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作者没有什么可透露的。

本议定书的关键步骤包括麻醉的管理、抗凝、动脉/接枝静脉的手术操作以及接枝静脉的血流动力学测量。正确的麻醉管理在这一多项生存手术模型中是至关重要的, 包括两个相对较长的操作 (通常 3-3, 5 小时用于双侧静脉移植和 1.5-2.5 h 用于双边移植转导)。我们通过 nosecone 和气管插管进行麻醉, 发现插管改善了移植转导手术后的生存, 可能是因为正压通气预防肺不张和相关呼吸衰竭。家兔对插管有挑战性, 气管插管相关的创伤可能导致术后鸣。然而, 插管的挑战和并发症是一个很小的代价, 以消除大部分围手术期发病率和死亡率与静脉移植手术有关的好处。
抗凝是必不可少的, 以防止移植静脉血栓形成, 这可能发生后, 任何一个生存手术。血栓形成似乎是一个早期的事件, 因为在经皮超声检查的5-7 天内的静脉移植是专利在收获几乎总是专利。为防止第一次手术后血栓形成 (i., 静脉移植), IV. 肝素在收获第一个外颈静脉之前进行。以家兔血浆中肝素的半衰期 (1-2 小时) 为基础, 在采集对侧颈外静脉前, 再加半剂量静脉注射肝素。另外, 在单个静脉移植的两个动静脉吻合完成后, 我们用血气生理盐水将颈动脉的流明和静脉移植大约每8分钟冲洗一次。为避免移植血栓形成, 应注意不要在收获和嫁接过程中损害静脉移植, 特别是内皮细胞。这包括用手术器械温和地处理静脉, 并留下一层血管外膜脂肪组织附着在静脉。我们还管理单一剂量的局部罂粟碱到接枝颈动脉, 以防止或逆转血管痉挛, 这可能导致血栓形成。
在静脉移植手术中需要对手术技术进行细致的注意。为了避免在吻合口出血, 移植血栓, 并引入不受控制的血流动力学变量, 两个 arteriotomies 必须是适当的长度。如果 arteriotomy 太短, 静脉移植开口壁将在吻合部位多余, 造成出血的间隙。如果 arteriotomy 太长, 伸展静脉覆盖 arteriotomy 会使静脉移植壁接近接近, 使外科医生难以避免缝合对立的静脉移植墙一起 (基本上保证术后血栓)。此外, 如果静脉移植腔狭窄, 因为静脉伸展到覆盖过长的 arteriotomy, 将创建一个狭窄, 增加剪应力, 易于血栓形成33, 并有可能改变结局变量, 如新生内膜生长和血管重塑34,35。此外, 在静脉移植中应避免引入曲折, 从而导致腔内狭窄或异常流。为了帮助避免扭曲的移植, 我们总是使静脉段沿颈总动脉的腹面, 并确保没有曲折的静脉。由于变化的手术技术可能改变静脉移植的血流动力学, 因为改变的血流动力学可能会影响结果变量独立的治疗, 我们经常测量血流量和移植的直径之前的载体输液和在收割的时间。我们用这些值计算剪应力和搏动。静脉移植的血流动力学测量以外的预定范围可以排除客观的进一步分析, 减少实验变异性, 增加统计能力。
当我们开发这种方法时, 我们做了一些修改。最初, 我们尝试移植手术中的静脉移植基因转移。然而, 在这种情况下, 转基因表达几乎完全失去了3天后, 基因转移22。无论静脉段是转基因原位移植, 还是先移植静脉, 然后转基因, 转基因表达迅速丧失。只有延迟转导直到静脉移植适应了动脉循环 (我们等待到移植后28天进行基因转移, 虽然更短的延迟可能是可能的), 是快速丧失转基因表达避免22.在经历术中和术后死亡后, 我们还从 nosecone 麻醉转为气管插管麻醉进行第二次 (基因转移) 手术。此外, 在兔术后遇到明显的吸入性肺炎后, 我们开始在兔子的腹部 (不育的窗帘下) 放置一个小塑料桌。该表的位置, 以防止外科医生不小心地靠在兔子的腹部, 潜在的刺激胃食管反流和愿望。我们没有更多的期望事件后, 放置的表。然而, 由于这一位置恰好与气管插管的转变相吻合, 我们无法确定哪些干预措施是消除吸入事件的罪魁祸首。
这种方法也有局限性。在美国, 使用兔子而不是啮齿目动物, 必须遵守1966年的《实验牲畜福利法》的要求。因此, 使用兔子 (或本法所涵盖的其他动物) 的调查人员必须配备设备齐全的手术室和专家麻醉, 并提供高水平的术后监测和护理。第二个限制是需要2次手术, 以确保持续的转基因表达22。第二次手术增加了实验的成本, 使每只兔子暴露出额外的潜在手术和围手术期并发症。然而, 我们不知道任何其他基因转移方法, 实现持久的转基因表达在静脉移植。该方法的第三个局限性是, 它需要在 HDAd 载体的构建和高效 HDAd 种群的制备方面具有专门知识。许多实验室拥有第一代腺病毒、慢病毒载体和腺相关病毒 (AAV) 载体的专门知识, 但相对较少的群体有 HDAd 的经验, 通常需要建立协作以获得这种专门知识。该方法的临床适用性也可能受到限制。对于人类来说, 第二次手术会增加成本和并发症风险。此外, 与人隐静脉 (用于冠状动脉和外周搭桥手术) 相比, 兔颈外静脉有非常薄的壁。移植兔颈外静脉进入动脉循环后, 壁厚和重构可能会因静脉移植已有较厚壁而减弱。最后, 在这个模型的实验中持续长达6月, 没有一个接枝静脉发育为22的狭窄。因此, 这种方法似乎没有对导致静脉移植失败的所有生物过程建模。
最后, 该方法使用一种健壮的人血管疾病模型 (家兔) 生成接枝静脉, 转基因稳定地表达为长时间 (至少6月)22。转基因在静脉移植中的稳定表达将揭示其在正常静脉移植中的作用, 并阐明其在静脉移植基因治疗中的潜力。这种方法可以改进, 并使临床更适用于技术的发展, 允许经皮传递载体的静脉移植, 从而避免第二次手术。这些技术可能是以导管为基础的36,37, 或者他们可以结合特别准备好的载体注入到外周静脉, 然后靶向静脉移植壁, 例如由磁场38。该方法还允许测试静脉移植基因治疗 HDAd 以外的其他载体, 包括慢病毒载体和 AAV 载体以及非病毒载体。39,40,41,42

