该项目的资金支助是由加拿大卫生研究所的 HMK 赠款提供的 (赠款拖把 133473)。

<ol>
	<li>Wang, Z., Gerstein, M., Snyder, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA-Seq:+a+revolutionary+tool+for+transcriptomics.">RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics.</a> Nature Rev Genet. 10, 57-63 (2009).</li><li>Tautz, D., Pfeifle, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-radioactive+in+situ+hybridization+method+for+the+localization+of+specific+RNAs+in+Drosophila+embryos+reveals+translational+control+of+the+segmentation+gene+hunchback.">A non-radioactive in situ hybridization method for the localization of specific RNAs in Drosophila embryos reveals translational control of the segmentation gene hunchback.</a> Chromosoma. 98, 81-85 (1989).</li><li>Hughes, S. C., Krause, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Double+labeling+with+fluorescence+in+situ+hybridization+in+Drosophila+whole-mount+embryos.">Double labeling with fluorescence in situ hybridization in Drosophila whole-mount embryos.</a> Biotechniques. 24, 530-532 (1998).</li><li>Lecuyer, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+analysis+of+mRNA+localization+reveals+a+prominent+role+in+organizing+cellular+architecture+and+function.">Global analysis of mRNA localization reveals a prominent role in organizing cellular architecture and function.</a> Cell. 131, 174-187 (2007).</li><li>Kosman, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+detection+of+RNA+expression+in+Drosophila+embryos.">Multiplex detection of RNA expression in Drosophila embryos.</a> Science. 305, 846-846 (2004).</li><li>Raap, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-sensitive+FISH+using+peroxidase-mediated+deposition+of+biotin-+or+fluorochrome+tyramides.">Ultra-sensitive FISH using peroxidase-mediated deposition of biotin- or fluorochrome tyramides.</a> Human Mol Genet. 4, 529-534 (1995).</li><li>Lecuyer, E., Parthasarathy, N., Krause, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+in+situ+hybridization+protocols+in+Drosophila+embryos+and+tissues.">Fluorescent in situ hybridization protocols in Drosophila embryos and tissues.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 420, 289-302 (2008).</li><li>Wilk, R., Murthy, S. U. M., Yan, H., Krause, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Current Protocols Essential Laboratory Techniques. , 1-9 (2010).</li><li>Holt, C. E., Bullock, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subcellular+mRNA+Localization+in+Animal+Cells+and+Why+It+Matters.">Subcellular mRNA Localization in Animal Cells and Why It Matters.</a> Science. 326, 1212-1216 (2009).</li><li>Martin, K. C., Ephrussi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mRNA+Localization:+Gene+Expression+in+the+Spatial+Dimension.">mRNA Localization: Gene Expression in the Spatial Dimension.</a> Cell. , 719-730 (2009).</li><li>Wilk, R., Hu, J., Blotsky, D., Krause, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+and+pervasive+subcellular+distributions+for+both+coding+and+long+noncoding+RNAs.">Diverse and pervasive subcellular distributions for both coding and long noncoding RNAs.</a> Genes Dev. 30, 594-609 (2016).</li><li>Zhou, X. L., Vize, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proximo-distal+specialization+of+epithelial+transport+processes+within+the+Xenopus+pronephric+kidney+tubules.">Proximo-distal specialization of epithelial transport processes within the Xenopus pronephric kidney tubules.</a> Dev Biol. 271, 322-338 (2004).</li></ol>

作者没有竞争的金融利益。

所描述的协议为检测固定的果蝇胚胎或组织中的大多数 rna 提供了一种高度重现性、灵敏和经济的方法。虽然比传统的碱性磷酸酶探针检测方法稍微复杂一些, 但鱼获得的分辨率要大得多, 灵敏度是可比较或改进的7,8。通过使用整体或部分孔板, 该协议可用于 large-scale 或有限分析的兴趣基因。应该注意的是, 所生成的探针可能检测到所有或多个成绩单拼接形式, 除非探头更具体地设计 (即单显)。尽管我们已经测试了小到200核苷酸的探针, 但有合理的成功, 较小的探针往往不太有效, 而且可能不太具体。显然, 此协议不适用于检测小内含子、显或处理的 rna。
虽然这种方法使用酶的步骤, 以提高信号的强度, 信号强度似乎成正比的目标基因表达在一个相对线性和广泛的表达水平。在高倍率下, 信号被视为细胞和组织内的点或斑点。为相对地罕见的抄本仅少数微小的点被看见。随着成绩单的增多, 这些增长的数量和规模。与单分子鱼 (smFISH) 一样, 单个的小点也可以对应于单一的 rna, 并且还应该使用成像和信息学软件进行量化。使用 smFISH 与我们为同一目标所策划的图像进行对比, 表明这两种方法的整体性、灵敏度和分辨率是相对相似的, 尽管这应该通过更严格的比较来测试。鉴于 smFISH 的费用要高得多, 这里提供的方法应该以成本的一小部分给出类似的结果。然而, 如果目标是检测小的成绩单, 或不同部分的成绩单, 建议 smFISH。
由于一些鱼探头的体积较小, 这种方法在穿透组织大或有明显障碍的情况下也会更好。然而, 我们使用更高的洗涤剂水平和组织固定和性调整似乎解决了这个问题。最后, 虽然开发了为果蝇组织, 这里描述的高洗涤剂缓冲的组织也应该为果蝇胚胎以及大多数其他有机体和组织工作。

