作者没有确认。

本议定书由首尔国立大学邦唐医院机构动物护理使用委员会批准。根据美国国家卫生研究院护理和使用实验动物的指南进行动物护理和实验。 手术准备<ol><li>在手术前，用无菌盐水冲洗导管以确保通畅。 </li><li>将加热毯放在手术台上，并用无菌悬垂盖住桌子。 </li><li>将雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠（270-330g）放入具有3.0％-4.0％异氟烷的丙烯酸盒中，在100％氧气中。 </li><li>向大鼠的眼睛涂抹润滑剂。 </li><li>将大鼠放在手术台上仰卧位，并使用面罩连续给药吸入异氟烷（1.0％-2.5体积％），维持麻醉。 </li><li>放置直肠探针以监测和维持体温在37.0-38.0°C之间。 </l我&gt; </ol>股动脉导管<ol><li>使用Betadine和70％乙醇轻轻擦洗右腹股沟区域。 </li><li>在右腹股沟区域使用剪刀做一个2厘米水平的皮肤切口。 </li><li>使用牵开器，暴露外科手术。 </li><li>从周围静脉和神经解剖股动脉。使用弯曲的镊子和钝的镊子分离1 cm的动脉部分。 </li><li>使用4.0黑色丝线缝合，在动脉的近端和远端放置松绑，以最大化暴露。 </li><li>使用微型剪刀在股动脉上进行切口。 </li><li>插入2-Fr。气囊导管使用微镊子进入股动脉。将导管固定在离近端结扎导管头1厘米处的血管上，然后将远端结扎扎扎。 </li></ol>颈动脉导管<ol><li>用betad擦洗右前颈ine和70％乙醇，然后做皮肤切口。 </li><li>使用牵开器，暴露外科手术。分离动脉的1厘米部分，并用动脉近端和远端的丝线缝合松紧，以使暴露最大化。 </li><li>使用24 G静脉导管穿刺颈动脉，并将导管的近端1 cm推向心脏。 </li><li>用近端结扎固定导管，然后绑扎远端结扎。 </li><li>使用三通旋塞阀，将导管的远端连接到盐水填充的微管和外部储存器。 </li></ol> 4.尾动脉导管<ol><li>使用betadine和70％乙醇洗涤尾巴的腹侧，并制成2厘米的皮肤切口。 </li><li>从周围的结构解剖尾动脉，并使用弯曲的镊子和钝的镊子隔离1cm的动脉部分。 </li><li>使用4.0黑色丝线缝合，放松绑在动脉的近端和远端，以最大化曝光。 </li><li>使用24 G静脉导管穿刺尾动脉，并将导管推入动脉。 </li><li>将导管固定到血管（距离导管头约1厘米）与近端结扎，并绑定远端结扎。 </li><li>将导管的远端连接到动脉压监测装置。 </li></ol> 5.脊髓缺血诱导<ol><li>导管完成后，推进2气球导管进入下行胸主动脉，使得导管的尖端到达左锁骨下动脉。 </li><li>插入距离插入位置10厘米的深度。 </li><li>以100单位/ mL的浓度将150单位肝素注入颈动脉导管。 </li><li>用0.05 mL盐水充气导管球囊。 </li><li>同时从c排出血液进入外部血液容器颈动脉调节近端动脉压至80 mmHg。 </li><li>将动脉压监测系统连接到三通止动阀的剩余腔，并通过监测动脉压来控制排尿量。 </li><li>通过急性下降和远端动脉压力的持续丧失来确认主动脉闭塞的成功。 </li><li>主动脉闭塞9,10或11分钟后，放血Fogarty导管球囊，并重新灌注排出的血液。 </li></ol> 6.手术后护理和神经病学评估<ol><li>在通过尾动脉监测动脉压时，从股骨和颈动脉中取出导管，用丝线缝合闭合伤口。 </li><li>确认动脉压恢复到正常范围后，从尾动脉取出导管并闭合伤口。 </li><li>从麻醉恢复后，将大鼠回笼。 </li><li>评估你好在手术后24 h使用运动障碍指数（ 表1 ）检查肢体运动功能。运动赤字指数定义为步行分数与放置/步进反射分数之和。运动赤字指数为6表示最大赤字。 </li></ol> 7.组织病理学评估<ol><li>神经学评估后，用面罩递送的异氟烷麻醉大鼠，在麻醉下用100mL肝素化盐水经血流灌注处死，抽取脊髓。 8 </li><li>将来自腰椎3-5级的绳索部分嵌入石蜡中。 </li><li>用苏木精和伊红（H＆E）染色横断面。 </li><li>在显微镜下观察运动神经元损伤。 9 </li></ol> 8.统计分析<ol><li>使用统计软件包进行社会科学版20的统计分析使用Kruskal-Wallis检验比较三组的icit指数，其次是Mann-Whitney U检验。 P值&lt;0.05被认为具有统计学意义。 </li></ol>

