我们感谢巴塞罗那大学 Bellvitge 校园解剖室的技术人员, 他们提供了娴熟的帮助。我们感谢视听部门的工作与视频作为本出版物的一部分。我们感谢巴塞罗那大学医学系的捐赠者。

这项研究获得了机构伦理委员会 (Comissió de Bioètica) 的批准。解剖程序是由一个经验丰富的解剖学家进行的, 专门训练的平面解剖技术。这是确保实验结果成功的必要条件。
1. 准备
<ol><li>选择要包括在研究中的标本。使用膝下的尸体新鲜冰冻的人的脚。<ol>
<li>排除以下情况: 腿部、脚踝或脚部的任何畸形 (因为这可能影响神经的过程, 最终影响研究结果)、溃疡、疤痕或先前手术程序的明显迹象或任何其他可能神经的局部化困难。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>选择十不配对的脚 (五左和五右, 截肢的水平胫骨远端), 从高加索新鲜冰冻不 exsanguinated 标本;标本包括5名男性和5位年龄在80岁 (范围, 53-95) 岁的妇女。</li>
	<li>在室温自来水中解冻标本6-8 小时, 使样品解冻。不要使用热水, 因为它可能会改变样品的性质。</li>
	<li>准备解剖场。将标本放在解剖台上的无菌手术悬垂上。将标本放置在一个稳定的位置, 允许舒适地进入解剖区;最好使用支持, 使试样可以根据需要移动。</li>
	<li>准备与一些纱布垫一起使用的解剖器械, 在解剖过程中清洁田间。</li>
</ol>2. 解剖
<ol><li>用手术刀, 切开仅皮肤创造一个窗口大约 20 cm x 5 cm 在脚的内侧部分, 纵向地安置。开始15厘米近的第一 metatarso 指骨关节, 并结束5厘米远端, 大约。<ol>
<li>解剖皮肤不破坏皮下组织和避免任何神经结构的移位。每架飞机使用新的手术刀刀片。</li>
		<li>用手术刀的刀刃进行切口, 而不是面对标本。这遵循的原则之一, 平面解剖解剖皮肤。在这个步骤中使用齿钳紧紧握住皮肤。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>取下覆盖窗户区域的皮肤。如有必要, 使用纱布清洁解剖场。</li>
	<li>对皮下组织进行仔细的解剖, 以确定第一趾的背内侧和侧神经。使用无齿钳和新的手术刀刀片, 以避免损坏的结构所遇到的。虹膜剪刀和 periosteotome 有助于在解剖的地方, 神经被发现 (但仍然不可见) 的进展, 因为他们允许一个较不积极的解剖和防止损伤神经。</li>
	<li>在窗户的下部解剖, 避免无意中切断神经。识别神经而不脱离皮下组织的下部, 以防止移位。一旦每个神经被辨认, 解剖通过它的路线直到第一个 metatarso 指骨联合。</li>
	<li>把神经放在最初的位置, 就第一 metatarso-指骨关节, 用针刺穿神经和第一跖趾关节关节线。</li>
	<li>执行第一趾的手动牵引, 使连接线的位置在第一跖骨的头和第一趾的近方阵的底部之间是明显的。针必须先刺穿神经, 然后引入 metatarso 指骨关节。这一步确保神经在关节方面的位置在整个研究中都是稳定的。</li>
</ol>3. 冻结
<ol><li>用气泡包装和胶带保护每个试样, 避免冷烧。在包装过程中要小心, 不要移动持有神经的针头。</li>
	<li>适当地标记每个标本。</li>
	<li>在-17 摄氏度和-20 摄氏度之间将标本引入冷冻室。</li>
	<li>在执行协议的下一步之前, 请等待至少6小时 (或一夜) 的样本冻结。</li>
</ol>4. 锯切
<ol><li>检查锯切设备。使用带有水冷系统的金刚石锯。</li>
	<li>准备工作领域的标本将纵后的部分。</li>
	<li>打开水流, 开始锯旋转。调整锯的切割速度和冷却的水流。</li>
	<li>一旦冻结, 把标本放在锯板上。调整1厘米后的 metatarso 指骨关节的切割线, 因为这是有关手术切口放置的点。在标本从冰箱中取出后立即执行该部分, 以避免解冻。</li>
	<li>将水流降到最低, 以保护试样不因锯的摩擦而燃烧, 同时避免用水解冻试样, 以及随后的解剖结构改变。</li>
	<li>第一节结束后, 丢弃标本的前块 (含脚趾)。</li>
	<li>执行第二部分。做一个平行的切口, 1 厘米后的第一个, 以获得一个1厘米厚的块。这是标准厚度, 因为较薄的部分可能会导致结构从原始路径移动。</li>
	<li>放弃其余的标本或保存进一步的研究。这些标本可以通过浸泡在固定液中解冻或修复。</li>
</ol>5. 测量
<ol><li>将切片块平放在工作台上, 并将量角器平放在切割试样的表面上。</li>
	<li>使用标准量角器与中心位于第一跖骨骨干中心。在伸趾肌腱的内侧边界的轴之一, 背。</li>
	<li>使用量角器的第二轴测量第一趾的背内侧和侧神经的位置。</li>
	<li>将测量结果推断为时钟模型, 球体是第一跖骨骨干的轮廓。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Perera, A. M., Mason, L., Stephens, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathogenesis+of+hallux+valgus.">The pathogenesis of hallux valgus.</a> J Bone Joint Surg. 93 (17), 1650-1661 (2011).</li><li>Lucas, Y., Hernandez, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+moderate+hallux+valgus+by+percutaneous,+extra-articular+reverse-L+Chevron+(PERC)+osteotomy.">Treatment of moderate hallux valgus by percutaneous, extra-articular reverse-L Chevron (PERC) osteotomy.</a> Bone Joint J. 98B (3), 365-373 (2016).