新的全基因组 rna 检测方法, 如 rna 序列, 极大地扩展了我们对何时何地表达基因的认识, 以及在什么级别的1。然而, 这些提供了相对较差的时间和空间分辨率。RNA 原位杂交允许在固定组织中视觉上观察转录物的空间分布, 从而揭示细胞和亚型本地化2的细节。使用荧光原位杂交 (fish) 允许更多的空间分辨率, 因为它允许使用强大的显微镜技术, 如共焦和光片显微镜3。荧光标记 (如 DAPI) 也可用于建立亚细胞关系4。鱼类还有助于观察多个 rna 和蛋白质同时有明确的重叠在亚细胞水平的迹象。double-labeling 所需的独特试剂和步骤可在以下参考资料3,5中找到。
这里描述的程序利用96井孔板的所有步骤, 包括 cDNA 模板生产 (菌落 PCR), RNA 探针生产 (使用 T7, T3 或 SP6 聚合酶依赖性径流转录),原位杂交,荧光信号的发展。在96井板的每个井中加入足够数量的胚胎或组织, 以便评估一致性和变异性。每一个井然后接受不同的探针。信号发育后, 每个井中的胚胎或组织都在各自的显微镜切片上排列, 进行显微分析。
使用 tyramide 信号放大 (TSA) 进行探针检测产生了具有特殊的亚细胞分辨率5,6,7,8的鲁棒信号。rna 的亚细胞定位是一个重要的调节机制9 , 它出现在几乎所有 rna 的4、10、11中。这些分析还显示, 许多未被 RNA 序列检测到的记录被鱼8轻易检测到。RNA 的适应原位杂交到96井板允许分析最多96基因的兴趣 (如果更多的板块被使用), 使得分析大数据集成为可能。通过将板块切割成更小的部分, 这种方法也很容易适应少数样品。所提供的协议适用于大多数类型组织中 RNA 分布的分析。虽然没有显示, 它也适用于非果蝇组织。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml Polypropylene conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Frogga Bio</td>
			<td>TB15-500</td>
			<td>Certified DNase and RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2x PCR Master Mix with dye(Ambiogene)</td>
			<td>Biomart (Canada)</td>
			<td>141106-1K</td>
			<td>Certified DNase and RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml Polypropylene conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Frogga Bio</td>
			<td>TB50-500</td>
			<td>Certified DNase and RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well filteration plate (1.2 um, hydrophilic PVDF membrane</td>
			<td>EMD MILLIPORE</td>
			<td>MSBVS1210</td>
			<td>Used to remove liguid from bottom of the plate with floting tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well PCR plate (200 &#956;l)</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>C18096-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrodisc syringe filter (0.2 u)</td>
			<td>PALL</td>
			<td>PN4612</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrodisc syringe filter (0.45 u)</td>
			<td>PALL</td>
			<td>PN4614</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>AGA002.500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicilin</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>A9393-5G</td>
			<td>Stock concentration is 100 g/ml disolved ddH&#8322;O and 0.2&#956;m filtered (use as 1/1000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AXYGEN 96-well assay storage plates</td>
			<td>UltiDent Scientific</td>
			<td>24-P96-450V-C</td>
			<td>To store bacterial glycerol stocks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AXYGEN Aluminum Plate Seals</td>
			<td>UltiDent Scientific</td>
			<td>24-PCR-AS-200</td>
			<td>To seal plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AXYGEN Wide-bore tips (200 ul)</td>
			<td>UltiDent Scientific</td>
			<td>24-T205-WB-C</td>
			<td>To transfer samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin-SP (long spacer) IgG Fraction Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Digoxin</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Lab</td>
			<td>200062156</td>
			<td>Primary antibody for in situ (stock conc. 1 mg/ml, working conc. 2.5 &#956;g/ml or 1/400 dilution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BRAND 8-channel manifold (autoclavable)</td>
			<td>BrandTech Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>704526</td>
			<td>To remove liquids from the top of 96-well PCR plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloramphenicol</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>C1919</td>
			<td>Stock concentration 34 mg/ml dissolved and 0.2&#956;m filtered in 100 % EtOH (use as 1/1000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyanine 3 Tyramide (Cy3-TSA)</td>
			<td>Home made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Could be ordered from Perkin-Elmer Cat# SAT704A001EA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DABCO (1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>D2522</td>
			<td>Antifade reagent in mounting media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DEPC (Diethyl pyrocarbonate)</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>D5758</td>
			<td>Working concentration is 0.1 % in ddH&#8322;O. To make RNase free water 0.1 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digoxigenin-11-uridine-5&#8217;-triphosphate</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11-209-256-910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Embryo collection cage</td>
			<td>Home made</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Size: 75 cm X 75 cm X 75 cm made with Polymethyl methacrylate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf centrifuge 5804</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Model 5804</td>
			<td>Centrifuge for 96-well plates on A-Z-DWP rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>FOR001.500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>GLY002.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>GLN001.500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4784-250MG</td>
			<td>Stock: 50 mg/ml. Working concentration 1 mg/ml in Hybridization solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide (H&#8322;O&#8322;)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>216763-500 ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab Armor Beads</td>
			<td>DiaMed</td>
			<td>LAA42370-001</td>
			<td>Fill in heating unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labnet Gyro M Mini Nutating Mixer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-998-347</td>
			<td>Sample mixing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mesh - 100 micons</td>
			<td>FlyStuff</td>
			<td>57-103</td>
			<td>For collecting embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mesh - 800 microns</td>
			<td>SEFAR - Nytex</td>
			<td>06-780/53</td>
			<td>For catching loose tissue / may be used for special tube in figure 4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Cover Glasses</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48366-067</td>
			<td>Size: 22 X 22 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro slides,frstd</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48312-003</td>
			<td>Size: 25 X 75 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-Well Plate Vacuum Manifold</td>
			<td>Pall Corporation</td>
			<td>P/N 5017</td>
			<td>Remove liquid from bottom of 96-well filter plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyd (PFA)</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>PAR070.500</td>
			<td>Fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR machine</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>Model: DNA Engine PTC-200</td>
			<td>96-well plate PCR and probe denature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Picric acid solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>80456</td>