动脉粥样硬化是一种慢性炎症性疾病, 其中脂质积累和炎症在血管壁导致血管腔狭窄, 心脏病发作, 中风, 四肢失去1,2。经皮介入治疗 (e., 血管成形术和支架植入术) 和医疗疗法 (g., 他汀类药物和抗血小板药物) 是治疗动脉粥样硬化的有效方法;然而, 在冠状动脉和外周循环中, 它们往往不能有效地治疗严重的梗阻性疾病。旁路移植术, 使用自体静脉段, 仍然是一个常见的程序治疗严重, 弥漫性冠状动脉和周围血管疾病3,4。然而, 在冠状动脉和外周循环中放置的静脉移植有很低的长期通畅率。在冠状动脉循环中, 大约10-20% 的静脉移植被闭塞1年, 50% 被闭塞10年5,6。在外周循环中, 静脉移植失败率为 30-50%, 5 年7。
基因治疗是一种很有吸引力的方法, 以防止静脉移植失败, 因为它可以提供一个治疗基因产品精确地在该疾病的地方。因此, 许多临床前研究已经测试了静脉移植基因治疗8,9。然而, 基本上所有这些研究已经检查的功效在早期点 (2-12 周)10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17. 我们知道没有证据表明基因治疗干预能提供持久 (多年) 保护, 防止晚期静脉移植失败, 通常是由新生内膜增生和动脉粥样硬化4引起的。我们开发了一种方法, 允许持久的转基因表达在嫁接静脉, 从而允许测试的基因治疗干预的后期以及早期的时间点。为实现持久的转基因表达, 该方法纳入 HDAd 载体和延迟转导策略。HDAd 载体提供长期的转基因表达, 因为他们缺乏病毒基因, 防止转基因细胞的识别 (和排斥) 的免疫系统18,19,20, 21. 延迟转导 (移植术后28天进行) 可防止移植22后早期发生的动脉过程中转基因细胞的丢失。
在静脉移植术中实现转基因表达的其他方法依赖于移植术10、11、12、15、16 时静脉移植的转导. ,17。在连续测量时, 使用这种方法的转基因表达在转导22、23后迅速下降。因此, 用这种方法进行的研究并没有对静脉移植后12周后的疗效进行检查, 最不评估疗效超过4周。相比之下, 我们的方法实现了静脉移植基因的表达, 稳定持续至少24周, 并根据类似的研究在动脉中进行-可能继续远长于22,24。我们知道没有其他静脉移植基因治疗干预, 达到稳定的转基因表达这一持续时间。
我们用兔子模型来发展我们的方法。另一些则使用啮齿动物、兔子或较大的动物来测试静脉移植基因治疗10、11、12、15、16、17、25、 26。与啮齿类动物模型相比, 兔子更昂贵, 并受到更严格的监管要求。然而, 与较大的动物相比(例如, 猪和狗), 兔子购买和房子的成本要低得多, 而且处理起来也更容易。此外, 兔血管与人体血管相似, 在生理上27, 它们足够大, 可以用来测试经皮介入治疗28,29, 他们提供了足够的组织,多个端点 (e., 组织学, 蛋白质, RNA) 可以使用单血管标本22,30检查。此外, 当带静脉移植的兔以高脂肪饮食喂养时, 他们发展静脉移植动脉粥样硬化31,32, 这是冠状动脉旁路移植失败的常见原因4,5.这些动脉粥样硬化兔静脉移植可以作为一个基质, 以测试的基因治疗干预提供这种方法。所提供的协议可以帮助研究者掌握在兔静脉移植中实现持久转基因表达所需的技术技能。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:707px;" width="707">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Disposables</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">3mL syringe with 24G needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>309571</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">2x for vein graft surgery; 2x for gene transfer&#160; surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">1 mL syringe with 27G needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>309623</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">2x for vein graft surgery, 5x for gene transfer surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="40" rowspan="2" style="height:40px;width:215px;">19G needle</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td rowspan="2">305187</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:207px;">Gene transfer surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">20 mL syringe, luer lock</td>
			<td>Nipro Medical Corp</td>
			<td>JD+20L</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Catheters, 24Ga x 3/4&#8221;</td>
			<td>Terumo Medical Products</td>
			<td>SROX2419V</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">21G needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>305165</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Gene transfer surgery and for 20 mL syringe of saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Gauze 4&#8221; x 4&#8221;</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3242</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">~10-15 per surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">3-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Covidien Ltd.</td>
			<td>S-244</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">5-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Covidien Ltd.</td>
			<td>S-182</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">7-0 polypropylene suture</td>
			<td>CP Medical</td>
			<td>8703P</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Vein graft surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">7-0 polypropylene suture</td>
			<td>CP Medical</td>
			<td>8648P</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Gene transfer surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">5-0 polyglycolic acid suture</td>
			<td>CP Medical</td>
			<td>421A</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">3-0 polyglycolic acid suture</td>
			<td>CP Medical</td>
			<td>398A</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Alcohol swabs</td>
			<td>Covidien Ltd.</td>
			<td>6818</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">For the placement of I.V. line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Catheter plug</td>
			<td>Vetoquinol</td>
			<td>411498</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Ketamine HCl, 100 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Vedco Inc.</td>
			<td>5098916106</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Xylazine, 100 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Akorn Inc.</td>
			<td>4821</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Lidocaine, 20 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>409427702</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Marcaine 0.5%</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>409161050</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Beuthanasia D-Special</td>
			<td>Intervet Inc.</td>
			<td>NDC 00061047305</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Harvest surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Buprenorphine HCl, 0.3 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>12496075705</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Saline IV bag, 0.9% sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>2B1309</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Heparin&#160; (5000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>APP Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>NDC 63323-047-10</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Papaverine (3.5 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>American Reagent Inc.</td>