</li><li>Malagelada, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increasing+the+safety+of+minimally+invasive+hallux+surgery-An+anatomical+study+introducing+the+clock+method.">Increasing the safety of minimally invasive hallux surgery-An anatomical study introducing the clock method.</a> Foot Ankle Surg. , 10-14 (2016).</li><li>Golan&#243;, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomy+of+the+ankle+ligaments:+A+pictorial+essay.">Anatomy of the ankle ligaments: A pictorial essay.</a> Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 18 (5), 557-569 (2010).</li><li>Dalmau-Pastor, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extensor+apparatus+of+the+lesser+toes:+anatomy+with+clinical+implications--topical+review.">Extensor apparatus of the lesser toes: anatomy with clinical implications--topical review.</a> Foot Ankle Int. 35 (10), 957-969 (2014).</li><li>Dalmau-Pastor, M., Yasui, Y., Calder, J. D., Karlsson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomy+of+the+inferior+extensor+retinaculum+and+its+role+in+lateral+ankle+ligament+reconstruction+a+pictorial+essay.">Anatomy of the inferior extensor retinaculum and its role in lateral ankle ligament reconstruction a pictorial essay.</a> Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 24 (4), 957-962 (2016).</li><li>Vesalius, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> De humanis corporis fabrica libris septem. , (1543).</li><li>Dalmau-Pastor, M., Vega, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Letter+Regarding+Cadaveric+Analysis+of+the+Distal+Tibiofibular+Syndesmosis.">Letter Regarding Cadaveric Analysis of the Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmosis.</a> Foot Ankle Int. 38 (3), 343-345 (2017).</li><li>Caraballo, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+Structures+of+the+Lateral+Wall+of+the+Maxillary+Sinus:+A+Vascular+Labeling+Technique.">Vascular Structures of the Lateral Wall of the Maxillary Sinus: A Vascular Labeling Technique.</a> Implant Dent. 26 (1), 153-157 (2017).</li><li>Golan&#243;, P., Vega, J., P&#233;rez-Carro, L., G&#246;tzens, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ankle+Anatomy+for+the+Arthroscopist.+Part+I:+The+Portals.">Ankle Anatomy for the Arthroscopist. Part I: The Portals.</a> Foot Ankle Clin. 11 (2), 253-273 (2006).</li><li>Golan&#243;, P., Vega, J., P&#233;rez-Carro, L., G&#246;tzens, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ankle+Anatomy+for+the+Arthroscopist.+Part+II:+Role+of+the+Ankle+Ligaments+in+Soft+Tissue+Impingement.">Ankle Anatomy for the Arthroscopist. Part II: Role of the Ankle Ligaments in Soft Tissue Impingement.</a> Foot Ankle Clin. 11 (2), 275-296 (2006).</li></ol>