			<td>For tissue fixation I solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride (KCL)</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>POC308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH&#8322;PO&#8324;)</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>PPM302.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PP lid for 96-well plates, 100/case</td>
			<td>UltiDent Scientific</td>
			<td>24-P-LID-PP</td>
			<td>Lid for storing plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Progene disposable Reagent Reservoirs (50 ml, sterile)</td>
			<td>UltiDent Scientific</td>
			<td>825-1-50-5S</td>
			<td>Liquid handling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Progene Pierceable Aluminum Foil</td>
			<td>UltiDent Scientific</td>
			<td>87-CFILM-AL</td>
			<td>Seal 96-well plate, DNase and RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>P2308- 5MG</td>
			<td>Embryo permeabilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RiboLock Ribonuclease Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>EO0381</td>
			<td>40 Unit/ul</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ribonucleoside Triphosphate (NTP) set</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11277057001</td>
			<td>RNA probe sythesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase free water</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>10977015-500ml</td>
			<td>RNA probe sythesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNaseZap</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9780</td>
			<td>Remove RNase contamination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single stranded DNA from salmon testes</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>D9156</td>
			<td>For hybridization solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skim milk (non fat power)</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>SKI400.500</td>
			<td>Working concentration is 1 % in 1 X PBT or PBTT as a blocking reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Acetate (NaOAc) 3 M, pH=5.2 (RNase free)</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>SAA333</td>
			<td>Working concentration is 10 % (v/v) for DNA or RNA precipitation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium citrate (HOC(COONa)(CH&#8322;COONa)&#8322; &#183; 2H&#8322;O</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>S4641-500G</td>
			<td>Reagent in 20 X SSC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic (Na&#8322;HPO&#8324;)</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>SPD307.1</td>
			<td>Reagent in 10 X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SP6 RNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>EP0131</td>
			<td>20 Unit/ul</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Shot for Sand Bath</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>13259-274.</td>
			<td>To fill the heating unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope &#38; gooseneck light source</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Model: MZ6</td>
			<td>Tissue dissection and mounting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>S911</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody stock: 1 mg/ml, use 1/1000 dilution (1 &#956;g/ml) for in situ.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T3 RNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>EP0101</td>
			<td>20 Unit/ul</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T7 RNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>EP0111</td>
			<td>20 Unit/ul</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tip station (10 ul)</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>T-300-STK-S</td>
			<td>Certified DNase and RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tip station (200 ul)</td>
			<td>Sorbio</td>
			<td>27770T</td>
			<td>Certified DNase and RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tips ( 1ml)</td>
			<td>Sorbio</td>
			<td>10200</td>
			<td>Certified DNase and RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRITON X-100</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>TRX506</td>
			<td>Working concentration is 0.3% in 1 X PBT for tissue in situ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>TWN510</td>
			<td>Working concentration is 0.1% in 1 X PBT for embryo in situ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whatman qualitative filter paper, Grade 3</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>WHA1003917</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solutions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DABCO (1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) glycerol anti-fade mounting media</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DABCO (1.25 g), Glycerol (35 ml or v/v 70 %) and 1 X PBS (15 ml, or v/v 30 %). Keep dark and rock in cold room. store at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DEPC (Diethyl pyrocarbonate) treated ddH&#8322;O (1L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Add 1 ml of DEPC in 999 ml of ddH&#8322;O (0.1 %). Stir O/N in fumehood O/N and then autoclave 45 min liquid cycle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 X PBS (1L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>NaCL (80 g), KCL (2 g), Na&#8322;HPO&#8324; (14.4 g), KH&#8322;PO&#8324; (2.4 g) and unautoclaved DECP ddH&#8322;O (800 ml). Adjust pH to 7.4 with 10 N NaOH and then bring the total volume to 1 L. Autoclave 45 min liquid cycle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 X SSC (1L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>NaCL (175.3 g), Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate(88.2 g) and unautoclaved DECP ddH&#8322;O (800 ml). Adjust pH to 7.4 with 10 N NaOH and then bring the total volume to 1 L. Autoclave 45 min liquid cycle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 X PBT (1L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 X PBS with 1 ml Tween 20 (0.1 %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 X PBTT (1L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 X PBS with 1 ml Tween 20 (0.1 %) and 3 ml of Triton-X-100 (0.3 %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 X PBTB (1L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 % Skim milk in 1 X PBT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 X PBTTB (1L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 % Skim milk in 1 X PBTT</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high resolution fluorescent in situ hybridization in drosophila embryos and tissues using tyramide signal amplification

