这项研究由南佛罗里达水管理区的沼泽地系统评估科资助和进行。

1. 准备和运输到种植地点
<ol><li>获得2或3加仑 (7 或 11 L) 本地生长的当地树木 (在塑料盆) 的树苗, 商业泥煤袋子 (测量 0.3 x 0.46 x 0.6 m3), 树和灌木肥料尖峰, 布基胶带, 聚氯乙烯 (PVC) 管子 (2 到 3 m 长度, 0.8 在 (2.1 cm) 直径, 附表 40), 箱刀, 垃圾袋, 和一个金属杆或钢筋 (1 到2米长, 1.3 厘米直径) 刺穿泥炭袋。适用于沼泽地的潜在树种有番)、榕奥利亚、和宏虫.强烈推荐佩戴工作手套。</li>
	<li>确定部署弹出式 ups 的最佳位置, 通常位于幽灵树岛的高处, 至少有0.3 米的泥炭残留在基岩上, 在雨季期间, 洪水将降到最低。</li>
	<li>运输树苗, 商业泥煤袋子 (每棵树苗一棵), 树和灌木肥料尖峰 (每棵树苗), 布基胶带 (适当的卷数), PVC 管子 (二每棵树苗) 和其他工具和材料到种植地点 (典型地汽船)。</li>
</ol>2. 弹出式程序集
注: 将盆栽树苗和弹出 (步骤 2.1-2.6) 在船上之前, 把它放在水中的树岛 (步骤 3)
<ol><li>把塑料壶从树苗的根部和花盆的泥土上滑下来, 在壶底上切一个大洞, 或者用一把刀或剪刀 (图 1) 将每个树苗罐的底部全部移开。</li>
	<li>滑动锅与开放底部回树苗根和盆栽土壤插入到泥炭袋。</li>
	<li>做一个20到 30 cm X 形切口 (稍大于壶直径) 在泥煤袋子在什么将是上部表面的中心, 使用一个箱子切削刀。</li>
	<li>从 X 形开口处取出大约2000至5000厘米的3 (大约二分之一的罐体的体积), 将其放在垃圾袋中进行拆卸。</li>
	<li>设置在 X 形开口/凹陷内的树苗, 从泥炭袋中除去泥炭而形成的无底盆。无底的罐子应该是在 X 形开口的一半左右, 点 (三角形) 指向锅的两侧 (图 2)。树苗留在盆中, 以提供额外的海拔和身体的支持。</li>
	<li>将锅固定在有几圈胶带的地方, 绕过花盆, 覆盖包三角。这将把包的三角形贴在花盆上 (图 3), 并在未来2-3 年的增长中保持锅的位置。这将创建弹出。</li>
</ol>3. 弹出式部署
<ol><li>把汽水放在水里进入水和移动浮动弹出到种植网站。</li>
	<li>拴在弹出的地方与两个约2至3米长的 PVC 管插入通过袋在任何一侧的树苗, 到约1/3 到一个半米的基板 (土壤下袋) (图 3)。</li>
	<li>通过将金属棒 (螺纹钢) 完全穿过袋子来刺穿顶部、底部和两侧的包, 创建开口 (至少四在顶部/底部和每边四), 以允许水进入, 并允许根出现 (图 3)。弹出式 ups 将漂浮约6月。</li>
	<li>在图 3中显示的一个位置上, 将一棵树肥穗完全插入包的顶部。</li>
</ol>4. 跟踪维护、测量和去除塑料
<ol><li>如有必要, 应经常返回现场, 特别是在发生严重风暴事件后, 并注意到条件和生存情况, 并每年对剩余树木的树高和基底直径进行测量。</li>
	<li>3年后, 回到现场, 用箱刀/剪刀和垃圾袋, 从泥煤袋中取出盆和塑料并回收。从袋子 (顶部和两侧) 的锅和塑料容易地被去除, 不用干扰树苗;泥炭袋下面的塑料可能无法访问 (图 4)。</li>
	<li>每年返回该网站以评估生存和增长。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Sklar, F. H., van der Valk, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Tree Islands of the Everglades. , (2002).</li><li>Wetzel, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintaining+tree+islands+in+the+Florida+Everglades:+nutrient+redistribution+is+the+key.">Maintaining tree islands in the Florida Everglades: nutrient redistribution is the key.</a> Front Ecol Environ. 3 (7), 370-376 (2005).</li><li>Aich, S., Ewe, S. M. L., Gu, B., Dreschel, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+evaluation+of+peat+loss+from+an+Everglades+tree+island,+Florida,+USA.">An evaluation of peat loss from an Everglades tree island, Florida, USA.</a> Mires and Peat. 14 (2014), 1-15 (2014).</li><li>Dreschel, T. W., Cline, E. A., Hill, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Everglades+tree+island+restoration:+testing+a+simple+tree+planting+technique+patterned+after+a+natural+process.">Everglades tree island restoration: testing a simple tree planting technique patterned after a natural process.</a> Restor Ecol. , (2017).