谱监测主要用于评估脑rSO2，特别是在需要体外循环的心脑血管手术中。在包括亨廷顿舞蹈症治疗在内的体外循环中，一些器官可能显示相对缺血7，17，18;然而，目前尚不清楚组织氧合是否变得低。亨廷顿舞蹈症期间的肌肉痉挛或腹痛可能是透析内器官灌注不足引起的低灌注前驱症状之一。然而，在HD治疗中，目前还没有实时评估组织氧合的方法。因此，我们专注于使用这种监测设备来评估上述协议的器官氧合。该方案对HD患者是无创的，有助于实时确认组织氧合的变化。
如图1所示，HD糖尿病患者的脑rSO2低于无DM患者。此外，较高的血管钙化与较低的脑氧合有关19。因此，微血管和大血管疾病可能与脑氧合受损有关。此外，HD患者的脑rSO2相对保持在60-150 mmHg以内4。然而，在透析期间低血压中，血压急剧下降可能导致器官氧合的变化（图2）。在通过该协议观察rSO2值的变化之前，我们无法确认HD期间组织氧合的影响。除了持续监测动脉压外，通常间歇性评估血压。相比之下，近红外光谱的连续监测可能能够在HD期间通过血压变化检测到器官氧合的变化之前检测到器官氧合的变化。因此，我们可以在确认血压降低之前观察缺氧状态。除血压变化外，输血、低密度脂蛋白单采和超滤还可能导致器官氧合发生变化，例如小腿的rSO2222。因此，我们应该注意HD期间器官氧合的急性变化。
此协议有几个限制。首先，大脑rSO2 只能从前额测量;然而，很难在后脑循环中进行这种评估。由于测量传感器是密封型，因此它们的传感器可以固定在头发上。接下来，肝脏rSO2 的测量需要确认皮下脂肪厚度。在肥胖患者中，测量的rSO2 可能不准确，因为近红外光无法到达靶器官。第三，rSO2 值可能受到身体运动或体位（即仰卧位和坐姿）的影响。因此，在亨廷顿舞蹈症期间，患者应尽可能在床上和同一位置进行测量。
此外，本协议中测量的rSO2 值代表混合静脉饱和度，其反映了静脉（70-80%），毛细血管（5%）和动脉（20-25%）血液中的组织氧合23。因此，rSO2 值的变化不一定与经皮血氧饱和度的变化平行24，25。因此，应仔细解释测量的rSO2 值。此外，如果近红外监测设备可用，该协议易于执行且对患者无创。因此，这种方法将提供广泛的通用性。我们希望这种近红外光谱监测仪将来能够配备透析机作为透析监测仪。
总之，我们已经描述了一种通过近红外光谱测量HD患者组织氧合的方案。HD期间的这种监测可能会为HD治疗影响的组织氧合变化提供新的发现。

近红外光谱（NIRS）已被用于评估区域氧饱和度（rSO 2），这是组织氧合的标志物，特别是在各种临床环境中的脑氧合1，2，3，最近已应用于接受血液透析（HD）的患者4，5，6，7，8，9，10，11. 据报道，脑 rSO2 与亨廷顿舞蹈症患者或非透析慢性肾脏病 （CKD） 患者的认知功能有关11，12。然而，到目前为止，近红外光谱监测在CKD患者中的使用受到限制。
由于近红外光谱监测是实时和非侵入性的，我们评估了其作为HD患者监测设备的实用性。虽然近红外光谱主要用于测量大脑rSO 2，但我们也研究了HD期间其他器官的rSO2值。 具体来说，将rSO 2测量传感器连接到前额，右肋骨和小腿，以分别评估大脑，肝脏和下肌肉中的rSO2。结果表明，近红外监测可能是阐明HD患者器官氧合变化或影响CKD患者组织氧合的因素的新方法。
迄今为止，在临床环境中，在HD，血容量监测，中心静脉血氧饱和度，胸廓入院和电子听诊器引导的估计血压（BP）期间进行了连续监测13，14，15;然而，低血压的预测或设备的广泛使用存在局限性。相比之下，这里的新无创方法可以提供单个器官中透析内氧动力学的实时信息。因此，这种监测方法可以允许在透析内低血压的早期阶段检测短暂的器官缺血，也可以允许HD的安全表现。本文描述了一种测量以rSO2为代表的组织氧合的方案，应用于HD患者。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DBB-100NX</td>
			<td>Nikkiso</td>
			<td>DBB-100NX</td>
			<td>Dialysis machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>INVOS 5100c</td>
			<td>Covidien Japan</td>
			<td>INVOSTM 5100c</td>
			<td>tissue oxygenation device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOMASENSER</td>
			<td>Covidien Japan</td>
			<td>CV-SAFB-SM/INTL</td>
			<td>NIRS sensor</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of tissue oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing hemodialysis