在我们的努力, 以确定的表达模式和亚细胞定位的果蝇rna 在全基因组的基础上, 并在各种组织, 我们已经开发了许多修改和改进, 我们原来的荧光原位杂交 (鱼) 协议。为了方便吞吐量和成本效益, 所有步骤, 从探头生成到信号检测, 都是使用外显子 96-孔板。Digoxygenin (挖掘)-标签反义 RNA 探针的生产使用的是 cDNA 克隆或基因组 DNA 作为模板。在组织固定和性后, 探针杂交到感兴趣的抄本, 然后用一系列抗性的抗体结合生物素, 亲和共轭辣根过氧化物酶 (HRP) 和荧光共轭tyramide, 在 HRP 的存在下, 产生一个高度反应性的中间体, 结合到紧邻的蛋白质的电子密集区域。这些放大和定位步骤产生了一个强大的和高度本地化的信号, 有利于细胞和亚单元转录定位。所提供的协议经过了优化, 可以在各种组织和发育阶段产生高度特异的信号。此外, 还提供了额外的变异, 同时检测多个成绩单, 或抄本和蛋白质。

图 6显示了使用此过程获得的结果的示例。前3面板显示了早期的果蝇胚胎 (图 6, 面板 A-C) 的示例, 接下来的3面板显示了在不同组织 (amnioserosa、肌肉和中枢神经系统中有信号的晚期果蝇胚胎的示例。分别 (图 6, 面板 D-f)。接下来是第三龄幼虫组织的例子 (图 6, J 型面板)。K 和 L 组显示成人性腺 (卵巢和睾丸分别) 的代表性图像。在我们可搜索的 "荧光原位果蝇数据库" (FlyFISH (http://fly-fish.ccbr.utoronto.ca)) 上上载并标注了数以百计的图像。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig1.jpg"> 
图1。荧光原位杂交 (fish) 协议和关键设备概述.(A) cDNA 的 pcr 扩增。(b) 体外转录在一个96井板中生成基因特异的反义挖掘标记 RNA 探针 (如 B 所示的板的照片)。(C)和(D):成人 (女性: 男性比率 2:1. 300-400 苍蝇/瓶) 苍蝇可以交配3-4 天。在25° c 的标准玉米面食品上过夜收集的胚胎被转移到一个通风良好的塑料盒 (1 升的玉米面食品在一个容器大小: 8 "x 8" x 3 "高) 或新瓶保持适当的幼体密度。对于组织收集, 活性酵母粉应洒在食物的顶部 24, 48 小时后产卵 (快)。(E 到 H):荧光原位杂交试验连续3天进行。对于不漂浮的胚胎或组织, 使用96井 PCR 板, 如图 b 所示, 8 通道器 (相片 c)。对于漂浮的组织, 像大多数幼体组织一样, 使用一个滤底板 (在 d 中的照片), 并使用低压下的流形器从底部去除液体 (e 中的照片)。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig2.jpg"> 
图2。RNA 探针产量的测定。在1% 琼脂糖凝胶 (5 µL/车道) 上观察到的新合成反义 RNA 探针。产量可以被分类 (根据带的强度) 作为 "低收益" 在车道3和 10, ' 典型的出产量 ' 在车道 1, 4, 5, 6 和 8, 或 "高收益" 在车道 2, 7, 9, 11 和12。对于具有 "典型产量" 的样品, 使用10-15 µL 探针稀释100µL 的杂交溶液为每个原位实验。根据波段强度相对于 "典型探针" 强度, 将探针的 "高收率" 稀释样品与附加杂交溶液。目的是在每个井中有大致相等的最终探针浓度。箭头指向一个 ' RNA 探针 ', 在每条车道上的更高的波段是原始的 DNA 模板。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig3.jpg"> 
图3。large-scale 胚胎采集和固定的主要步骤.<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig4.jpg"> 
图4。自制的管子, 用于从幼虫或漂浮的组织中除去液体.一些幼虫和成人组织在固定期间漂浮在溶液中。这个简单的工具由一个尼龙网格由一个200µL 削减尖端, 后跟一个1毫升小费作为适配器连接到一个器。液体可以安全地去除, 而不会丢失任何组织。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig5.jpg"> 
图5。Tyramide 信号放大.(1) 用内源感 rna hybridizes 的反义 rna 探针。(2) 生物素-共轭主抗体与挖双绞线之间的免疫亲和结合。(3) HRP 共轭亲和结合生物素。(4) HRP 催化菁 3-tyramide 和过氧化氢反应形成短命的菁 3-tyramide 基。(5) 菁 3-tyramide 基与邻近蛋白的酪氨酸残留物结合。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig6.jpg"> 
图6。代表原位杂交图像.每个面板显示一个不同的 RNA (显示在青色) 和细胞核染色的 DAPI (以红色显示) 的例子。(A-C)早期的果蝇胚胎的例子。(D、F)晚期果蝇胚胎的示例。(G-J)例第三龄幼虫果蝇幼体组织 (malphigian 管、中肠、涎腺和肌肉分别)。(K) 成人卵巢。(L) 成人睾丸。每个面板都显示探针与之杂交的基因的名称。缩放栏 = 10 µm.<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification at JoVE.com