</li><li>Stanturf, J. A., Conner, W. H., Gardiner, E. S., Schweitzer, C. J., Ezell, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognizing+and+Overcoming+Difficult+Site+Conditions+for+Afforestation+of+Bottomland+Hardwoods.">Recognizing and Overcoming Difficult Site Conditions for Afforestation of Bottomland Hardwoods.</a> Ecol Restor. 22 (3), 183-193 (2004).</li><li>Sharitz, R., Barton, C. D., DeSteven, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tree+Plantings+in+Depression+Wetland+Restorations+Show+Mixed+Success+(South+Carolina).">Tree Plantings in Depression Wetland Restorations Show Mixed Success (South Carolina).</a> Ecol Restor. 24 (2), 114-115 (2006).</li><li>Brandt, L. A., Portier, K. M., Kitchens, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+Change+in+Tree+Islands+in+Arthur+R.+Marshall+Loxahatchee+National+Wildlife+Refuge+from+1950-1991.">Patterns of Change in Tree Islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge from 1950-1991.</a> Wetlands. 20 (1), 1-14 (2000).</li><li>Armentano, T. V., Jones, D. T., Ross, M. S., Gamble, B. W., Sklar, F. H., van der Valk, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vegetation+pattern+and+process+in+tree+islands+of+the+southern+Everglades+and+adjacent+areas.">Vegetation pattern and process in tree islands of the southern Everglades and adjacent areas.</a> Tree Islands of the Everglades. , 225-281 (2002).</li><li>Jones, D. T., Sah, J. P., Ross, M. S., Oberbauer, S. F., Hwang, B., Jayachandran, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+physiological+responses+of+twelve+tree+species+common+in+Everglades+tree+islands+to+simulated+hydrologic+regimes.">Growth and physiological responses of twelve tree species common in Everglades tree islands to simulated hydrologic regimes.</a> Wetlands. 26 (3), 830-844 (2006).</li><li>Stoffella, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+and+growth+responses+of+eight+Everglades+tree+species+along+an+experimental+hydrological+gradient+on+two+tree+island+types.">Survival and growth responses of eight Everglades tree species along an experimental hydrological gradient on two tree island types.</a> Appl Veg Sci. 13 (4), 439-449 (2010).</li><li>Aich, S., Dreschel, T. W., Cline, E., Sklar, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+a+geographic+information+system+(GIS)+to+document+research+in+an+Everglades+physical+Model.">The development of a geographic information system (GIS) to document research in an Everglades physical Model.</a> J Environ Sci Eng. 5 (2011), 289-302 (2011).</li><li>Weinbaum, S. A., Johnson, R. S., DeJong, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Causes+and+Consequences+of+Overfertilization+in+Orchards.">Causes and Consequences of Overfertilization in Orchards.</a> HortTechnology. 2 (1), 112-121 (1992).</li></ol>