			<td>NDC 0517-4002-25</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Diluted from 30mg/mL stock; Use 1 mL maximum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Fentanyl patch, 25 mcg/h</td>
			<td>Apotex Corp.</td>
			<td>NDC 60505-7006-2</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Multiple vendors</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog number not available</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">&#160;Viral vector</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Metzenbaum needle holder 7&#34; straight</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-7900</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Operating scissors 6.5&#34; straight blunt/blunt</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-6828</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Needle holder /w suture scissors</td>
			<td>Miltex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8-14-IMC</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Castroviejo scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5658</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Castroviejo needle holder, 5.75&#34; straight with lock</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-6412</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Stevens scissors 4.25&#34; curved blunt/blunt</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5943</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Alm retractor 4&#34; 4X4 5mm blunt prongs</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-6514</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Backhaus towel clamp 3.5&#34;</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;">4x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Micro clip setting forceps 4.75&#34;</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-6496</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Micro vascular clips, 11 mm</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Surg-I-Loop</td>
			<td>Scanlan International</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1001-81M</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">5 cm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:215px;">Bonaccolto forceps, 4&#8221; (10 cm) long longitudinal serrations, cross serrated tip, 1.2mm tip width</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5210</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Dumont #3 forceps Inox tip size .17 &#215; .10 mm</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5042</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Graefe forceps, 4&#8221; (10 cm) long serrated straight, 0.8 mm tip</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5280</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Halstead mosquito forceps,&#160; 5&#34; straight, 1.3 mm tips</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-7110</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Halstead mosquito forceps,&#160; 5&#34; curved, 1.3mm tips</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-7111</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:215px;">Jacobson mosquito forceps 5&#34; curved extra delicate, 0.9 mm tips</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-7117</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Kantrowitz forceps, 7.25&#34; 90 degree delicate, 1.7 mm tips</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-7305</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Tissue forceps 5&#34;, 1X2 teeth, 2 mm tip width</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-8162</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Allis-Baby forceps, 12 cm, 4x5 teeth, 3 mm tip width</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11092-12</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Adson forceps, 12 cm, serrated, straight</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11006-12</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Veterinary electrosurgery handpiece and electrode</td>
			<td>MACAN Manufacturing</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HPAC-1; R-F11</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Surgical Suite Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Circulating warm water blanket and pump</td>
			<td>Multiple vendors</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog number not available</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Bair hugger warming unit</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 505</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">IV infusion pump</td>
			<td>Heska</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Vet IV 2.2</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Isoflurane vaporizer and scavenger</td>
			<td>Multiple vendors</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog number not available</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Veterinary multi-parameter monitor</td>
			<td>Surgivet</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Surgivet Advisor</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Veterinary electrosurgery unit</td>
			<td>MACAN Manufacturing</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MV-9</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:215px;">Surgical microscope</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">D.F. Vasconcellos</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M900</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">25X magnification for vein graft surgery; 16X magnification for gene transfer surgery</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a rabbit model of durable transgene expression in jugular vein to common carotid artery interposition grafts