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

所描述的 rna原位杂交协议允许检测整个果蝇胚胎或解剖组织中的 rna。使用96井孔板和 tyramide 信号放大, 记录可以检测高分辨率, 灵敏度和吞吐量, 并以较低的成本。

高分辨率荧光原位杂交在果蝇胚胎和组织中使用 Tyramide 信号放大

In our efforts to determine the patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Drosophila RNAs on a genome-wide basis, and in a variety of ...

high-resolution-fluorescent-situ-hybridization-drosophila-embryos

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

12.8K 次观看.  University of Toronto. 所描述的 rna原位杂交协议允许检测整个果蝇胚胎或解剖组织中的 rna。使用96井孔板和 tyramide 信号放大, 记录可以检测高分辨率, 灵敏度和吞吐量, 并以较低的成本。

视频: High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

The mitochondrial genome is inherited exclusively through the maternal line. Understanding of how the mitochondrion and its genome are proliferated and transmitted from one generation to the next through the female oocyte is of fundamental importance. Because of the genetic tractability, and the elegant, ordered simplicity by which oocyte development proceeds, Drosophila oogenesis has become an invaluable system for mitochondrial study. An EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine) labeling method was utilized to detect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication in Drosophila ovaries. This method is superior to the BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) labeling method in that it allows for good structural preservation and efficient fluorescent dye penetration of whole-mount tissues.
Here we describe a detailed protocol for labeling replicating mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila adult ovaries with EdU. Some technical solutions are offered to improve the viability of the ovaries, maintain their health during preparation, and ensure high-quality imaging. Visualization of newly synthesized mtDNA in the ovaries not only reveals the striking temporal and spatial pattern of mtDNA replication through oogenesis, but also allows for simple quantification of mtDNA replication under various genetic and pharmacological perturbations.

In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

Drosophila oogenesis continues to be exceptionally useful in the study of mitochondrial proliferation and inheritance. This manuscript describes a detailed protocol used to label the replicating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Drosophila adult ovaries with 5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine (EdU), which facilitates uncovering mechanisms associated with mitochondrial inheritance that were previously debatable.

在 果蝇卵巢成人线粒体DNA复制的原位标记埃杜染色

The mitochondrial genome is inherited exclusively through the maternal line. Understanding of how the mitochondrion and its genome are proliferated and ...