近红外光谱（NIRS）最近已被用作测量区域氧饱和度（rSO2）的工具，这是组织氧合的标志物，用于心血管和脑外科手术，新生儿监测和院前医学等临床环境。近红外光谱监测设备是实时和非侵入性的，主要用于评估危重患者在手术或重症监护期间的脑氧合。到目前为止，包括血液透析（HD）在内的慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者使用近红外光谱监测是有限的;因此，我们研究了HD期间某些器官的rSO2 值。我们使用近红外光谱设备以2个附着波长发射近红外光，监测rSO2 值。HD患者仰卧位，将rSO2 测量传感器分别连接到额头、右肋骨和小腿，以评估大脑、肝脏和小腿肌肉中的rSO2 。近红外光谱监测可能是阐明HD患者器官氧合变化或影响CKD患者组织氧合的因素的新方法。本文描述了一种测量以rSO2 为代表的组织氧合的方案，应用于HD患者。

HD前脑rSO 2值低于健康受试者，HD糖尿病（DM）患者脑rSO2低于无DMHD患者（图1）16。此外，尽管HD期间组织氧合继续且血压没有降低，但我们偶然观察到由于透析内低血压引起的脑和肝脏rSO 2的变化（图2）。由于连续监测，组织氧合的变化比间歇监测血压更快。 数据表示为标准误差±平均值。非配对值的方差分析用于比较三组。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61721/61721fig01.jpg"> 图1:HD患者糖尿病患者（n = 27）、无糖尿病HD患者（n = 27）和健康受试者（n = 28）中HD前脑rSO 2 的比较。患者包括38名男性和16名女性，平均年龄为67.7岁±1.2岁，HD持续时间为6.5±1.9年。慢性肾脏病的病因为糖尿病（27例）、慢性肾小球肾炎（14例）、肾硬化（4例）、多囊肾病（4例）和其他（5例）。误差线指示标准误差。数据依据的是上一份报告16，并修改了该数字。分米;糖尿病，HD;血液透析，rSO2;区域血氧饱和度。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/61721/61721fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61721/61721fig2v2.jpg"> 图 2:急性透析中低血压患者的脑和肝脏 rSO2 的变化。英国石油公司;血压，心率;小时，rSO2;区域氧饱和度，UFR;超滤率。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/61721/61721fig2v2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Tissue Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis at JoVE.com

Measurement of Tissue Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

我们提出了一种通过使用近红外光谱监测仪测量血液透析（HD）患者区域氧饱和度（rSO2）的方案。rSO2 值是组织氧合的指标。这种无创和实时监测可能有助于确认HD期间器官氧合的变化。

使用近红外光谱测量血液透析患者的组织氧合

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has recently been applied as a tool to measure regional oxygen saturation (rSO2), a marker of tissue oxygenation, in ...

measurement-tissue-oxygenation-using-near-infrared-spectroscopy

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

2.1K 次观看.  Jichi Medical University. 我们提出了一种通过使用近红外光谱监测仪测量血液透析（HD）患者区域氧饱和度（rSO2）的方案。rSO2 值是组织氧合的指标。这种无创和实时监测可能有助于确认HD期间器官氧合的变化。

视频: Measurement of Tissue Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

Dual-mode Imaging of Cutaneous Tissue Oxygenation and Vascular Function

Accurate assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function is important for appropriate detection, staging, and treatment of many health disorders such as chronic wounds. We report the development of a dual-mode imaging system for non-invasive and non-contact imaging of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function. The imaging system integrated an infrared camera, a CCD camera, a liquid crystal tunable filter and a high intensity fiber light source. A Labview interface was programmed for equipment control, synchronization, image acquisition, processing, and visualization. Multispectral images captured by the CCD camera were used to reconstruct the tissue oxygenation map. Dynamic thermographic images captured by the infrared camera were used to reconstruct the vascular function map. Cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function images were co-registered through fiduciary markers. The performance characteristics of the dual-mode image system were tested in humans.