作者没有与这项研究相关或影响的金融利益的竞争。

本研究所用方法的基础是断层解剖和解剖平面解剖的结合, 因为它在历史上已经被实践了7。这不仅要求解剖学知识, 而且需要具体的训练, 什么是时间苛刻的技术, 极大地依赖于刀的技能。因此, 解剖学教科书或科学论文中提供的一些解剖学图像, 特别是在骨科手术领域, 缺乏准确性, 对外科医生执行尖端技术没有足够的指导意义, 比如微创程序。因此, 文献中建议, 应在专家、外科医生和解剖学家8之间进行密切合作, 进行解剖学研究.
新鲜冷冻标本的使用对于获得可靠的解剖结果是必不可少的, 尤其是当研究表面结构为神经时。使用固定标本经常产生变化的数量和位置的解剖结构。同样, 在解剖时, 神经和血管结构在处理过程中容易发生移位。因此, 我们在技术上包括三关键步骤, 以确保神经不会移位: 在研究中进行的解剖不影响皮下组织, 神经是固定的关节内针在第一跖趾关节接头, 试样在锯切前被冻结。
样品的解冻可能导致相关解剖结构的移位, 因此需要仔细准备和冷冻样品。以前的切削材料的制备和安装对实现可靠的措施是很重要的。
当被研究的神经不在关节附近时, 这项技术的可能的局限性之一就会出现, 这将排除用针头固定神经。使用血管标记技术可以克服这一问题, 因为血管结构在大多数情况下与神经9平行。
目前, 越来越多的外科手术是通过微创方法进行的, 其中神经结构不是直接可视化的2,3。在这些情况下, 三维方向是最重要的外科医生。解剖学参考与时钟方法为外科医生提供一个容易和可再生的系统定位的神经位置与手术切口的拇外翻微创程序。
这种技术, 结合平面解剖和断层解剖在新鲜冷冻标本已成功地用于提供解剖学指导, 为最新的微创外科手术程序3,4, 10,11。

拇外翻是一种常见的病理影响第一趾, 其中近方阵是横向偏离, 而第一跖骨是偏离内侧1。经皮穿刺或微创手术 (MIS) 技术的拇外翻是这一学科的第一个描述, 许多研究报告他们的好处, 但也有其风险2。拇外翻错误矫正涉及截骨术通过小切口使用特定的手术器械进行。鉴于未进行开放性解剖, 神经血管结构损伤的风险高于开放手术时的识别。此外, 与任何外科手术一样, 病人和外科医生在手术台周围的定位远不像经典解剖书籍或论文中描述的解剖位置。
拇外翻手术危险的神经结构是大脚趾的背内侧神经, 腓浅神经的分支, 大脚趾的侧神经, 腓深神经的分支。本研究的目的是描述这些神经的位置, 对于拇趾手术切口使用, 并说明了一种新的方法, 容易重现的手术条件。此外, 还介绍了使用经皮器械的安全门户。
在任何外科领域, 特别是在微创过程中, 全面的解剖学知识是必不可少的。新的外科和影像学技术的发展需要对解剖地标的二维和三维定位有新的认识。以前报告的解剖解剖技术是由我们的团队开发的, 以克服传统解剖技术的局限性3,4,5,6和这里被应用于重现与治疗拇外翻 (高压) 和层 (HR) 病理的 MIS 程序相对应的皮肤切口和仪表入口入口。因此, 该方法适用于从传统的开放式手术到 MIS3,4,5,6的外科技术。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="955">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:240px;">Adson Non-Toothed dissection forceps</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Bontempi</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">BD-31</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:240px;">Adson Toothed dissection forceps</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Bontempi</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">BD-30</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:240px;">Surgical scalpel handle n&#186; 4</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Swann-Morton</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">4</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:240px;">Surgical scalpel blades n&#186; 24</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Swann-Morton</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">24</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Ad libitum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:240px;">Iris scissors- curved</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Bontempi</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">FG-2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:240px;">Periostotome P-24</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Bontempi</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">718-24G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:240px;">Intramuscular 23G sterile needles</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Totclinic</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">23</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Ad libitum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:240px;">Goniometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:240px;">Latex gloves</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Ad libitum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:240px;">Gauze pads</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Ad libitum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:240px;">Non-Sterile surgical drape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:240px;">Saw</td>
			<td>EXAKT Advanced Technologies GmbH</td>
			<td>EXAKT 312 Pathology Saw</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an anatomical study of nerves at risk during minimally invasive hallux valgus surgery