科研

遗传学

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most mutagenesis-based screens, researchers have relied on the use of toxic chemicals, carcinogens, or irradiation, which requires designated equipment, safety setup, and/or disposal of hazardous materials. We have developed a simple approach to induce heritable mutations in C. elegans using germline-expressed histone-miniSOG, a light-inducible potent generator of reactive oxygen species. This mutagenesis method is free of toxic chemicals and requires minimal laboratory safety and waste management. The induced DNA modifications include single-nucleotide changes and small deletions, and complement those caused by classical chemical mutagenesis. This methodology can also be used to induce integration of extrachromosomal transgenes. Here, we provide the details of the LED setup and protocols for standard mutagenesis and transgene integration.

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Genetically-encoded histone-miniSOG induces genome-wide heritable mutations in a blue&#160;light-dependent manner. This mutagenesis method is simple, fast, free of toxic chemicals, and well-suited for forward genetic screening and transgene integration.

光遗传学随机突变用组蛋白miniSOG在<em&gt;℃。线虫</em

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most ...

High Fat Diet Feeding and High Throughput Triacylglyceride Assay in Drosophila Melanogaster

Heart disease is the number one cause of human death worldwide. Numerous studies have shown strong connections between obesity and cardiac malfunction in humans, but more tools and research efforts are needed to better elucidate the mechanisms involved. For over a century, the genetically highly tractable model of Drosophila has been instrumental in the discovery of key genes and molecular pathways that proved to be highly conserved across species. Many biological processes and disease mechanisms are functionally conserved in the fly, such as development (e.g., body plan, heart), cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. Recently, the study of obesity and secondary pathologies, such as heart disease in model organisms, has played a highly critical role in the identification of key regulators involved in metabolic syndrome in humans.
Here, we propose to use this model organism as an efficient tool to induce obesity, i.e., excessive fat accumulation, and develop an efficient protocol to monitor fat content in the form of TAGs accumulation. In addition to the highly conserved, but less complex genome, the fly also has a short lifespan for rapid experimentation, combined with cost-effectiveness. This paper provides a detailed protocol for High Fat Diet (HFD) feeding in Drosophila to induce obesity and a high throughput triacylglyceride (TAG) assay for measuring the associated increase in fat content, with the aim to be highly reproducible and efficient for large-scale genetic or chemical screening. These protocols offer new opportunities to efficiently investigate regulatory mechanisms involved in obesity, as well as provide a standardized platform for drug discovery research for rapid testing of the effect of drug candidates on the development or prevention of obesity, diabetes and related metabolic diseases.

High Fat Diet Feeding and High Throughput Triacylglyceride Assay in Drosophila Melanogaster

This is a high fat diet feeding protocol to induce obesity in Drosophila, a model for understanding fundamental molecular mechanisms implicated in lipotoxicity. It also provides a high throughput triacylglyceride assay for measuring fat accumulation in Drosophila and potentially other (insect) models under various dietary, environmental, genetic or physiological conditions.

高脂膳食喂养和高通量三测定在果蝇中的含量

Heart disease is the number one cause of human death worldwide. Numerous studies have shown strong connections between obesity and cardiac malfunction in ...

Visualization of Microbiota in Tick Guts by Whole-mount In Situ Hybridization

Infectious diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors continue to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. The pathogens causing these diseases, do not exist in isolation when they colonize the vector; rather, they likely engage in interactions with resident microorganisms in the gut lumen. The vector microbiota has been demonstrated to play an important role in pathogen transmission for several vector-borne diseases. Whether resident bacteria in the gut of the Ixodes scapularis tick, the vector of several human pathogens including Borrelia burgdorferi, influence tick transmission of pathogens is not determined. We require methods for characterizing the composition of the bacteria associated with the tick gut to facilitate a better understanding of potential interspecies interactions in the tick gut. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization to visualize RNA transcripts associated with particular bacterial species allows for the collection of qualitative data regarding the abundance and distribution of the microbiota in intact tissue. This technique can be used to examine changes in the gut microbiota milieu over the course of tick feeding and can also be applied to analyze expression of tick genes. Staining of whole tick guts yield information about the gross spatial distribution of target RNA in the tissue without the need for three-dimensional reconstruction and is less affected by environmental contamination, which often confounds the sequencing-based methods frequently used to study complex microbial communities. Overall, this technique is a valuable tool that can be used to better understand vector-pathogen-microbiota interactions and their role in disease transmission.

Visualization of Microbiota in Tick Guts by Whole-mount In Situ Hybridization

Here, we present a protocol to spatially and temporally assess the presence of viable microbiota in tick guts using a modified whole-mount in situ hybridization approach.

全挂载原位杂交法可视化蜱内脏微生物群

Infectious diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors continue to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. The pathogens causing these ...