这项工作是在佛罗里达州南佛罗里达水管理区的资助和监督下进行的。佛罗里达州享有广泛的公共记录法。本文件受该法律的规限, 并被视为公共记录的一部分。

这一建议的方法, 种植树木岛屿允许增加海拔和部署的树木从一个汽船, 而无需建设道路, 以填补每个地点。这就最大限度地减少了实施林木种植的成本和干扰。
这项技术的一个问题是, 把大量的 PVC 管、塑料袋和塑料盆放在曾经是树岛的沼泽特征上的美学和环境问题。目前的做法是在足够长的树建立 (大约3年) 后拆除塑料, 并妥善处理或回收塑料碎片。
塑料问题的另一个可能的解决办法是利用可生物降解材料的系 (木或竹竿), 盆 (泥炭盆), 和泥炭袋 (粗麻布或类似材料) 的意图, 密封材料将保持完整性和包含土壤和泥炭, 直到树树苗建立到位。由于本研究的目的是为了证明概念的证明和保持合理的成本, 原始容器的树木和泥炭被修改, 以使用本研究。这就允许实施一项基本研究, 其中集装箱材料在建立树期间可能保持完整性。
我们观察到, 在部署后大约30月后, 一些袋子开始裂开。塑料的去除应该发生, 当这第一次被观察避免塑料废物漂浮。在大约32月后, 从一些弹出式 ups 中取出塑料后的初步观察表明, 许多树苗和其他植物的根部, 在泥炭袋上拓殖, 可以维持泥炭的固结, 从而海拔完全由泥炭和盆栽土壤提供 (图 4)。
我们展示了一种有前途的技术, 在有限的访问和可变水文的地区种植树木的零售价低于20美元 (树苗 = 3-4 美元, 泥煤袋 = 11 美元, 其他材料 = 2-3 usd) 每弹出。这项技术将最适合在泥炭或有机土壤为基础的地区, 有可能恢复森林地区。我们开发了这项技术, 目的是在沼泽地恢复退化的树岛, 但它可以很容易地适应其他具有类似恢复目标的环境。

天然树种重新退化的湿地树岛是可能通过种子散布如果有附近的岛屿与多样性的树种1,2。根据 Sklar 和 van der Valk1恢复严重消退的树木岛可能是可能的, "通过提高他们的头的海拔, 虽然这样的努力将是昂贵的和劳动密集型。目前, 在大沼泽地水源涵养区 (WCA) 的退化 (也称为 "幽灵") 树岛附近有很少的当地 (可取的) 树木--2 a (五 WCAs 中的一个, 用来储存水, 防止周围城市的洪水泛滥,农业地区) 为 recolonizing 退化的树群岛提供所需的种子3。
为了提高一个下沉的树木岛的海拔, 重新造林, 适当的填充将不得不运往岛上。这就要求为卡车修建道路, 或为驳船建造水路, 从而造成大沼泽地的严重损失, 代价巨大。一个简单, 低成本的技术是需要重新填充退化的树木岛与当地树种, 将提供海拔 (减少 hydroperiod), 并改善生存的可变水文地方病的大沼泽地4。
这些弹出式 ups 的大小可以方便运输到种植地点。这比传统的填土区和植树的方法更具优势, 因为这可能需要兴建道路以供运输。这一技术减少了植树活动的生态影响。此外, 这些弹出式 ups 有能力漂浮的初始六月后, 部署, 允许建立树苗。在传统的植树方案下, 如果水位上升, 树木在建立时可能会遇到水淹压力增加的情况。
一些设计进行了测试, 并确定了更大的弹出高度 (袋方向), 一棵树肥料穗增加养分, 和种植弹出与单树苗达到最佳配置的部署后, 湿地退化树岛4。虽然其他研究人员描述了植树以恢复森林湿地的面积5,6, 根据我们的知识, 没有任何的种植技术描述增加海拔减少 hydroperiod。
这个过程模仿了漂浮的沼泽地树海岛的形成从泥煤打破从基岩和漂浮到表面。旱地植物可以建立一个 "弹出" 或漂浮的树岛, 最终移动和定居到泥炭表面, 成为所谓的 "电池" 树岛1,7。
大沼泽地树岛树种有不同的耐受洪水的生长和生存8,9,10。在一项受控研究中, 琼斯et al.显示了 hydroperiod 对大沼泽地树岛物种生存的重要性9。Stoffella et al.发现, 相对海拔 (对水面) 有不同的和深刻的影响种植本地树种的生存和生长, 由于每个物种的具体耐受性泛滥10。树种可以选择的特定条件存在。这里描述的植树技术可以提供额外的海拔, 因此, 以前森林地区的树木种子来源已经丧失海拔, 现在受淹没环境, 对当地树种有害。
以前的森林地区, 经验延长 hydroperiods 可能受益于这种方法, 重新引入木本物种到这些地区。这项技术提供了海拔, 从而减少了 hydroperiod。此外, 树木将建立土壤 (根和叶生物量), 并提供一个种子来源, 继续殖民化的地区。