A dual-mode imaging system was developed for non-contact assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function.

双模式成像，皮肤组织氧合和血管功能

Accurate assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function is important for appropriate detection, staging, and treatment of many health ...

科研

医学

In vivo Near Infrared Fluorescence (NIRF) Intravascular Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Plaque, a Multimodal Approach to Imaging of Atherosclerosis

The vascular response to injury is a well-orchestrated inflammatory response triggered by the accumulation of macrophages within the vessel wall leading to an accumulation of lipid-laden intra-luminal plaque, smooth muscle cell proliferation and progressive narrowing of the vessel lumen. The formation of such vulnerable plaques prone to rupture underlies the majority of cases of acute myocardial infarction. The complex molecular and cellular inflammatory cascade is orchestrated by the recruitment of T lymphocytes and macrophages and their paracrine effects on endothelial and smooth muscle cells.1
Molecular imaging in atherosclerosis has evolved into an important clinical and research tool that allows in vivo visualization of inflammation and other biological processes. Several recent examples demonstrate the ability to detect high-risk plaques in patients, and assess the effects of pharmacotherapeutics in atherosclerosis.4 While a number of molecular imaging approaches (in particular MRI and PET) can image biological aspects of large vessels such as the carotid arteries, scant options exist for imaging of coronary arteries.2 The advent of high-resolution optical imaging strategies, in particular near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF), coupled with activatable fluorescent probes, have enhanced sensitivity and led to the development of new intravascular strategies to improve biological imaging of human coronary atherosclerosis.
Near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) molecular imaging utilizes excitation light with a defined band width (650-900 nm) as a source of photons that, when delivered to an optical contrast agent or fluorescent probe, emits fluorescence in the NIR window that can be detected using an appropriate emission filter and a high sensitivity charge-coupled camera. As opposed to visible light, NIR light penetrates deeply into tissue, is markedly less attenuated by endogenous photon absorbers such as hemoglobin, lipid and water, and enables high target-to-background ratios due to reduced autofluorescence in the NIR window. Imaging within the NIR 'window' can substantially improve the potential for in vivo imaging.2,5
Inflammatory cysteine proteases have been well studied using activatable NIRF probes10, and play important roles in atherogenesis. Via degradation of the extracellular matrix, cysteine proteases contribute importantly to the progression and complications of atherosclerosis8. In particular, the cysteine protease, cathepsin B, is highly expressed and colocalizes with macrophages in experimental murine, rabbit, and human atheromata.3,6,7 In addition, cathepsin B activity in plaques can be sensed in vivo utilizing a previously described 1-D intravascular near-infrared fluorescence technology6, in conjunction with an injectable nanosensor agent that consists of a poly-lysine polymer backbone derivatized with multiple NIR fluorochromes (VM110/Prosense750, ex/em 750/780nm, VisEn Medical, Woburn, MA) that results in strong intramolecular quenching at baseline.10 Following targeted enzymatic cleavage by cysteine proteases such as cathepsin B (known to colocalize with plaque macrophages), the fluorochromes separate, resulting in substantial amplification of the NIRF signal. Intravascular detection of NIR fluorescence signal by the utilized novel 2D intravascular NIRF catheter now enables high-resolution, geometrically accurate in vivo detection of cathepsin B activity in inflamed plaque.
In vivo molecular imaging of atherosclerosis using catheter-based 2D NIRF imaging, as opposed to a prior 1-D spectroscopic approach,6 is a novel and promising tool that utilizes augmented protease activity in macrophage-rich plaque to detect vascular inflammation.11,12 The following research protocol describes the use of an intravascular 2-dimensional NIRF catheter to image and characterize plaque structure utilizing key aspects of plaque biology. It is a translatable platform that when integrated with existing clinical imaging technologies including angiography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), offers a unique and novel integrated multimodal molecular imaging technique that distinguishes inflammatory atheromata, and allows detection of intravascular NIRF signals in human-sized coronary arteries.

In vivo Near Infrared Fluorescence NIRF Intravascular Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Plaque, a Multimodal Approach to Imaging of Atherosclerosis

We detail a new near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) catheter for 2-dimensional intravascular molecular imaging of plaque biology in vivo. The NIRF catheter can visualize key biological processes such as inflammation by reporting on the presence of plaque-avid activatable and targeted NIR fluorochromes. The catheter utilizes clinical engineering and power requirements and is targeted for application in human coronary arteries. The following research study describes a multimodal imaging strategy that utilizes a novel in vivo intravascular NIRF catheter to image and quantify inflammatory plaque in proteolytically active inflamed rabbit atheromata.