Single Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (smFISH) Analysis in Budding Yeast Vegetative Growth and Meiosis

Single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful technique to study gene expression in single cells due to its ability to detect and count individual RNA molecules. Complementary to deep sequencing-based methods, smFISH provides information about the cell-to-cell variation in transcript abundance and the subcellular localization of a given RNA. Recently, we have used smFISH to study the expression of the gene&#160;NDC80&#160;during meiosis in budding yeast, in which two transcript isoforms exist and the short transcript isoform has its entire sequence shared with the long isoform. To confidently identify each transcript isoform, we optimized known smFISH protocols and obtained high consistency and quality of smFISH data for the samples acquired during budding yeast meiosis. Here, we describe this optimized protocol, the criteria that we use to determine whether high quality of smFISH data is obtained, and some tips for implementing this protocol in&#160;other yeast strains and growth conditions.

Single Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization smFISH Analysis in Budding Yeast Vegetative Growth and Meiosis

This single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization protocol is optimized to quantify the number of RNA molecules in budding yeast during vegetative growth and meiosis.

单分子荧光原位杂交 (smFISH) 在发芽酵母营养生长和减数分裂中的分析

Single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful technique to study gene expression in single cells due to its ability to detect ...

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in more than 90% of human genes. The expression pattern of an alternatively spliced exon is often regulated in a cell type-specific fashion. AS expression patterns are typically analyzed by RT-PCR and RNA-seq using RNA samples isolated from a population of cells. In situ examination of AS expression patterns for a particular biological structure can be carried out by RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) using exon-specific probes. However, this particular use of ISH has been limited because alternative exons are generally too short to design exon-specific probes. In this report, the use of BaseScope, a recently developed technology that employs short antisense oligonucleotides in RNA ISH, is described to analyze AS expression patterns in mouse brain sections. Exon 23a of neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1) is used as an example to illustrate that short exon-exon junction probes exhibit robust hybridization signals with high specificity in RNA ISH analysis on mouse brain sections. More importantly, signals detected with exon inclusion- and skipping-specific probes can be used to reliably calculate the percent spliced in values of Nf1 exon 23a expression in different anatomical areas of a mouse brain. The experimental protocol and calculation method for AS analysis are presented. The results indicate that BaseScope provides a powerful new tool to assess AS expression patterns in situ.

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

An in situ hybridization (ISH) protocol that uses short antisense oligonucleotides to detect alternative pre-mRNA splicing patterns in mouse brain sections is described.

RNA原位杂交法定量分析小鼠脑切片中的替代前 mRNA 拼接方法

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in more than 90% of human genes. The expression pattern of an alternatively spliced exon is often regulated in a cell ...

Tissue-specific miRNA Expression Profiling in Mouse Heart Sections Using In Situ Hybridization

micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded RNA transcripts that bind to messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and inhibit their translation or promote their degradation. To date, miRNAs have been implicated in a large number of biological and disease processes, which has signified the need for the reliable detection methods of miRNA transcripts. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for digoxigenin-labeled (DIG) Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) probe-based miRNA detection, combined with protein immunostaining on mouse heart sections. First, we performed an in situ hybridization technique using the probe to identify miRNA-182 expression in heart sections from control and cardiac hypertrophy mice. Next, we performed immunostaining for cardiac Troponin T (cTnT) protein, on the same sections, to co-localize miRNA-182 with the cardiomyocyte cells. Using this protocol, we were able to detect miRNA-182 through an alkaline phosphatase based colorimetric assay, and cTnT through fluorescent staining. This protocol can be used to detect the expression of any miRNA of interest through DIG-labeled LNA probes, and relevant protein expression on mouse heart tissue sections.

Tissue-specific miRNA Expression Profiling in Mouse Heart Sections Using In Situ Hybridization

micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are short and highly homologous RNA sequences, serving as post-transcriptional regulators of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Current miRNA detection methods vary in sensitivity and specificity. We describe a protocol that combines in situ hybridization and immunostaining for concurrent detection of miRNA and protein molecules on mouse heart tissue sections.

原位杂交法在小鼠心脏切片组织特异 miRNA 表达谱分析中的应用

micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded RNA transcripts that bind to messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and inhibit their translation or promote their degradation. To ...

Use of Single Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (SM-FISH) to Quantify and Localize mRNAs in Murine Oocytes

Current methods routinely used to quantify mRNA in oocytes and embryos include digital reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), quantitative, real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) and RNA sequencing. When these techniques are performed using a single oocyte or embryo, low-copy mRNAs are not reliably detected. To overcome this problem, oocytes or embryos can be pooled together for analysis; however, this often leads to high variability amongst samples. In this protocol, we describe the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using branched DNA chemistry. This technique identifies the spatial pattern of mRNAs in individual cells. When the technique is coupled with Spot Finding and Tracking&#160;computer software, the abundance of mRNAs in the cell can also be quantified. Using this technique, there is reduced variability within an experimental group and fewer oocytes and embryos are required to detect significant differences between experimental groups. Commercially available branched-DNA SM-FISH kits have been optimized to detect mRNAs in sectioned tissues or adherent cells on slides. However, oocytes do not effectively adhere to slides and some reagents in the kit were too harsh resulting in oocyte lysis. To prevent this lysis, several modifications were made to the FISH kit. Specifically, oocyte permeabilization and wash&#160;buffers designed for the immunofluorescence of oocytes and embryos replaced the proprietary buffers. The permeabilization, washes, and incubations with probes and amplifier were performed in 6-well plates and oocytes were placed on slides at the end of the protocol using mounting media. These modifications were able to overcome the limitations of the commercially available kit, in particular, the oocyte lysis. To accurately and reproducibly count the number of mRNAs in individual oocytes, computer software was used. Together, this protocol represents an alternative to PCR and sequencing to compare the expression of specific transcripts in single cells.