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作者没有竞争的经济利益。这项工作得到韩国政府国家研究基金会拨款2012R1A1A3014010的支持。

在目前的研究中，我们展示了一种基于Taira和Marsala方法5的脊髓缺血大鼠模型，其根据主动脉闭塞时间在后肢中引起不同程度的运动障碍。 主动脉闭塞的长度可影响运动障碍的程度。如果主动脉闭塞时间较长，运动缺陷变得更加严重。因此，研究人员可以通过控制该模型中的主动脉闭塞时间来实现一定程度的运动障碍。 我们的模型涉及颈总动脉和股动脉的结扎，并且由这些动脉结扎引起的神经功能缺损的可能性是潜在的问题。然而，老鼠具有有效的抵押网络系统。因此，当颈动脉或股动脉结扎时，可以通过广泛的抵押网络提供足够的血流量。单侧胡萝卜<html>据报道，d动脉闭塞仅对脑血流量产生微小的影响。 10,11尽管单方面颈动脉闭塞可生产大鼠中风，这仅在有严重全身缺氧组合时发生。 12在我们的实验中，没有全身缺氧发生，并且没有大鼠带有暗示性脑梗塞的神经功能缺损。此外，当大鼠的股动脉结扎时，侧支循环向后肢肌肉提供足够的血液流动。 13这侧支循环提供了足够的血流量，当他们在休息后肢肌肉，但运动时没有提供足够的流量。 14 此外，脊髓缺血期间的近端动脉压力影响运动缺陷的发展。根据以前的研究，在大鼠脊髓缺血模型主动脉夹钳期间，侧支血液供应在近端动脉压为40 mmHg时几乎消失，因此随后的研究在大鼠脊髓模型中将脊髓缺血期间的近端动脉压维持在40 mmHg脊髓缺血。9，15，16然而，在该协议中，我们维持在主动脉阻断时80毫米汞柱近端动脉压，因为它建议保持在80毫米汞柱或更大的平均动脉压为脊髓期间保持足够的脊髓灌注临床实践中的缺血17虽然在什么构成人与啮齿动物之间足够的近端动脉压力方面可能存在差异。 大鼠和人类的脊髓脉管系统和侧支系统相似， 6 ， </sup&gt; 7 ，这使得大鼠成为实验性脊髓缺血模型的适当选择。然而，根据脊髓缺血发生的种类，结果可能不同，不应该被打折。 总之，研究人员可以很容易地采用这种大鼠脊髓缺血模型，达到高度可重复的发现。此外，它们可以改变主动脉闭塞时间，以改变产生的运动障碍的程度。因此，该模型可以促进进一步研究检查胸腹主动脉瘤后神经系统并发症的潜在病理生理学，并允许开发针对这些并发症的神经保护策略。