<table><tbody><tr><td>One or Two Gallon Native Tree Saplings in plastic pots.</td><td>Local Native Plant Nurseries</td><td>N/A</td><td>Obtain native tree saplings grown from locally obtained seed</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial Peat Bags. 5 cubic ft.</td><td>Lambert</td><td>Lambert Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss (6649801115)</td><td>Product description: Lambert peat moss is an excellent soil amendment because of its capacity to retain water, aerate the soil and it is completely natural. All of Lambert&#039;s peat moss packages carry the OMRI (Organic Material Review Institute) logo, which indicates that they are approved for use in organic production. Size: 5.5 cu.ft.</td></tr><tr><td>Vigoro Tree Spikes (Tree and Shrub Fertilizer Spikes, 15-Count)</td><td>Vigoro, Swiss Farms Products Inc.</td><td>Model # 154205</td><td>GUARANTEED ANALYSIS (%) TOTAL IN PRODUCT (ppm): Total Nitrogen (N) 12.0000; Available Phosphoric Acid (P2O5) 5.0000; Soluble Potash (K2O) 7.0000</td></tr><tr><td>PVC Pipe: 1/2 in schedule 40</td><td>JM Eagle</td><td>Model # 67447</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Duct Tape, 1-7/8 in x 12 yds</td><td>MSC Industrial Supply</td><td>Gorilla Heavy-Duty Duct Tape, Model # 60012</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Metal Rod (Rebar 1.3 cm diameter, 1.2 m long)</td><td>Weyerhaeuser</td><td>Model # 35616</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Box Cutter</td><td>Stanley</td><td>Model # STHT10273</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Work Gloves</td><td>Firm Grip</td><td>Model # 3101-96</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Trash Bags (42 gallon)</td><td>HUSKY</td><td>Model # HK42WC050B</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr></tbody></table>

a simple planting technique for re-establishing trees where frequent inundation occurs

在过去的一个世纪里, 许多沼泽地树的岛屿已经失去了海拔, 它们的大部分树木已经死亡, 以至于现在都被草本植物覆盖。该协议描述了一种简单、经济高效的植树技术, 用于恢复退化的湿地树岛。设计是仿照一个自然的大沼泽地过程, 创造漂浮的泥炭岛, 这使得树木的生存和生长在水淹的条件, 往往导致树木岛屿的发展。商业上可用的泥炭袋被用作生长和建立盆栽乡土树苗的培养基。弹出式配置最初漂浮, 并提供额外的海拔, 以减少淹没, 与一个单一的本地树种树苗和单一的树肥料穗。在为期3年的研究涉及105流行的 ups, 大多数植物存活 (80%) 和许多蓬勃发展。确定这种技术是否能在退化的树岛上建立树, 需要更长的研究和广泛的野外试验。