静脉搭桥术是治疗闭塞性动脉疾病的常见方法;然而, 由于血栓形成、内膜增生和动脉粥样硬化的移植失败, 长期的成功是有限的。本文的目的是演示一种将双侧静脉介入移植在兔身上的方法, 然后用基因转移载体传感移植物, 达到持久的转基因表达。该方法可用于研究基因及其蛋白产物在正常静脉移植稳态中的生物学作用。它还允许测试转基因的活动, 以防止静脉移植失败, e., 转基因的表达是否能防止新生内膜的生长, 减少血管炎症, 或降低家兔动脉粥样硬化高脂肪饮食。在最初的生存手术中, 左颈外静脉的部分被切除, 并放置在双边上, 作为反向端对侧颈总动脉介入移植。在第二次生存手术中, 28 天后进行, 每一个移植从循环与血管片段分离, 流明是填补 (通过 arteriotomy) 与解决方案, 其中包含帮助者依赖腺病毒 (HDAd) 向量。经过20分钟的孵化, 矢量解吸气, arteriotomy 修复, 流恢复。这些静脉是在个别实验规程所规定的时间点上收获的。移植术与转导之间的28天延迟是确保移植静脉适应动脉循环的必要条件。这种适应避免了快速丢失的转基因表达, 发生在静脉移植转基因之前或紧接移植后。该方法具有在嫁接静脉中获得持久、稳定的转基因表达能力的独特性。与其他大型动物静脉移植模型相比, 家兔具有成本低、处理方便等优点。与啮齿动物静脉移植模型相比, 家兔具有更大、更易于操作的血管, 为分析提供了丰富的组织。