截瘫是胸腹主动脉瘤手术的致命并发症。这是由于在主动脉夹紧和松开过程中发生的脊髓缺血 - 再灌注损伤。 1个几种策略包括全身体温过低和脑脊液引流已被引入到保护脊髓，2，3，4，但许多患者仍然受到伤病影响。 引入了几种动物脊髓缺血模型来研究其发病机制，制定了对损伤的保护策略。在本研究中，我们概述了基于Taira和Marsala方法的脊髓缺血大鼠模型。 5大鼠的脊髓循环系统与人类脊髓血管和侧支系统非常相似，尽管大小和位置。 6,7因此，大鼠是解剖学上合适的动物，以利用用于实验模型调查发病，并发症和治疗脊髓缺血的。此外，这种脊髓缺血模型通过利用胸主动脉的血管内气囊闭塞以最小的干预产生可靠的主动脉闭塞。 在这项研究中，我们证明，这种脊髓缺血大鼠模型诱导后肢的可重复的运动缺陷，其严重程度随主动脉闭塞时间而变化。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1009">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Fogarty Arterial Embolectomy catheter</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Edward Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">120602F</td>
			<td style="width:413px;">a balloon-tipped catheter inserted into the femoral artery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:269px;">BD Insyte-N Autoguard Shielded IV catheter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">381411</td>
			<td>24-gauge intravenous catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">KOREA VACCINE&#160;</td>
			<td>KOVAX-SYRINGE 50mL</td>
			<td>Facial mask</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">KOREA VACCINE</td>
			<td>KOVAX-SYRINGE 1ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Recal probe</td>
			<td>HARVARD APPARATUS</td>
			<td>50-7221F</td>
			<td>Rectal probe for temperature monitoring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro dissecting spring scissor</td>
			<td>Jeung do bio &#38; Plant co.LTD.</td>
			<td>JD-S-10</td>
			<td>Micro-scissor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SCISSOR (SHARP-SHARP)</td>
			<td>Jeung do bio &#38; Plant co.LTD.</td>
			<td>S-51-12-S</td>
			<td>Scissors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Retractor</td>
			<td>Jeung do bio &#38; Plant co.LTD.</td>
			<td>JD-S-74A</td>
			<td>Retractor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro forcep&#160;</td>
			<td>Jeung do bio &#38; Plant co.LTD.</td>
			<td>JD-S-29</td>
			<td>Micro-forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">MOSQUITO FORCEP (Curved)</td>
			<td>Jeung do bio &#38; Plant co.LTD.</td>
			<td>S-44-CPK</td>
			<td>Curved forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DRESSING FORCEP&#160;</td>
			<td>Jeung do bio &#38; Plant co.LTD.</td>
			<td>S-37-16S</td>
			<td>Blunted forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4/0 black silk&#160;</td>
			<td>Woori Medical</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">S431</td>
			<td>4.0 black silk suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3-WAY STOCK</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Seonwon Medcal</td>
			<td>D-98-01</td>
			<td>3-way stopcock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Patient monitor</td>
			<td>PHILIPS</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">MP20</td>
			<td>The arterial pressure monitoring device.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heating blanket</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Self production</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td>Heating blanket</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microtube and external reservoir</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Self production</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td>Microtube and external reservoir</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">JW Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td>Heparin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.9% NS 1000ml</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">JW Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td>Normal saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Hana Med</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

reproducible motor deficit following aortic occlusion in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia

<html>脊髓缺血是胸腹主动脉瘤手术后的致命并发症。研究人员可以使用脊髓缺血实验模型调查预防和治疗这种并发症的策略。这里描述的模型表明与大鼠脊髓缺血模型中胸主动脉闭塞后的闭塞长度有关的不同程度的截瘫。 2-Fr。气球导管通过股动脉进入下行胸主动脉，直到导管尖端置于麻醉的雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠的左锁骨下动脉中。通过使导管气囊膨胀来诱导脊髓缺血。经过一段闭塞时间（9,10或11分钟）后，气囊放气。术后24 h采用运动缺陷指数进行神经病理学评估，收集脊髓进行组织病理学检查。 主动脉闭塞9分钟的大鼠在后肢显示出轻度且可逆的运动障碍，经受10分钟主动脉闭塞的大鼠出现中度但可逆运动障碍，经受主动脉闭塞11分钟的大鼠显示完全和持续瘫痪，大鼠主动脉闭塞持续时间较长的大鼠脊髓部分运动神经元更保守。 使用这种脊髓缺血模型，研究人员可以在胸主动脉闭塞后达到可重现的后肢运动障碍。