Use of Single Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization SM-FISH to Quantify and Localize mRNAs in Murine Oocytes

To reproducibly count the numbers of mRNAs in individual oocytes, single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) was optimized for non-adherent cells. Oocytes were collected, hybridized with the transcript specific probes, and quantified using an image quantification software.

单分子荧光原位杂交 (SM-FISH) 在小鼠卵母细胞中 Mrna 的定量和定位

Current methods routinely used to quantify mRNA in oocytes and embryos include digital reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), ...

Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major risk factor for a subtype of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), which tends to be associated with a better outcome than alcohol- and tobacco-related OPSCC. Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) of HPV viral RNA could allow the semiquantitative evaluation of viral transcripts of the oncogenic proteins E6 and E7 and an in situ visualization with a good spatial resolution. This technique allows the diagnosis of an active infection with the visualization of HPV transcription in the tumoral HPV-infected cells. An advantage of this technique is the avoidance of contamination from nonneoplastic HPV-infected cells adjacent to the tumor. Overall, its good diagnosis performances have it considered to be the gold standard for active HPV infection identification. Since E6 and E7 viral protein interaction with cell proteins pRb and p53 is mandatory for cell transformation, HPV RNA CISH is functionally relevant and acutely reflects active oncogenic HPV infection. This technique is clinically relevant as well since &#34;low&#34; or &#34;high&#34; HPV transcription levels helped the identification of two prognosis groups among HPV-related p16-positive head and neck cancer patients. Here we present the protocol for manual HPV RNA CISH performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) slides with a kit obtained from the manufacturer. Instead of chromogenic revelation, RNA in situ hybridization may also be performed with fluorescent revelation (RNA FISH). It may also be combined with conventional immunostaining.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) RNA chromogenic in situ hybridization is considered to be one of the gold standards for active human papillomavirus infection detection within tumors. It allows the visualization of HPV E6-E7 mRNA expression with localization and semiquantitative evaluation of its signal.

原位杂交的色原性杂交是HPV相关头颈部癌症诊断的工具

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major risk factor for a subtype of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), which tends to be associated ...

Designing Automated, High-throughput, Continuous Cell Growth Experiments Using eVOLVER

Continuous culture methods enable cells to be grown under quantitatively controlled environmental conditions, and are thus broadly useful for measuring fitness phenotypes and improving our understanding of how genotypes are shaped by selection. Extensive recent efforts to develop and apply niche continuous culture devices have revealed the benefits of conducting new forms of cell culture control. This includes defining custom selection pressures and increasing throughput for studies ranging from long-term experimental evolution to genome-wide library selections and synthetic gene circuit characterization. The eVOLVER platform was recently developed to meet this growing demand: a continuous culture platform with a high degree of scalability, flexibility, and automation. eVOLVER provides a single standardizing platform that can be (re)-configured and scaled with minimal effort to perform many different types of high-throughput or multi-dimensional growth selection experiments. Here, a protocol is presented to provide users of the eVOLVER framework a description for configuring the system to conduct a custom, large-scale continuous growth experiment. Specifically, the protocol guides users on how to program the system to multiplex two selection pressures &#8212; temperature and osmolarity &#8212; across many eVOLVER vials in order to quantify fitness landscapes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants at fine resolution. We show how the device can be configured both programmatically, through its open-source web-based software, and physically, by arranging fluidic and hardware layouts. The process of physically setting up the device, programming the culture routine, monitoring and interacting with the experiment in real-time over the internet, sampling vials for subsequent offline analysis, and post experiment data analysis are detailed. This should serve as a starting point for researchers across diverse disciplines to apply eVOLVER in the design of their own complex and high-throughput cell growth experiments to study and manipulate biological systems.

The eVOLVER framework enables high-throughput continuous microbial culture with high resolution and dynamic control over experimental parameters. This protocol demonstrates how to apply the system to conduct a complex fitness experiment, guiding users on programming automated control over many individual cultures, measuring, collecting, and interacting with experimental data in real-time.

使用 Ever 设计自动化、高通量、连续细胞生长实验

Continuous culture methods enable cells to be grown under quantitatively controlled environmental conditions, and are thus broadly useful for measuring ...