微创外科 (MIS) 程序的日益普及, 使得有必要新的解剖学参考, 以帮助在立体定位和定位的结构, 不直接可见的外科医生。这对于像神经或血管这样危险的结构尤为重要。最优化的尸体处理材料和多种技术的结合, 以弥补有限的可用性标本。该协议结合解剖平面解剖和新鲜冷冻标本的断层解剖, 帮助本地化相关结构, 如神经, 动脉, 静脉和正确定位的门户在 MIS 程序。解剖教科书中对这些结构的描述与手术领域所遇到的不同;由于这个原因, 需要新的解剖学研究与外科的方向。然而, 这是一个复杂的, 耗时的技术, 需要具体的培训。用所谓的 "时钟方法" 描述的解剖学参考资料为外科医生提供了一个简单而又可重复的系统, 用于在拇外翻 MIS 程序中找到危险神经的路径。该模型可推断为许多其他微创手术程序。

使用时钟方法, 背内侧和侧神经一直被发现在10和2点之间 (图1)。背内侧神经被发现在平均26.2°内侧在弹流润滑的内侧边界, 对应于一个区域在12和2点之间在右脚, 并且在10和12点之间在左脚。侧神经是32.3°侧向内侧边界的弹润滑平均, 这相当于一个区域之间的12和2点左脚, 并在10和12点之间的右脚。
图 2显示了背内侧和侧神经的典型分布, 这是由解剖面的平面解剖所揭示的。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56232/56232fig1.jpg"> 图 1: 右脚的正面横断面显示背内侧神经 (1) 和侧神经 (2) 的位置。一个时钟球体被叠加到第一个跖骨头上。双头箭头显示了在这项研究中发现神经的区域。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56232/56232fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56232/56232fig2.jpg"> 图 2: 解剖平面-每平面解剖 (足背观) 显示背内侧和侧神经的典型分布, 如本研究中所发现的。1. 背内侧神经的第一个脚趾。2. 侧神经的第一个脚趾。3. 第二趾的背内侧神经。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56232/56232fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Anatomical Study of Nerves at Risk During Minimally Invasive Hallux Valgus Surgery at JoVE.com

An Anatomical Study of Nerves at Risk During Minimally Invasive Hallux Valgus Surgery

微创拇外翻手术中神经风险的解剖学研究

微创外科 (MIS) 程序依赖于解剖学上的参考, 以定位结构不直接可见的外科医生。本手稿描述了一种联合的方法, 平面解剖和切片解剖的新鲜冰冻标本, 以确定风险结构在 MIS 程序。

The growing popularity of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures makes it necessary that new anatomical references arise, to aid in tridimensional ...

an-anatomical-study-nerves-at-risk-during-minimally-invasive-hallux

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.6K 次观看.  University of Barcelona. 微创外科 (MIS) 程序依赖于解剖学上的参考, 以定位结构不直接可见的外科医生。本手稿描述了一种联合的方法, 平面解剖和切片解剖的新鲜冰冻标本, 以确定风险结构在 MIS 程序。

视频: An Anatomical Study of Nerves at Risk During Minimally Invasive Hallux Valgus Surgery

Minimally Invasive Establishment of Murine Orthotopic Bladder Xenografts

Orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts are the gold standard to study molecular cellular manipulations and new therapeutic agents&#160;in vivo. Suitable cell lines are inoculated either by intravesical instillation (model of nonmuscle invasive growth) or intramural injection into the bladder wall (model of invasive growth). Both procedures are complex and highly time-consuming. Additionally, the superficial model has its shortcomings due to the lack of cell lines that are tumorigenic following instillation. Intramural injection, on the other hand, is marred by the invasiveness of the procedure and the associated morbidity for the host mouse.
With these shortcomings in mind, we modified previous methods to develop a minimally invasive approach for creating orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts. Using ultrasound guidance we have successfully performed percutaneous inoculation of the bladder cancer cell lines UM-UC1, UM-UC3 and UM-UC13 into 50 athymic nude. We have been able to demonstrate that this approach is time efficient, precise and safe. With this technique, initially a space is created under the bladder mucosa with PBS, and tumor cells are then injected into this space in a second step. Tumor growth is monitored at regular intervals with bioluminescence imaging and ultrasound. The average tumor volumes increased steadily in in all but one of our 50 mice over the study period.
In our institution, this novel approach, which allows bladder cancer xenograft inoculation in a minimally-invasive, rapid and highly precise way, has replaced the traditional model.