在脊髓缺血期间，主动脉闭塞9分钟（n = 3），10分钟（n = 3）或11分钟（n = 3）。大鼠的运动缺陷指数见表2.主动脉闭塞9分钟的大鼠在后肢显示轻度和可逆的运动障碍。大鼠经历10分钟的主动脉闭塞呈现中度运动缺陷，但不完全麻痹。经历11分钟闭塞时间的大鼠显示完全和持续性麻痹。 用H＆E染色的脊髓切片的代表性照片如图1所示。在经历较短持续时间的主动脉闭塞的大鼠中，脊髓切片中的运动神经元更保守。 <img alt="图1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55814/55814fig1.jpg" /> 图1 。组织学检查脊髓切片的入院 运动神经元在经历较短持续时间的主动脉闭塞（原始放大倍率，200倍）的大鼠中更保存。所有图像中的比例尺=50μm。 <a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55814/55814fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>行走（下肢行走） </td><td>放置/步进反射</td></tr><tr><td> 0:正常（对称协调行走） </td><td> 0:正常</td></tr><tr><td> 1:行走时脚趾平坦，但共济失调存在</td><td> 1:弱</td></tr><tr><td> 2:指关节步行</td><td> 2:没有步</td></tr><tr><td> 3:运动在下肢，但无法指关节行走</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 4:没有动作，拖下肢</tD&gt; <td></td></tr></tbody></table> 表1.评估行走和放置/步进反射。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>主动脉闭塞时间</td><td>手术后24小时</td></tr><tr><td> 9分钟（n = 3） </td><td> 2（2 - 3） </td></tr><tr><td> 10分钟（n = 3） </td><td> 4（4 - 4） </td></tr><tr><td> 11分钟（n = 3） </td><td> 5（5 - 6） </td></tr></tbody></table> 表2.运动缺陷指数。值以中位数（四分位数范围）表示。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia at JoVE.com

Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

本研究显示了在大鼠中进行脊髓缺血的微创和易复制模型的技术。通过控制主动脉闭塞时间可以产生不同程度的后肢运动障碍。

主动脉阻塞后脊髓缺血大鼠模型中的可再生电机缺陷

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing ...

reproducible-motor-deficit-following-aortic-occlusion-rat-model

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.1K 次观看.  SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul. 本研究显示了在大鼠中进行脊髓缺血的微创和易复制模型的技术。通过控制主动脉闭塞时间可以产生不同程度的后肢运动障碍。 

视频: Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory testing in rat SCI models is needed. However, until recently, no single testing approach had been validated for SCI so that standardized methods have not been implemented across labs. Additionally, available testing methods could not be implemented acutely or when severe motor impairments existed, preventing studies of the development of SCI-induced allodynia3. Here we present two validated sensory testing methods using von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments which quantify changes in tactile sensory thresholds after SCI4-5. One test is the well-established Up-Down test which demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity across different SCI severities when tested chronically5. The other test is a newly-developed dorsal VFH test that can be applied acutely after SCI when allodynia develops, prior to motor recovery4-5. Each VFH monofilament applies a calibrated force when touched to the skin of the hind paw until it bends. In the up-down method, alternating VFHs of higher or lower forces are used on the plantar L5 dermatome to delineate flexor withdrawal thresholds. Successively higher forces are applied until withdrawal occurs then lower force VFHs are used until withdrawal ceases. The tactile threshold reflects the force required to elicit withdrawal in 50% of the stimuli. For the new test, each VFH is applied to the dorsal L5 dermatome of the paw while the rat is supported by the examiner. The VFH stimulation occurs in ascending order of force until at least 2 of 3 applications at a given force produces paw withdrawal. Tactile sensory threshold is the lowest force to elicit withdrawal 66% of the time. Acclimation, testing and scoring procedures are described. Aberrant trials that require a retest and typical trials are defined. Animal use was approved by Ohio State University Animal Care and Use Committee.