在操作员可以使用此方法生成实验数据之前, 必须验证新操作员的技术熟练程度。新的操作者必须达到的第一个里程碑是, 在初始静脉移植术和随后的延迟转导手术后, 保持静脉移植通畅。每次手术后90% 多的通畅是可取的和可实现的。可通过经皮超声评估无创通畅, 我们通常在术后5-7 天进行。在具有专利静脉的家兔中, 超声检查将显示一大血管, 在前颈部两侧有轻快的骶管血流 (图 3a)。如果任何一个静脉移植被闭塞, 将没有可检测到颅尾血流的一侧 (s) 与闭塞移植。然而, 在颈内静脉内仍会发现颅-尾血流 (图 3B)。
新的操作者必须实现的第二个里程碑是静脉移植血管内皮细胞的有效转导。在这里, 一个表达β乳糖酶的腺病毒载体用于评价内皮细胞基因转移的效率。一个新的操作员在我们的实验室转基因静脉移植与腺病毒表达β-乳糖酶 (AdnLacZ) 使用的方法描述。移植物在转导后3天收割, 切成段。部分染色有 5-溴-4-氯-3-哚-galactopyranoside (X-加仑)。腔内表面成像显示静脉移植的有效传导 (图 4A) 和不良转导 (图 4B)。为了进一步评价新的操作者的熟练程度, 转基因静脉移植物中的β-乳糖酶 mRNA 也用定量逆转录酶介导的 PCR 方法测量, 并将信号规范化到甘油磷酸盐水平。在同一静脉移植物中测定的脱氢酶 (GAPDH) mRNA。
新操作者转基因静脉移植中β-乳糖酶 mrna 的含量与静脉移植转基因的β-乳糖酶 mrna 水平没有显著差异 (图 5)。如果有经验的操作者转基因的静脉移植的 mrna 样本无法进行比较, 传感静脉移植的阴性控制静脉移植 mrna 可由非表达控制向量 (AdNull) 产生。我们发现, 有经验的操作员转基因的静脉移植中β-乳糖酶 mrna 的平均水平大约是1000倍, 高于乳糖酶 mRNA 在 AdNull 转基因移植中的背景 PCR 信号 (图 5).
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57231/57231fig1.jpg"> 图 1.右颈外静脉右颈总动脉移植与端侧吻合的位置.静脉移植 (蓝色) 缝合到颈总动脉 (红色) 在两个吻合。每次吻合时, 缝线 (白色 X) 按放置顺序编号。对于两个吻合, 缝合1缝合 arteriotomy 尾端的颈外静脉。缝合2缝合 arteriotomy 的颅骨末端到颈外静脉。缝合3被放置在吻合的侧边, 在与前两针等距的点上。缝合4被放置在吻合的内侧侧, 等距从前两针和横跨从缝合3。另外四针 (针 5-8) 放置在四现有针之间的中间。颈动脉段吻合在两端结扎3-0 丝缝合 (箭头) 和分裂 (虚线) 中间的连字。左侧移植的执行方式类似。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57231/57231fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57231/57231fig2.jpg"> 图 2.颈动脉 arteriotomy 的建立和闭合.(A) 用细钳将颈总动脉膜在静脉移植附近, 并将上行牵引应用于动脉壁。这创造了一个垂直的表面, 允许弯曲的 21 G 针与血管腔体近似平行插入, 减少刺穿动脉后壁的风险。(B) arteriotomy 用7-0 聚丙烯在 X 型上缝合。第一缝合通道进入 arteriotomy 右下角的动脉腔 (1), 并在左下角出口腔 (2)。缝合然后穿过 arteriotomy。下一关将重新进入右上 (站点 3) 的流明, 并退出左上方的流明 (站点 4)。轻的牵引在缝合的末端 (末端出口从站点1和站点 4) 关闭 arteriotomy。缝合端与2平方结相连。实心蓝色圆圈表示缝合线穿透动脉壁的位置。实心蓝线指示缝线在动脉壁外的位置;虚线蓝色线表明缝合位于腔内。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57231/57231fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57231/57231fig3.jpg"> 图 3.兔颈部经皮超声图像, 移植后5-7 天评价静脉移植通畅.(A) 指示在尾向颅方向血液流动的专利静脉移植 (红色) (箭头)。(B) 闭塞静脉移植。无尾血流 (将出现红色) 检测。颈内静脉 (蓝色) 与血流的颅到尾端方向被表明 (星号)。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57231/57231fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57231/57231fig4.jpg"> 图 4.乳糖酶转基因在静脉移植中的表达.移植后28天, 兔静脉移植术转基因20分钟的腺病毒载体, 在手术隔离静脉移植的流明内表达β-乳糖酶。静脉移植术后3天的转导和染色 5-溴-4-氯-3 哚β D-galactopyranoside。(a) 静脉段的腔内表面图像, 显示有效的转导。(B) 静脉段的腔内表面图像, 显示传导不良。刻度条 = 1.0 毫米.<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57231/57231fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看这个数字的大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57231/57231fig5.jpg"> 图 5.乳糖酶 (β-加仑) 转基因 mRNA 在静脉移植段中的表达.在兔颈动脉放置颈静脉移植术28天后, 移植物转基因的腺病毒载体表达β-乳糖酶 (AdnLacZ) 或与控制腺病毒载体不表达转基因 (AdNull).手术是由经验丰富的操作员 (外科医生 1) 或新的操作员 (外科医生 2) 完成的。静脉移植转基因与 AdnLacZ 均在转导后3天内全部收获。从移植转基因中提取的 RNA 和 AdNull, 在转导后14天进行了分析, 作为阴性对照。用定量逆转录酶介导 PCR 对β-乳糖酶 mRNA 的表达进行量化, 并对同一提取物中测定的甘油磷酸脱氢酶 mRNA 的值进行规范化, 并以任意单位 (AU) 表示。条形表示平均值;p值来自秩和测试。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57231/57231fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Rabbit Model of Durable Transgene Expression in Jugular Vein to Common Carotid Artery Interposition Grafts at JoVE.com