体内近红外荧光（NIRF）血管内分子成像炎性斑块，多式联运方针成像动脉粥样硬化

The vascular response to injury is a well-orchestrated inflammatory response triggered by the accumulation of macrophages within the vessel wall leading ...

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

Carbon dioxide (CO2) along with oxygen (O2) share the role of being the most important gases in the human body. The measuring of expired CO2 at the mouth has solicited growing clinical interest among physicians in the emergency department for various indications: (1) surveillance et monitoring of the intubated patient; (2) verification of the correct positioning of an endotracheal tube; (3) monitoring of a patient in cardiac arrest; (4) achieving normocapnia in intubated head trauma patients; (5) monitoring ventilation during procedural sedation. The video allows physicians to familiarize themselves with the use of capnography and the text offers a review of the theory and principals involved. In particular, the importance of CO2 for the organism, the relevance of measuring expired CO2, the differences between arterial and expired CO2, the material used in capnography with their artifacts and traps, will be reviewed. Since the main reluctance in the use of expired CO2 measurement is due to lack of correct knowledge concerning the physiopathology of CO2 by the physician, we hope that this explanation and the video sequences accompanying will help resolve this limitation.

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

This video describes how to perform CO2 measurement in intubated as well as spontaneously breathing patients. The main clinical indications refer to emergency situations: (1) verifying adequate positioning of an endotracheal tube; (2) achieving normocapnia in trauma patients; (3) monitoring ventilation in the case of procedural sedation.

过期的CO 2测量气管插管或自主呼吸的病人从急诊科

Carbon dioxide (CO2) along with oxygen (O2) share the role of being the most important gases in the human body. The measuring of expired CO2 at the mouth ...

Near Infrared Optical Projection Tomography for Assessments of &beta;-cell Mass Distribution in Diabetes Research

By adapting OPT to include the capability of imaging in the near infrared (NIR) spectrum, we here illustrate the possibility to image larger bodies of pancreatic tissue, such as the rat pancreas, and to increase the number of channels (cell types) that may be studied in a single specimen. We further describe the implementation of a number of computational tools that provide: 1/ accurate positioning of a specimen's (in our case the pancreas) centre of mass (COM) at the axis of rotation (AR)2; 2/ improved algorithms for post-alignment tuning which prevents geometric distortions during the tomographic reconstruction2 and 3/ a protocol for intensity equalization to increase signal to noise ratios in OPT-based BCM determinations3. In addition, we describe a sample holder that minimizes the risk for unintentional movements of the specimen during image acquisition. Together, these protocols enable assessments of BCM distribution and other features, to be performed throughout the volume of intact pancreata or other organs (e.g. in studies of islet transplantation), with a resolution down to the level of individual islets of Langerhans.

Near Infrared Optical Projection Tomography for Assessments of &#946;-cell Mass Distribution in Diabetes Research

We describe the adaptation of optical projection tomography (OPT)1 to imaging in the near infrared spectrum, and the implementation of a number of computational tools. These protocols enable assessments of pancreatic &beta;-cell mass (BCM) in larger specimens, increase the multichannel capacity of the technique and increase the quality of OPT data.

近红外光学投影层析成像技术在糖尿病研究β细胞质量分布的评估

By adapting OPT to include the capability of imaging in the near infrared (NIR) spectrum, we here illustrate the possibility to image larger bodies of ...

Tissue-simulating Phantoms for Assessing Potential Near-infrared Fluorescence Imaging Applications in Breast Cancer Surgery