The established technique to inoculate primary invasive orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts requires laparotomy and mobilization of the bladder. This procedure inflicts significant morbidity on the mice, is technically challenging and time-consuming. We therefore developed a high-precision, percutaneous approach utilizing ultrasound guidance.

微创建立小鼠原位膀胱移植瘤的

Orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts are the gold standard to study molecular cellular manipulations and new therapeutic agents&#160;in vivo. Suitable ...

科研

医学

Encapsulation Thermogenic Preadipocytes for Transplantation into Adipose Tissue Depots

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular weight metabolites in tissues of the treated host to achieve long-term survival. The semipermeable membrane allows engrafted encapsulated cells to avoid rejection by the immune system. The encapsulation procedure was designed to enable a controlled release of bioactive compounds, such as insulin, other hormones, and cytokines. Here we describe a method for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production and energy dissipation (thermogenesis) in the intra-abdominal adipose tissue of obese mice. Encapsulation of thermogenic catabolic cells may be potentially applicable to the prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Another potential application of catabolic cells may include detoxification from alcohols or other toxic metabolites and environmental pollutants.

Here, we present a protocol for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production in intra-abdominal adipose tissue and increase energy dissipation in obese mice.

封装产热前脂肪细胞移植到脂肪组织仓库

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular ...

Minimally Invasive Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) is a more desirable method for the constriction of the transverse aorta in mice than standard open-chest transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Although transverse aortic constriction is a highly functional method for the induction of high pressure in the left ventricle, it is a more difficult and lengthy procedure due to its use of artificial ventilation with tracheal intubation. TAC is oftentimes also less survivable, as the newer method, MTAC, neither requires the cutting of the ribs and intercostal muscles nor tracheal intubation with a ventilation setup. In MTAC, as opposed to a thoracotomy to access to the chest cavity, the aortic arch is reached through a midline incision in the anterior neck. The thyroid is pulled back to reveal the sternal notch. The sternum is subsequently cut down to the second rib level, and the aortic arch is reached simply by separating the connective tissues and thymus. From there, a suture can be wrapped around the arch and tied with a spacer, and then the sternal cut and skin can be closed. MTAC is a much faster and less invasive way to induce left ventricular hypertension and enables the possibility for high-throughput studies. The success of the constriction can be verified using high-frequency trans-thoracic echocardiography, particularly color Doppler and pulsed-wave Doppler, to determine the flow velocities of the aortic arch and left and right carotid arteries, the dimension of the blood vessels, and the left ventricular function and morphology. A successful constriction will also trigger significant histopathological changes, such as cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy with interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. Here, the procedure of MTAC is described, demonstrating how the resulting flow changes in the carotid arteries can be examined with echocardiography, gross morphology, and histopathological changes in the heart.

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) conserves the essentials of regular transverse aortic constriction (TAC) while eliminating the use of a ventilator with tracheal intubation. It proves to be a highly desirable method for high-throughput studies on left ventricular overload, particularly in translational studies.

微创横向主动脉缩窄小鼠

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) is a more desirable method for the constriction of the transverse aorta in mice than standard ...

A Minimally Invasive Model to Analyze Endochondral Fracture Healing in Mice Under Standardized Biomechanical Conditions

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an increased use of mouse models in orthopedic research was noted, most probably because mouse models offer a large number of genetically-modified strains and special antibodies for the analysis of molecular mechanisms of fracture healing. To control the biomechanical conditions, well-characterized osteosynthesis techniques are mandatory, also in mice. Here, we report on the design and use of a closed bone healing model to stabilize femur fractures in mice. The intramedullary screw, made of medical-grade stainless steel, provides through fracture compression an axial and rotational stability compared to the mostly used simple intramedullary pins, which show a complete lack of axial and rotational stability. The stability achieved by the intramedullary screw allows the analysis of endochondral healing. A large amount of callus tissue, received after stabilization with the screw, offers ideal conditions to harvest tissue for biochemical and molecular analyses. A further advantage of the use of the screw is the fact that the screw can be inserted into the femur with a minimally invasive technique without inducing damage to the soft tissue. In conclusion, the screw is a unique implant that can ideally be used in closed fracture healing models offering standardized biomechanical conditions.