A Rabbit Model of Durable Transgene Expression in Jugular Vein to Common Carotid Artery Interposition Grafts

颈动脉介入移植中颈静脉持久性转基因表达的家兔模型

该方法描述了介入静脉移植在家兔中的位置、移植物的转导以及持久性转基因表达的实现。这允许调查转基因及其蛋白产品在接枝静脉中的生理和病理作用, 以及对静脉移植病基因治疗的检测。

Vein graft bypass surgery is a common treatment for occlusive arterial disease; however, long-term success is limited by graft failure due to thrombosis, ...

a-rabbit-model-durable-transgene-expression-jugular-vein-to-common

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.2K 次观看.  University of Washington School of Medicine. 该方法描述了介入静脉移植在家兔中的位置、移植物的转导以及持久性转基因表达的实现。这允许调查转基因及其蛋白产品在接枝静脉中的生理和病理作用, 以及对静脉移植病基因治疗的检测。

视频: A Rabbit Model of Durable Transgene Expression in Jugular Vein to Common Carotid Artery Interposition Grafts

Training a Sophisticated Microsurgical Technique: Interposition of External Jugular Vein Graft in the Common Carotid Artery in Rats

Neointimal hyperplasia is one the primary causes of stenosis in arterialized veins that are of great importance in arterial coronary bypass surgery, in peripheral arterial bypass surgery as well as in arteriovenous fistulas.1-5 The experimental procedure of vein graft interposition in the common carotid artery by using the cuff-technique has been applied in several research projects to examine the aetiology of neointimal hyperplasia and therapeutic options to address it. 6-8 The cuff prevents vessel anastomotic remodeling and induces turbulence within the graft and thereby the development of neointimal hyperplasia.
Using the superior caval vein graft is an established small-animal model for venous arterialization experiment.9-11 This current protocol refers to an established jugular vein graft interposition technique first described by Zou et al., 9 as well as others.12-14 Nevertheless, these cited small animal protocols are complicated.
To simplify the procedure and to minimize the number of experimental animals needed, a detailed operation protocol by video training is presented. This video should help the novice surgeon to learn both the cuff-technique and the vein graft interposition. Hereby, the right external jugular vein was grafted in cuff-technique in the common carotid artery of 21 female Sprague Dawley rats categorized in three equal groups that were sacrificed on day 21, 42 and 84, respectively. Notably, no donor animals were needed, because auto-transplantations were performed. The survival rate was 100 % at the time point of sacrifice. In addition, the graft patency rate was 60 % for the first 10 operated animals and 82 % for the remaining 11 animals. The blood flow at the time of sacrifice was 8&plusmn;3 ml/min. In conclusion, this surgical protocol considerably simplifies, optimizes and standardizes this complicated procedure. It gives novice surgeons easy, step-by-step instruction, explaining possible pitfalls, thereby helping them to gain expertise fast and avoid useless sacrifice of experimental animals.

Neointimal hyperplasia is the primary cause of stenosis in arterialized veins. We propose a new protocol whereby the right external jugular vein is grafted using the cuff technique in the common carotid artery of Sprague Dawley rats. The survival rate was 100 % at the time point of sacrifice.

培养一个精密的显微外科技术在大鼠颈总动脉，颈外静脉移植:介入

Neointimal hyperplasia is one the primary causes of stenosis in arterialized veins that are of great importance in arterial coronary bypass surgery, in ...

科研

医学

Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion as an Adequate Preconditioning Stimulus to Induce Early Ischemic Tolerance to Focal Cerebral Ischemia

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning - a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a subsequent damaging ischemic insult. We have established bilateral common carotid artery occlusion as a preconditioning stimulus to induce early ischemic tolerance to transient focal cerebral ischemia in C57Bl6/J mice. In this video, we will demonstrate the methodology used for this study.

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning (PC) &#x2013; a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a subsequent damaging ischemic insult. We established bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) as a preconditioning stimulus to induce early ischemic tolerance (IT) to transient focal cerebral ischemia (induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) in C57Bl6/J mice.

双侧颈总动脉闭塞足够的预处理刺激诱导局灶性脑缺血早期缺血耐受

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning - a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a ...

Adult Mouse Venous Hypertension Model: Common Carotid Artery to External Jugular Vein Anastomosis.

The understanding of the pathophysiology of brain arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas has improved thanks to animal models. A rat model creating an artificial fistula between the common carotid artery (CCA) and the external jugular vein (EJV) has been widely described and proved technically feasible. This construct provokes a consistent cerebral venous hypertension (CVH), and therefore has helped studying the contribution of venous hypertension to formation, clinical symptoms, and prognosis of brain AVMs and dural AVFs. Equivalent mice models have been only scarcely described and have shown trouble with stenosis of the fistula. An established murine model would allow the study of not only pathophysiology but also potential genetic therapies for these cerebrovascular diseases.
We present a model of arteriovenous fistula that produces a durable intracranial venous hypertension in the mouse. Microsurgical anastomosis of the murine CCA and EJV can be difficult due to diminutive anatomy and frequently result in a non-patent fistula. In this step-by-step protocol we address all the important challenges encountered during this procedure. Avoiding excessive retraction of the vein during the exposure, using 11-0 sutures instead of 10-0, and making a carefully planned end-to-side anastomosis are some of the critical steps. Although this method requires advanced microsurgical skills and a longer learning curve that the equivalent in the rat, it can be consistently developed.
This novel model has been designed to integrate transgenic mouse techniques with a previously well-established experimental system that has proved useful to study brain AVMs and dural AVFs. By opening the possibility of using transgenic mice, a broader spectrum of valid models can be achieved and genetic treatments can also be tested. The experimental construct could also be further adapted to the study of other cerebrovascular diseases related with venous hypertension such as migraine, transient global amnesia, transient monocular blindness, etc.