We describe two tactile sensory testing methods for acute or chronic periods of spinal cord injury in rats. These validated procedures can detect the development and maintenance of allodynia-like sensations.

在大鼠脊髓损伤后的急性和慢性触觉测试

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory ...

科研

医学

A Contusion Model of Severe Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

The translational potential of novel treatments should be investigated in severe spinal cord injury (SCI) contusion models. A detailed methodology is described to obtain a consistent model of severe SCI. Use of a stereotactic frame and computer controlled impactor allows for creation of reproducible injury. Hypothermia and urinary tract infection pose significant challenges in the post-operative period. Careful monitoring of animals with daily weight recording and bladder expression allows for early detection of post-operative complications. The functional results of this contusion model are equivalent to transection models. The contusion model can be utilized to evaluate the efficacy of both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches.

A contusion model of severe spinal cord injury is described. Detailed pre-operative, operative and post-operative steps are described to obtain a consistent model.

挫伤模型脊髓严重损伤的保护作用

The translational potential of novel treatments should be investigated in severe spinal cord injury (SCI) contusion models. A detailed methodology is ...

2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation often results in dramatic brain damage caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain. Global brain ischemia produces damage to specific brain regions shown to be highly sensitive to ischemia 1. Hippocampal neurons have higher sensitivity to ischemic insults compared to other cell populations, and specifically, the CA1 region of the hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to ischemia/reperfusion 2.
The design of therapeutic interventions, or study of mechanisms involved in cerebral damage, requires a model that produces damage similar to the clinical condition and in a reproducible manner. Bilateral carotid vessel occlusion with hypotension (2VOH) is a model that produces reversible forebrain ischemia, emulating the cerebral events that can occur during cardiac arrest and resuscitation. We describe a model modified from Smith et al. (1984) 2, as first presented in its current form in Sanderson, et al. (2008) 3, which produces reproducible injury to selectively vulnerable brain regions 3-6. The reliability of this model is dictated by precise control of systemic blood pressure during applied hypotension, the duration of ischemia, close temperature control, a specific anesthesia regimen, and diligent post-operative care. An 8-minute ischemic insult produces cell death of CA1 hippocampal neurons that progresses over the course of 6 to 24 hr of reperfusion, while less vulnerable brain regions are spared. This progressive cell death is easily quantified after 7-14 days of reperfusion, as a near complete loss of CA1 neurons is evident at this time.
In addition to this brain injury model, we present a method for CA1 damage quantification using a simple, yet thorough, methodology. Importantly, quantification can be accomplished using a simple camera-mounted microscope, and a free ImageJ (NIH) software plugin, obviating the need for cost-prohibitive stereology software programs and a motorized microscopic stage for damage assessment.

Bilateral carotid occlusion coupled with systemic hypotension produces global brain ischemia in the rat, resulting in damage to the hippocampus with reproducible severity. Animal subjects are impaired with predictable patterns of brain damage, they recover expediently, and mortality rates are comparatively low.

2血管闭塞/低血压:全脑缺血模型大鼠

Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation often results in dramatic brain damage caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain. Global brain ...

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

During breathing, activation of respiratory muscles is coordinated by integrated input from the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. When this coordination is disrupted by spinal cord injury (SCI), control of respiratory muscles innervated below the injury level is compromised1,2 leading to respiratory muscle dysfunction and pulmonary complications. These conditions are among the leading causes of death in patients with SCI3. Standard pulmonary function tests that assess respiratory motor function include spirometrical and maximum airway pressure outcomes: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (PImax) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure (PEmax)4,5. These values provide indirect measurements of respiratory muscle performance6. In clinical practice and research, a surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded from respiratory muscles can be used to assess respiratory motor function and help to diagnose neuromuscular pathology. However, variability in the sEMG amplitude inhibits efforts to develop objective and direct measures of respiratory motor function6. Based on a multi-muscle sEMG approach to characterize motor control of limb muscles7, known as the voluntary response index (VRI)8, we developed an analytical tool to characterize respiratory motor control directly from sEMG data recorded from multiple respiratory muscles during the voluntary respiratory tasks. We have termed this the Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA)9. This vector analysis method quantifies the amount and distribution of activity across muscles and presents it in the form of an index that relates the degree to which sEMG output within a test-subject resembles that from a group of healthy (non-injured) controls. The resulting index value has been shown to have high face validity, sensitivity and specificity9-11. We showed previously9 that the RMCA outcomes significantly correlate with levels of SCI and pulmonary function measures. We are presenting here the method to quantitatively compare post-spinal cord injury respiratory multi-muscle activation patterns to those of healthy individuals.