This protocol describes a minimally invasive osteosynthesis technique using an intramedullary screw for standardized stabilization of femur fractures, which can be used to analyze endochondral bone healing in mice.

标准化生物力学条件下小鼠软骨骨折愈合的微创模型分析

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an ...

Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation

Endoscopic septoplasty is a surgical procedure in otolaryngology that is commonly performed to treat nasal airway obstruction caused by nasal septal deviation. It has a long history with multiple variations. In this article, a modified endoscopic septoplasty procedure using the limited two-line resection (2LoRs) technique at the posterior and inferior junction of the cartilaginous and bony septum is presented based on embryologic and anatomic knowledge of the nasal septum and the biomechanics of cartilaginous behavior. With this procedure, the quadrangular cartilage can be preserved as much as possible, which is helpful in retaining the supporting framework and rigidness of the septum. 2LoRs has been proven effective and sound for the correction of nasal septal deviation with rare complications. This modified procedure can be applied to correct the deviated nasal septum in the absence of any external nasal deformity to improve nasal patency or to improve access to the middle meatus or to the axillary region of the middle turbinate. It may also be used to expand the indications of septoplasty to children and adolescents because of its minimally invasive approach.

Endoscopic septoplasty is a time-honored surgical procedure with multiple variations. This paper focuses on a step-by-step surgical approach to perform a modified septoplasty procedure known as limited two-line resection. This surgical technique can be applied to correct a deviated nasal septum in the absence of an external nasal deformity.

内镜下鼻中隔成形术有限双线切除: 间隔偏差微创手术

Endoscopic septoplasty is a surgical procedure in otolaryngology that is commonly performed to treat nasal airway obstruction caused by nasal septal ...

Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is commonly used for the treatment of spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease, and spondylolisthesis. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) approaches have been applied to this technique with an associated decrease in estimated blood loss (EBL), length of hospital stay, and infection rates, while preserving outcomes with traditional open surgery. Previous MIS TLIF techniques involve significant fluoroscopy that subjects the patient, surgeon, and operating room staff to non-trivial levels of radiation exposure, particularly for complex multi-level procedures. We present a technique that utilizes an intraoperative computed tomography (CT) scan to aid in placement of pedicle screws, followed by traditional fluoroscopy for confirmation of cage placement. Patients are positioned in the standard fashion and a reference arc is placed in the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) followed by intraoperative CT scan. This allows for image-guidance-based placement of pedicle screws through a one-inch skin incision on each side. Unlike traditional MIS-TLIF that requires significant fluoroscopic imaging during this stage, the operation can now be performed without any additional radiation exposure to the patient or operating room staff. After completion of the facetectomy and discectomy, final TLIF cage placement is confirmed with fluoroscopy. This technique has the potential to decrease operative time and minimize total radiation exposure.

The purpose of this article is to provide image-guidance for minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion.

锥形束术中计算机断层扫描图像指南,用于微创跨体间融合

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is commonly used for the treatment of spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease, and spondylolisthesis. ...

Electromagnetic Navigation Transthoracic Nodule Localization for Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery

The increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) has led to an increased detection of pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation and/or excision. Many of these nodules are identified and excised via minimally invasive thoracic surgery; however, subcentimeter and subsolid nodules are frequently difficult to identify intra-operatively. This can be mitigated by the use of electromagnetic transthoracic needle localization. This protocol delineates the step-by-step process of electromagnetic localization from the pre-operative period to the postoperative period and is an adaptation of the electromagnetically guided percutaneous biopsy previously described by Arias et al. Pre-operative steps include obtaining a same day CT followed by the generation of a three-dimensional virtual map of the lung. From this map, the target lesion(s) and an entry site are chosen. In the operating room, the virtual reconstruction of the lung is then calibrated with the patient and the electromagnetic navigation platform. The patient is then sedated, intubated, and placed in the lateral decubitus position. Using a sterile technique and visualization from multiple views, the needle is inserted into the chest wall at the prechosen skin entry site and driven down to the target lesion. Dye is then injected into the lesion and, then, continuously during needle withdrawal, creating a tract for visualization intra-operatively. This method has many potential benefits when compared to the CT-guided localization, including a decreased radiation exposure and decreased time between the dye injection and the surgery. Dye diffusion from the pathway occurs over time, thereby limiting intra-operative nodule identification. By decreasing the time to surgery, there is a decrease in wait time for the patient, and less time for dye diffusion to occur, resulting in an improvement in nodule localization. When compared to electromagnetic bronchoscopy, airway architecture is no longer a limitation as the target nodule is accessed via a transparenchymal approach. Details of this procedure are described in a step-by-step fashion.