We describe a method for creating a reliable model of cerebral venous hypertension in the adult mouse. This model has been widely described and tested in the rat. This new counterpart in the mice opens the possibility of using genetic modified animals and thereby broadens the applications of the model.

成年小鼠静脉高压型号:颈总动脉，以颈外静脉吻合。

The understanding of the pathophysiology of brain arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas has improved thanks to animal models. A rat model ...

Catheterization of the Carotid Artery and Jugular Vein to Perform Hemodynamic Measures, Infusions and Blood Sampling in a Conscious Rat Model

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. Intra-tracheal inoculation of a known amount of bacteria has been successfully used to reproduce the pathogenesis of pneumonia which then develops into sepsis. Monitoring hemodynamic parameters and providing standard clinical treatment including infusion of antibiotics, fluids and drugs to maintain blood pressure is critical to simulate routine supportive care in this model but to do so requires both arterial and venous vascular access. The video details the surgical technique for implanting carotid artery and common jugular vein catheters in an anesthetized rat. Following a 72 hr recovery period, the animals will be re-anesthetized and connected to a tether and swivel setup attached to the rodent housing which connects the implanted catheters to the hemodynamic monitoring system. This setup allows free movement of the rat during the study while continuously monitoring pressures, infusing fluids and drugs (antibiotics, vasopressors) and performing blood sampling.

Vascular accesses to measure hemodynamics, provide fluids and perform blood sampling are important to any small animal model study. We present a technique for implanting catheters into the carotid artery and the common jugular vein in an anesthetized rat for connecting to a system to perform monitoring, infusions and sampling.

颈动脉和颈静脉导管在有意识大鼠模型进行血流动力学措施，输液和血液采样

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

颈动脉输液的紫杉烷类化合物在小鼠体内的药代动力学和药效学分析

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Performing Permanent Distal Middle Cerebral with Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Aged Rats to Study Cortical Ischemia with Sustained Disability

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, obesity and diabetes. Accordingly, when evaluating therapies for stroke in animals, it is important to select a model with excellent face validity. Ischemic stroke accounts for 80% of all strokes, and the majority of these occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), often inducing infarcts that affect the sensorimotor cortex, causing persistent plegia or paresis on the contralateral side of the body. We demonstrate in this video a method for producing ischemic stroke in elderly rats, which causes sustained sensorimotor disability and substantial cortical infarcts. Specifically, we induce permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in elderly female rats by using diathermy forceps to occlude a short segment of this artery. The carotid artery on the ipsilateral side to the lesion was then permanently occluded and the contralateral carotid artery was transiently occluded for 60 min. We measure the infarct size using structural T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 24 hr and 8 weeks after stroke. In this study, the mean infarct volume was 4.5% &#177; 2.0% (standard deviation) of the ipsilateral hemisphere at 24 hr (corrected for brain swelling using Gerriet&#8217;s equation, n = 5). This model is feasible and clinically relevant as it permits the induction of sustained sensorimotor deficits, which is important for the elucidation of pathophysiological mechanisms and novel treatments.

Here we present a protocol to produce permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in elderly female rats with simultaneous occlusion of the carotid arteries to generate large cortical infarcts and sustained deficits. We show confirmation of the lesion size using structural MRI at 24 hr and 8 weeks after stroke.

执行永久远端大脑中与老年大鼠颈总动脉闭塞研究皮层缺血具有持续残疾

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, ...

Vein Interposition Model: A Suitable Model to Study Bypass Graft Patency

Bypass grafting is an established treatment method for coronary artery disease. Graft patency continues to be the Achilles heel of saphenous vein grafts. Research models for bypass graft failure are essential for a better understanding of pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during graft patency loss. Large animal models, such as pigs or sheep, resemble human anatomical structures but require special facilities and equipment. This video describes a rat vein interposition model to investigate vein graft patency loss. Rats are inexpensive and easy to handle. Compared to mouse models, the convenient size of rats permits better operability and enables a sufficient amount of material to be obtained for further diverse analysis. In brief, the inferior epigastric vein of a donor rat is harvested and used to replace a segment of the femoral artery. Anastomosis is conducted via single stitches and sealed with fibrin glue. Graft patency can be monitored non-invasively using duplex sonography. Myointimal hyperplasia, which is the main cause for graft patency loss, develops progressively over time and can be calculated from histological cross sections.