使用此技术的研究4在一个0.32 公里的2沼泽地物理模型11中进行, 在一个山脊上模拟一个幽灵树岛上的测试。在这项研究中, 两个袋方向的高度 (低: 0.3 米, 高: 0.46 米), 一个对两个树苗每袋生长, 测试以及使用的树木肥料穗, 以促进生存和增长。使用了三种树苗: 奥利亚、F. 虫、和.对于每种物种, 5 复制4治疗和2套控制, 共种植了35个人的每一个硬币。在研究中生长的大多数树苗存活下来并茁壮成长, 生长依赖于治疗4。存活率为 80%, 18 F. 奥利亚和 3 A. ) 在3年研究结束时发现死亡。结果表明, 最简单和最有效的配置有一个单一的树苗, 并提供了较高的轮廓0.46 米 (更高的高度, 更少的洪水), 一个肥料穗, 没有额外的浮选。由于双植袋的日生长率低于对照, 此处理不应使用4。与单一穗状花序相比, 幼苗接受两种肥料穗的生长减少可能归因于过度受精。通过改变土壤化学和土壤微生物群落, 以及导致不良的根系形成和减少的吸水率12, 提出了过度施肥造成的不良增长。
幼树的基本直径数据的高剖面泥炭袋方向取得了统计学意义上的处理效果, 以及低肥料处理数据之间的统计学意义上的差异相比, 控制和比较高肥料处理4。在研究的时间4 (图 4) 中, 花盆中的土壤表面和泥炭袋顶面的穿孔为草本植物和蕨类植物的定植提供了场所。此外, 柳树 (柳植物群落) 也侵入了一些流行音乐。
树苗对治疗的反应一般如预测的那样。受精树通常是最成功的 (和一穗治疗是更好的), 其次是控制 (单一种植), 浮选处理和双种植 (没有统计学意义的效果)4。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56636/56636fig1.jpg"> 图 1: 树苗底部的去除照片将树苗根部和土壤从塑料罐中除去, 然后用一只切框刀将大的部分 (或完全底部) 的锅底除去。然后, 锅被替换在根和土壤上。所有照片都是由南佛罗里达水管理区。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56636/56636fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56636/56636fig2.jpg"> 图 2: 在泥炭袋中插入无底的树苗罐, 两侧显示有切三角形.这张照片显示了一个包, 两个罐子插入, 虽然首选的方法是确定为一个壶每袋。显示的包也在低配置, 这不是首选的方向。有关首选最终方向, 请参阅图 3。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56636/56636fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56636/56636fig3.jpg"> 图 3: 在部署后不久, 用无底的花盆管将树上的一棵树带到泥炭袋上的照片。完整的弹出显示漂浮在左边的地方;右侧显示更近的视图。标签)A: 泥炭袋;B: 盆栽树苗;C: 胶带绕罐放置到位;D: PVC 管系;E: 插入金属棒制成的孔;F: 肥料峰值 (双穗处理显示, 但是, 只添加一个穗是建议)。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56636/56636fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56636/56636fig4.jpg"> 图 4: 一张弹出的照片, 下面的锅和袋清除.泥煤从袋子和罐子土壤现在被举行由也生长下来入基体的根。注意蕨类和其他植物, 已经殖民的泥炭丘剩余从弹出。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56636/56636fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs at JoVE.com

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

该协议描述了一个简单, 成本效益高的树木种植技术, 以恢复退化的沼泽地树岛的经验淹没。设计创造了一个岛屿 (弹出), 最初漂浮和增加海拔, 以促进树木的生存和生长在洪水条件下。

常淹发生的重构树简易造林技术

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

a-simple-planting-technique-for-re-establishing-trees-where-frequent

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

6.1K 次观看.  South Florida Water Management District. 该协议描述了一个简单, 成本效益高的树木种植技术, 以恢复退化的沼泽地树岛的经验淹没。设计创造了一个岛屿 (弹出), 最初漂浮和增加海拔, 以促进树木的生存和生长在洪水条件下。