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment RMCA in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

The purpose of this publication is to present our original work on a multi-muscle surface electromyographic approach to quantitatively characterize respiratory muscle activation patterns in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury using vector-based analysis.

评价呼吸肌慢性脊髓损伤个人使用呼吸电机控制评估（RMCA）

During breathing, activation of respiratory muscles is coordinated by integrated input from the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. When this coordination ...

Reproducable Paraplegia by Thoracic Aortic Occlusion in a Murine Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia-reperfusion

Background 
Lower extremity paralysis continues to complicate aortic interventions. The lack of understanding of the underlying pathology has hindered advancements to decrease the occurrence this injury.&#160;The current model demonstrates reproducible lower&#160;extremity paralysis following thoracic aortic occlusion.
Methods 
Adult male C57BL6 mice were anesthetized with isoflurane. Through a cervicosternal incision the aorta was exposed. The descending thoracic aorta and left subclavian arteries were identified without entrance into pleural space. Skeletonization of these arteries was followed by immediate closure (Sham) or occlusion for 4 min (moderate ischemia) or 8 min (prolonged ischemia). The sternotomy and skin were closed and the mouse was transferred to warming bed for recovery.&#160; Following recovery, functional analysis was obtained at 12 hr intervals until 48 hr.
Results 
Mice that underwent sham surgery showed no observable hind&#160;limb deficit. Mice subjected to moderate ischemia for 4 min had minimal functional deficit at 12 hr followed by progression to complete paralysis at 48 hr. Mice subjected to prolonged ischemia had an immediate paralysis with no observable hind-limb movement at any point in the postoperative period. There was no observed intraoperative or post&#160;operative mortality.
Conclusion 
Reproducible lower extremity paralysis whether immediate or delayed can be achieved in a murine model. Additionally, by using a median sternotomy and careful dissection, high survival rates, and reproducibility can be achieved.

The lack of mechanistic understanding of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury has hindered further adjuncts to prevent paraplegia following high risk aortic operations. Thus, the development of animal models is imperative. This manuscript demonstrates reproducible lower extremity paralysis following thoracic aortic occlusion in a murine model.

可重放截瘫胸主动脉阻断脊髓缺血再灌注的小鼠模型

Background
Lower extremity paralysis continues to complicate aortic interventions. The lack of understanding of the underlying pathology has hindered ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

控制皮层影响模型创伤性脑损伤

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

A Radio-telemetric System to Monitor Cardiovascular Function in Rats with Spinal Cord Transection and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Grafts

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter connected to a radio transmitter into the femoral artery of rats that underwent a T4 spinal cord transection with or without grafting of embryonic brainstem-derived neural stem cells expressing green fluorescent protein. Compared to other methods such as cannula insertion or tail-cuff, telemetry is advantageous to continuously monitor blood pressure and heart rate in freely moving animals. It is also capable of long term multiple data acquisitions. In spinal cord injured rats, basal cardiovascular data under unrestrained condition and autonomic dysreflexia in response to colorectal distension were successfully recorded. In addition, cardiovascular parameters before and after SCI can be compared in the same rat if a transmitter is implanted before a spinal cord transection. One limitation of the described telemetry procedure is that implantation in the femoral artery may influence the blood supply to the ipsilateral hindlimb.

We present a protocol for using a radio-telemetric system to record cardiovascular parameters in T4 spinal cord transected rats eight weeks after embryonic brainstem neural stem cell grafting into the lesion site. Telemetry is an advanced technique to accurately evaluate cardiovascular function in conscious freely moving spinal cord injured rats.