This video demonstrates a model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia after venous interposition surgery in rats.

静脉介入型号:研究旁路移植通畅一个合适的模型

Bypass grafting is an established treatment method for coronary artery disease. Graft patency continues to be the Achilles heel of saphenous vein grafts. ...

In Vivo Gene Transfer to the Rabbit Common Carotid Artery Endothelium

The goal of this method is to introduce a transgene into the endothelium of isolated segments of both rabbit common carotid arteries. The method achieves focal endothelial-selective transgenesis, thereby allowing an investigator to determine the biological roles of endothelial-expressed transgenes and to quantify the in vivo transcriptional activity of DNA sequences in large artery endothelial cells. The method uses surgical isolation of rabbit common carotid arteries and an arteriotomy to deliver a transgene-expressing viral vector into the arterial lumen. A short incubation period of the vector in the lumen, with subsequent aspiration of the lumen contents, is sufficient to achieve efficient and durable expression of the transgene in the endothelium, with no detectable transduction or expression outside of the isolated arterial segment. The method allows assessment of the biological activities of transgene products both in normal arteries and in models of human vascular disease, while avoiding systemic effects that could be caused either by targeting gene delivery to other sites (e.g. the liver) or by the alternative approach of delivering genetic constructs to the endothelium by germ line transgenesis. Application of the method is limited by the need for a skilled surgeon and anesthetist, a well-equipped operating room, the costs of purchasing and housing rabbits, and the need for expertise in gene-transfer vector construction and use. Results obtained with this method include: transgene-related alterations in arterial structure, cellularity, extracellular matrix, or vasomotor function; increases or reductions in arterial inflammation; alterations in vascular cell apoptosis; and progression, retardation, or regression of diseases such as intimal hyperplasia or atherosclerosis. The method also allows measurement of the ability of native and synthetic DNA regulatory sequences to alter transgene expression in endothelial cells, providing results that include: levels of transgene mRNA, levels of transgene protein, and levels of transgene enzymatic activity.

In Vivo Gene Transfer to the Rabbit Common Carotid Artery Endothelium

This method is to introduce a transgene into the endothelium of rabbit carotid arteries. Introduction of the transgene allows the assessment of the biological role of the transgene product either in normal arteries or disease models. The method is also useful for measuring activity of DNA regulatory sequences.

体内兔颈总动脉内皮的基因转移

The goal of this method is to introduce a transgene into the endothelium of isolated segments of both rabbit common carotid arteries. The method achieves ...

Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Rat Common Carotid Artery

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous studies have shown that abnormal blood flow may be associated with systemic vascular risk. Thus, PC-MRI can facilitate the translation of data obtained from animal models of cardiovascular diseases to pertinent clinical investigations. In this report, we describe the procedure for measuring blood flow in the common carotid artery (CCA) of rats using cine-gated PC-MRI and discuss relevant analysis methods. This procedure can be performed in a live, anesthetized animal and does not require euthanasia after the procedure. The proposed scanning parameters yield repeatable measurements for blood flow, indicating excellent reproducibility of the results. The PC-MRI procedure described in this article can be used for pharmacological testing, pathophysiological assessment, and cerebral hemodynamics evaluation.

The overall goal of this procedure is to measure the blood flow in the rat common carotid artery by using noninvasive phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging.

大鼠颈总动脉的相位对比磁共振成像

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Canine Carotid Artery Thrombosis: A Large Animal Model of Vascular Injury

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, we have translated a vascular injury model from a small animal into a large animal (canine), with slight modifications that can be used for pre-clinical screening of prophylactic and thrombolytic agents. In addition to the surgical methods, the modified protocol describes the step-by-step methods to assess carotid artery canalization by angiography, detailed instructions to process both the brain and carotid artery for histological analysis to verify carotid canalization and cerebral hemorrhage, and specific parameters to complete an assessment of downstream thromboembolic events by utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, specific procedural changes from the previously well-established small animal model necessary to translate into a large animal (canine) vascular injury are discussed.

Here, we present the modifications necessary to a well characterized and commonly used small animal ferric chloride-induced (FeCl3) carotid artery injury model for use in a large animal vascular injury model. The resulting model can be utilized for pre-clinical trial assessment of both prophylactic and thrombolytic pharmacological and mechanical interventions.

氯化铁诱导的犬颈动脉血栓形成: 一种大的血管损伤动物模型

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, ...