视频: A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. According to these factors and their dynamics, small amounts of sap-compatible liquids (i.e. pesticides) can be injected into the xylem system, reaching their target from inside. This endotherapic method, called &#34;trunk injection&#34; or &#34;trunk infusion&#34; (depending on whether the user supplies an external pressure or not), confines the applied chemicals only within the target tree, thereby making it particularly useful in urban situations. The main factors limiting wider use of the traditional drilling methods are related to negative side effects of the holes that must be drilled around the trunk circumference in order to gain access to the xylem vessels beneath the bark.
The University of Padova (Italy) recently developed a manual, drill-free instrument with a small, perforated blade that enters the trunk by separating the woody fibers with minimal friction. Furthermore, the lenticular shaped blade reduces the vessels&#39; cross section, increasing sap velocity and allowing the natural uptake of an external liquid up to the leaves, when transpiration rate is substantial. Ports partially close soon after the removal of the blade due to the natural elasticity and turgidity of the plant tissues, and the cambial activity completes the healing process in few weeks.

Compared to the more traditional hole-based methods, most of which require the tree to be drilled, tools with lenticular blades transform the basics of endotherapy easing the closure of the wound and allowing the natural uptake of the solutions.

文丘里效应可以帮助治疗我们的树

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. ...

科研

环境科学

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

设计一个城市径流研究设施的建设

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density requires a method with high detection probability and a known sampling area. While most described methods provide a qualitative or semi-quantitative estimate adequate for describing species presence, richness, and diversity, few provide an adequately consistent detection probability and known or consistent sampling areas to provide an index or estimate with adequate precision to detect differences in abundance across environmental, spatial, or temporal variables. We describe how to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate and quantify them. As we demonstrate, this method can be used at a landscape scale to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods with adequate precision to test for and describe how spatial, temporal, environmental, and ecological variables influence arthropod richness and abundance. This method allowed us to detect differences in density, richness, and diversity of leaf-dwelling arthropods among 5 genera of trees commonly found in southeastern deciduous forests.

We describe how to quantify leaf dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate for quantification.

定量叶类节肢动物的方法

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density ...

Using Tree-Rings to Reconstruct Fire History Information from Forested Areas

Annual tree-ring patterns are a source of ecological and environmental information including the history of fires in forested areas. Tree-ring based fire histories include three fundamental phases: field collection, laboratory methods (preparation and dating), and data analysis. Here we provide step-by-step instructions and issues to consider, including the process for selecting the study area, sampling sites, plus how and which fire-scarred trees to sample. In addition, we describe fire-scar sample preparation and dating which are done in the laboratory. Finally, we describe basic analysis and relevant results, including examples from studies that have reconstructed fire history patterns. These studies allow us to understand the historical fire frequency, changes in those frequencies related to anthropogenic factors, and analyzes of how climate influences fire occurrence over time. The description of these methods and techniques should provide a greater understanding of fire history studies that will benefit researchers, educators, technicians, and students interested in this field. These detailed methods will allow new researchers to this field, a resource to start their own work and achieve greater success. This resource will provide a greater integration of tree-ring aspects within other studies and lead to a better understanding of natural processes with forested ecosystems.

This work explains the most appropriate techniques and methods for conducting a fire history study from beginning site selection to final analysis of fire-climate relationship.

Annual tree-ring patterns are a source of ecological and environmental information including the history of fires in forested areas. Tree-ring based fire ...

A Method to Preserve Wetland Roots and Rhizospheres for Elemental Imaging

Roots extensively interact with their soil environment but visualizing such interactions between roots and the surrounding rhizosphere is challenging. The rhizosphere chemistry of wetland plants is particularly challenging to capture because of steep oxygen gradients from the roots to the bulk soil. Here a protocol is described that effectively preserves root structure and rhizosphere chemistry of wetland plants through slam-freezing and freeze drying. Slam-freezing, where the sample is frozen between copper blocks pre-cooled with liquid nitrogen, minimizes root damage and sample distortion that can occur with flash-freezing while still minimizing chemical speciation changes. While sample distortion is still possible, the ability to obtain multiple samples quickly and with minimal cost increases the potential to obtain satisfactory samples and optimizes imaging time. The data show that this method is successful in preserving reduced arsenic species in rice roots and rhizospheres associated with iron plaques. This method can be adopted for studies of plant-soil relationships in a wide variety of wetland environments that span concentration ranges from trace-element cycling to phytoremediation applications.