Inaccuracies in intraoperative tumor localization and evaluation of surgical margin status result in suboptimal outcome of breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Optical imaging, in particular near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, might reduce the frequency of positive surgical margins following BCS by providing the surgeon with a tool for pre- and intraoperative tumor localization in real-time. In the current study, the potential of NIRF-guided BCS is evaluated using tissue-simulating breast phantoms for reasons of standardization and training purposes.
Breast phantoms with optical characteristics comparable to those of normal breast tissue were used to simulate breast conserving surgery. Tumor-simulating inclusions containing the fluorescent dye indocyanine green (ICG) were incorporated in the phantoms at predefined locations and imaged for pre- and intraoperative tumor localization, real-time NIRF-guided tumor resection, NIRF-guided evaluation on the extent of surgery, and postoperative assessment of surgical margins. A customized NIRF camera was used as a clinical prototype for imaging purposes.
Breast phantoms containing tumor-simulating inclusions offer a simple, inexpensive, and versatile tool to simulate and evaluate intraoperative tumor imaging. The gelatinous phantoms have elastic properties similar to human tissue and can be cut using conventional surgical instruments. Moreover, the phantoms contain hemoglobin and intralipid for mimicking absorption and scattering of photons, respectively, creating uniform optical properties similar to human breast tissue. The main drawback of NIRF imaging is the limited penetration depth of photons when propagating through tissue, which hinders (noninvasive) imaging of deep-seated tumors with epi-illumination strategies.

Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging may improve therapeutic outcome of breast cancer surgery by enabling intraoperative tumor localization and evaluation of surgical margin status. Using tissue-simulating breast phantoms containing fluorescent tumor-simulating inclusions, potential clinical applications of NIRF imaging in breast cancer patients can be assessed for standardization and training purposes.

组织鬼怪模拟，以评估乳癌手术潜在的近红外荧光成像中的应用

Inaccuracies in intraoperative tumor localization and evaluation of surgical margin status result in suboptimal outcome of breast-conserving surgery ...

Combined Near-infrared Fluorescent Imaging and Micro-computed Tomography for Directly Visualizing Cerebral Thromboemboli

Direct thrombus imaging visualizes the root cause of thromboembolic infarction. Being able to image thrombus directly allows far better investigation of stroke than relying on indirect measurements, and will be a potent and robust vascular research tool. We use an optical imaging approach that labels thrombi with a molecular imaging thrombus marker&#160;&#8212; a Cy5.5 near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) probe that is covalently linked to the fibrin strands of the thrombus by the fibrin-crosslinking enzymatic action of activated coagulation factor XIIIa during the process of clot maturation. A micro-computed tomography (microCT)-based approach uses thrombus-seeking gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized to target the major component of the clot: fibrin. This paper describes a detailed protocol for the combined in vivo microCT and ex vivo NIRF imaging of thromboemboli in a mouse model of embolic stroke. We show that in vivo microCT and fibrin-targeted glycol-chitosan AuNPs (fib-GC-AuNPs) can be used for visualizing both in situ thrombi and cerebral embolic thrombi. We also describe the use of in vivo microCT-based direct thrombus imaging to serially monitor the therapeutic effects of tissue plasminogen activator-mediated thrombolysis. After the last imaging session, we demonstrate by ex vivo NIRF imaging the extent and the distribution of residual thromboemboli in the brain. Finally, we describe quantitative image analyses of microCT and NIRF imaging data. The combined technique of direct thrombus imaging allows two independent methods of thrombus visualization to be compared: the area of thrombus-related fluorescent signal on ex vivo NIRF imaging vs. the volume of hyperdense microCT thrombi in vivo.

This protocol describes the application of combined near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) imaging and micro-computed tomography (microCT) for visualizing cerebral thromboemboli. This technique allows the quantification of thrombus burden and evolution. The NIRF imaging technique visualizes fluorescently labeled thrombus in excised brain, while the microCT technique visualizes thrombus inside living animals using gold-nanoparticles.

结合近红外荧光成像和微计算机断层扫描直接可视化脑血栓

Direct thrombus imaging visualizes the root cause of thromboembolic infarction. Being able to image thrombus directly allows far better investigation of ...

Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing motor function deficits are basic readouts of the immune-mediated inflammation of the spinal cord. However, scores and body weight do not allow for an in vivo assessment of brain inflammation and optic neuritis. The latter is an early and frequent manifestation in about 2/3 of MS patients. Here, we show methods for bioluminescence and near-infrared live imaging to assess EAE evoked optic neuritis, brain inflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in living mice using an in vivo imaging system. A bioluminescent substrate activated by oxidases primarily showed optic neuritis. The signal was specific and allowed the visualization of medication effects and disease time courses, which paralleled the clinical scores. Pegylated fluorescent nanoparticles that remained within the vasculature for extended periods of time were used to assess the BBB integrity. Near-infrared imaging revealed a BBB leak at the peak of the disease. The signal was the strongest around the eyes. A near-infrared substrate for matrix metalloproteinases was used to assess EAE-evoked inflammation. Auto-fluorescence interfered with the signal, requiring spectral unmixing for quantification. Overall, bioluminescence imaging was a reliable method to assess EAE-associated optic neuritis and medication effects and was superior to the near-infrared techniques in terms of signal specificity, robustness, ease of quantification, and cost.