Presented here is a protocol for lung nodule localization using dye marking via electromagnetically navigated transthoracic needle access. The technique described here can be accomplished in the peri-operative period to optimize nodule localization and to successful resection when performing minimally invasive thoracic surgery.

电磁导航经胸结节定位用于微创胸外科手术

The increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) has led to an increased detection of pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation and/or ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

重建显微外科缺血再灌注损伤研究的临床前大鼠模型

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Evaluation of Capnography Sampling Line Compatibility and Accuracy when Used with a Portable Capnography Monitor

Capnography is commonly used to monitor patient&#8217;s ventilatory status. While sidestream capnography has been shown to provide a reliable assessment of end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), its accuracy is commonly validated using commercial kits composed of a capnography monitor and its matching disposable nasal cannula sampling lines. The purpose of this study was to assess the compatibility and accuracy of cross-paired capnography sampling lines with a single portable bedside capnography monitor. A series of 4 bench tests were performed to evaluate the tensile strength, rise time, ETCO2 accuracy as a function of respiratory rate, and ETCO2 accuracy in the presence of supplemental O2. Each bench test was performed using specialized, validated equipment to allow for a full evaluation of sampling line performance. The 4 bench tests successfully differentiated between sampling lines from different commercial sources and suggested that due to increased rise time and decreased ETCO2 accuracy, not all nasal cannula sampling lines provide reliable clinical data when cross-paired with a commercial capnography monitor. Care should be taken to ensure that any cross-pairing of capnography monitors and disposable sampling lines is fully validated for use across respiratory rates and supplemental O2 flow rates commonly encountered in clinical settings.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of capnography sampling lines used in conjunction with a portable bedside capnography monitor. Sampling lines from 7 manufacturers were evaluated for tensile strength, rise time, and ETCO2 accuracy as a function of respiratory rate or supplemental oxygen flow rate.

与便携式刻度学监视器一起使用时，评估卡光采样线兼容性和准确性

Capnography is commonly used to monitor patient&#8217;s ventilatory status. While sidestream capnography has been shown to provide a reliable assessment ...

Surgical Techniques to Optimize Ovarian Reserve during Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Ovarian Endometrioma

Surgical management of ovarian endometrioma in patients desiring fertility is complicated by the need to balance maximal resection of disease with efforts to spare normal ovarian cortex. Optimization of tubal anatomy is another frequent consideration. Fertility-sparing laparoscopic techniques at the time of cystectomy for ovarian endometrioma seek to limit iatrogenic surgical damage to the ovarian cortex and strategically assess and respond to genital tract patency. Surgical candidates frequently desire relief from endometriosis-associated pain while also seeking to optimize spontaneous or assisted conception rates. Operative benefits include potential for surgical and histopathologic diagnosis of endometriosis, evaluation of genital tract patency, and treatment of visualized lesions. Resection of ovarian endometrioma nonetheless poses significant risks, including surgical injury, blood loss, post-surgical decline in ovarian reserve and post-operative inflammation with adhesion formation, both of which may impair folliculogenesis.
We present the case of a 32-year-old woman with known endometriosis and continued pain refractory to medical management who opted for surgical management of her disease tailored toward optimizing her chances at future conception. Using this case as an example, we describe techniques and considerations for diagnostic laparoscopy, adhesiolysis, ovarian cystectomy, chromopertubation, and salpingectomy with a focus on maintaining a fertility-preserving approach.

This protocol presents techniques to laparoscopically excise ovarian endometrioma, to perform adhesiolysis with sparing electrosurgical application, and to employ intraoperative chromopertubation to assess for genital tract patency. This systematic approach will facilitate optimal endometriosis management, guide concomitant adnexal surgeries, and enhance post-surgical fertility outcomes.

在卵巢子宫内膜异位症腹腔镜膀胱切除术期间优化卵巢储备的手术技术

Surgical management of ovarian endometrioma in patients desiring fertility is complicated by the need to balance maximal resection of disease with efforts ...