We describe a protocol to sample, preserve, and section intact roots and the surrounding rhizosphere soil from wetland environments using rice (Oryza sativa L.) as a model species. Once preserved, the sample can be analyzed using elemental imaging techniques, such as synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (XRF) chemical speciation imaging.

元素成像保护湿地根和岩石圈的方法

Roots extensively interact with their soil environment but visualizing such interactions between roots and the surrounding rhizosphere is challenging. The ...

Inoculation Strategies to Infect Plant Roots with Soil-Borne Microorganisms

The rhizosphere harbors a highly complex microbial community in which plant roots are constantly challenged. Roots are in close contact with a wide variety of microorganisms, but studies on soil-borne interactions are still behind those performed on aboveground organs. Although some inoculation strategies for infecting model plants with model root pathogens are described in the literature, it remains difficult to get a comprehensive methodological overview. To address this problem, three different root inoculation systems are precisely described that can be applied to gain insights into the biology of root-microbe interactions. For illustration, Verticillium species (namely, V. longisporum and V. dahliae) were employed as root invading model pathogens. However, the methods can be easily adapted to other root colonizing microbes - both pathogenic and beneficial. By colonizing the plant xylem, vascular soil-borne fungi such as Verticillium spp. exhibit a unique lifestyle. After root invasion, they spread via the xylem vessels acropetally, reach the shoot, and elicit disease symptoms. Three representative plant species were chosen as model hosts: Arabidopsis thaliana, economically important oilseed rape (Brassica napus), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Step-by-step protocols are given. Representative results of pathogenicity assays, transcriptional analyses of marker genes, and independent confirmations by reporter constructs are shown. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of each inoculation system are thoroughly discussed. These proven protocols can assist in providing approaches for research questions on root-microbe interactions. Knowing how plants cope with microbes in the soil is crucial for developing new strategies to improve agriculture.

This protocol presents a detailed summary of strategies to inoculate plant roots with soil-borne microbes. Exemplified for the fungi Verticillium longisporum and Verticillium dahliae, three different root infection systems are described. Potential applications and possible downstream analyses are highlighted, and advantages or disadvantages are discussed for each system.

用土壤微生物感染植物根系的接种策略

The rhizosphere harbors a highly complex microbial community in which plant roots are constantly challenged. Roots are in close contact with a wide ...

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture data has been slow due to inconsistent data collection, poor standardization, and typically short record duration. Soil moisture, or quantitatively volumetric soil water content (SWC), is measured using buried, in situ sensors that infer SWC from an electromagnetic response. This signal can vary considerably with local site conditions such as clay content and mineralogy, soil salinity or bulk electrical conductivity, and soil temperature; each of these can have varying impacts depending on the sensor technology.
Furthermore, poor soil contact and sensor degradation can affect the quality of these readings over time. Unlike more traditional environmental sensors, there are no accepted standards, maintenance practices, or quality controls for SWC data. As such, SWC is a challenging measurement for many environmental monitoring networks to implement. Here, we attempt to establish a community-based standard of practice for in situ SWC sensors so that future research and applications have consistent guidance on site selection, sensor installation, data interpretation, and long-term maintenance of monitoring stations.
The videography focuses on a multi-agency consensus of best-practices and recommendations for the installation of in situ SWC sensors. This paper presents an overview of this protocol along with the various steps essential for high-quality and long-term SWC data collection. This protocol will be of use to scientists and engineers hoping to deploy a single station or an entire network.

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

The determination of soil water content is a critical mission requirement for many state and federal agencies. This protocol synthesizes multi-agency efforts to measure soil water content using buried in situ sensors.

原位 未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture ...