We show a technique for in vivo live bioluminescence and near-infrared imaging of optic neuritis and encephalitis in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model for multiple sclerosis in SJL/J mice.

多发性硬化症的小鼠模型EAE视神经炎及脑部炎症的生物发光和近红外成像

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing ...

A Quantitative Sensory Testing Paradigm to Obtain Measures of Pain Processing in Patients Undergoing Breast Cancer Surgery

Chronic pain following surgery, persistent postsurgical pain, is an important highly prevalent condition contributing to significant symptom burden and lower quality of life. Persistent postsurgical pain is relatively refractory to treatment hence generating a high need for preventive strategies and treatments. Therefore, the identification of patients at risk of developing persistent pain is an area of active ongoing research. Recently it was demonstrated that peri-operative disruptions in central pain processing may be able to predict persistent postsurgical pain at long term follow-up in breast cancer patients. The aim of the current report is to present a short protocol to obtain pain thresholds to different stimuli at multiple sites and a measure of endogenous analgesia in breast cancer patients. We have used this method successfully in a clinical context and detail some representative results from a clinical study.

Persistent postsurgical pain may be related to changes in pain processing. By assessing pain in response to standardized stimuli, changes in pain processing can be elucidated. We present methods to obtain pain thresholds to different stimuli and a measure of endogenous analgesia in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery.

一种定量感官检测方法在乳腺癌手术患者疼痛处理中的研究

Chronic pain following surgery, persistent postsurgical pain, is an important highly prevalent condition contributing to significant symptom burden and ...

Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy

Exercise represents a major hemodynamic stress that demands a highly coordinated neurovascular response in order to match oxygen delivery to metabolic demand. Reactive hyperemia (in response to a brief period of tissue ischemia) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and provides important insight into vascular health and vasodilatory capacity. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is equally important in health and disease, as it determines the energy supply for myocellular processes. Here, we describe a simple, non-invasive approach using near-infrared spectroscopy to assess each of these major clinical endpoints (reactive hyperemia, neurovascular coupling, and muscle oxidative capacity) during a single clinic or laboratory visit. Unlike Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance images/spectroscopy, or invasive catheter-based flow measurements or muscle biopsies, our approach is less operator-dependent, low-cost, and completely non-invasive. Representative data from our lab taken together with summary data from previously published literature illustrate the utility of each of these end-points. Once this technique is mastered, application to clinical populations will provide important mechanistic insight into exercise intolerance and cardiovascular dysfunction.

Here, we describe a simple, non-invasive approach using near-infrared spectroscopy to assess reactive hyperemia, neurovascular coupling and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in a single clinic or laboratory visit.

"一站式" 近红外光谱对骨骼肌神经血管的耦合、氧化能力及微血管功能的作用

Exercise represents a major hemodynamic stress that demands a highly coordinated neurovascular response in order to match oxygen delivery to metabolic ...

A New Best Practice for Validating Tail Vein Injections in Rat with Near-infrared-Labeled Agents

Intravenous (IV) administration of agents into the tail vein of rats can be both difficult and inconsistent. Optimizing tail vein injections is a key part of many experimental procedures where reagents need to be introduced directly into the bloodstream. Unwittingly, the injection can be subcutaneous, possibly altering the scientific outcomes. Utilizing a nanoemulsion-based biological probe with an incorporated near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye, this method offers the capability of imaging a successful tail vein injection in vivo. With the use of a NIRF imager, images are taken before and after the injection of the agent. An acceptable IV injection is then qualitatively or quantitatively determined based on the intensity of the NIRF signal at the site of injection.

Here we present a method to validate tail vein injections in rats by utilizing near-infrared fluorescence imaging data from dyes incorporated into agents or biological probes. The tail is imaged before and after the injection, the fluorescent signal is quantified, and an assessment of the injection quality is made.

近红外标记剂对大鼠尾静脉注射的新的最佳验证

Intravenous (IV) administration of agents into the tail vein of rats can be both difficult and inconsistent. Optimizing tail vein injections is a key part ...