Field Collection and Laboratory Maintenance of Canopy-Forming Giant Kelp to Facilitate Restoration

Canopy-forming kelps are essential foundation species, supporting biodiversity and providing ecosystem services valued at more than USD$500 billion annually. The global decline of giant kelp forests due to climate-driven ecological stressors underscores the need for innovative restoration strategies. An emerging restoration technique known as &#39;green gravel&#39; aims to seed young kelps over large areas without extensive underwater labor and represents a promising restoration tool due to cost-effectiveness and scalability. This video article illustrates a protocol and tools for culturing giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. It also provides a resource for further studies to address the successes and limitations of this method in field settings. We outline field and laboratory-based methods for collecting reproductive tissue, sporulating, inoculating, rearing, maintaining, and monitoring substrates seeded with early life stages using the &#39;green gravel&#39;&#160;technique. The protocol simplifies and centralizes current restoration practices in this field to support researchers, managers, and stakeholders in meeting kelp conservation objectives.

This protocol describes the field collection and regular laboratory maintenance of substrates seeded with canopy-forming giant kelp for use in restoration trials to address the success and limitations of the 'green gravel' technique in field settings.

对形成冠层的巨型海带进行野外采集和实验室维护，以促进恢复

Canopy-forming kelps are essential foundation species, supporting biodiversity and providing ecosystem services valued at more than USD$500 billion ...

Responses to Drought and Flooding

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.

Under normal conditions, water taken up by the plant evaporates from leaves and other parts in a process called transpiration. In times of drought stress, water that evaporates by transpiration far exceeds the water absorbed from the soil, causing plants to wilt. The general plant response to drought stress is the synthesis of hormone abscisic acid that keeps stomata closed and reduces transpiration. Additionally, plants may respond to extreme water insufficiency by shedding leaves. This method, however, reduces photosynthesis and consequently hampers plant growth.

Mitigation of drought stress in plants by microbes

Drought stress limits the growth and productivity of plants in arid and semi-arid regions. However, certain microbes present in the vicinity of plants may release physical and chemical signals that induce changes related to plant defense under drought conditions. For example, the soil bacterium Paenibacillus polymyx is reported to induce drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. The most significant effect of this bacteria was observed in the growth of legumes under water stress. Leguminous plants depend on soil rhizobium for nitrogen fixation - but rhizobia are extremely sensitive to drought stress, resulting in very low nitrogen fixation. However, soil mixed with P. polymyx resulted in increased nitrogen fixation by rhizobium and increased growth of the bean plant.

Excess water is equally as disastrous to plants as a lack of water. Too much water can suffocate plants by reducing air spaces in the soil, thereby restricting oxygen needed for cellular respiration. Certain woody plant species respond to flood conditions by developing hypertrophic growth that appears as swelling of tissues at the stem base. This hypertrophic growth may aid in the downward diffusion of oxygen as well as potential venting of toxic compounds (carbon dioxide, methane, and ethanol) formed from anaerobic metabolism. Other adaptive responses to flood stress include the formation of adventitious roots, increases in root porosity via specialized cells called aerenchyma cells, and a suberized exodermis to prevent loss of oxygen.

Plant Responses to Drought and Floods

对旱涝灾害的反应

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to ...

常淹发生的重构树简易造林技术

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

文丘里效应可以帮助治疗我们的树

设计一个城市径流研究设施的建设

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

定量叶类节肢动物的方法

Using Tree-Rings to Reconstruct Fire History Information from Forested Areas

元素成像保护湿地根和岩石圈的方法

用土壤微生物感染植物根系的接种策略

原位未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

对形成冠层的巨型海带进行野外采集和实验室维护，以促进恢复

对旱涝灾害的反应

常淹发生的重构树简易造林技术

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

文丘里效应可以帮助治疗我们的树

设计一个城市径流研究设施的建设

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

定量叶类节肢动物的方法

Using Tree-Rings to Reconstruct Fire History Information from Forested Areas

元素成像保护湿地根和岩石圈的方法

用土壤微生物感染植物根系的接种策略

原位 未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

对形成冠层的巨型海带进行野外采集和实验室维护，以促进恢复

对旱涝灾害的反应

原位未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器