无线电遥测系统，以监测大鼠脊髓横断和胚胎神经干细胞移植在心血管功能

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter ...

Photothrombosis-induced Focal Ischemia as a Model of Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition causing permanent changes in sensorimotor and autonomic functions of the spinal cord (SC) below the site of injury. The secondary ischemia that develops following the initial mechanical insult is a serious complication of the SCI and severely impairs the function and viability of surviving neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the SC. In addition, ischemia is also responsible for the growth of lesion during chronic phase of injury and interferes with the cellular repair and healing processes. Thus there is a need to develop a spinal cord ischemia model for studying the mechanisms of ischemia-induced pathology. Focal ischemia induced by photothrombosis (PT) is a minimally invasive and very well established procedure used to investigate the pathology of ischemia-induced cell death in the brain. Here, we describe the use of PT to induce an ischemic lesion in the spinal cord of mice. Following retro-orbital sinus injection of Rose Bengal, the posterior spinal vein and other capillaries on the dorsal surface of SC were irradiated with a green light resulting in the formation of a thrombus and thus ischemia in the affected region. Results from histology and immunochemistry studies show that PT-induced ischemia caused spinal cord infarction, loss of neurons and reactive gliosis. Using this technique a highly reproducible and relatively easy model of SCI in mice can be achieved that would serve the purpose of scientific investigations into the mechanisms of ischemia induced cell death as well as the efficacy of neuroprotective drugs. This model will also allow exploration of the pathological changes that occur following SCI in live mice like axonal degeneration and regeneration, neuronal and astrocytic Ca2+ signaling using two-photon microscopy.

Photothrombosis is a minimally invasive and highly reproducible procedure to induce focal ischemia in the spinal cord and serves as a model of spinal cord injury in mice.

Photothrombosis引起的局部脑缺血脊髓损伤的小鼠模型

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition causing permanent changes in sensorimotor and autonomic functions of the spinal cord (SC) ...

A Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord Compression Injury Model

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal cord. A major current area of research is focused on the mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous or induced functional recovery following SCI. Spontaneous functional recovery is reported to be greater early in life, raising interesting questions about how adaptive plasticity changes as the spinal cord develops. To facilitate investigation of this dynamic, we have developed a SCI model in the neonatal mouse. The model has relevance for pediatric SCI, which is too little studied. Because neural plasticity in the adult involves some of the same mechanisms as neural plasticity in early life1, this model may potentially have some relevance also for adult SCI. Here we describe the entire procedure for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression (SCC) injury in the neonatal mouse as early as postnatal (P) day 1. SCC is achieved by performing a laminectomy at a given spinal level (here described at thoracic levels 9-11) and then using a modified Yasargil aneurysm mini-clip to rapidly compress and decompress the spinal cord. As previously described, the injured neonatal mice can be tested for behavioral deficits or sacrificed for ex vivo physiological analysis of synaptic connectivity using electrophysiological and high-throughput optical recording techniques1. Earlier and ongoing studies using behavioral and physiological assessment have demonstrated a dramatic, acute impairment of hindlimb motility followed by a complete functional recovery within 2 weeks, and the first evidence of changes in functional circuitry at the level of identified descending synaptic connections1.

This article describes a method for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression injury (SCI) in the neonatal mouse. The model provides an advantageous platform for studying mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous functional recovery.

新生儿小鼠脊髓压迫损伤模型

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal ...

Reproducible Arterial Denudation Injury by Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Clamping in a Murine Model

Percutaneous vascular interventions uniformly result in arterial denudation injuries that subsequently lead to thrombosis and restenosis. These complications can be attributed to impairments in re-endothelialization within the wound margins. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization remain to be defined. While several animal models to study re-endothelialization after arterial denudation are available, few are performed in the mouse because of surgical limitations. This undermines the opportunity to exploit transgenic mouse lines and investigate the contribution of specific genes to the process of re-endothelialization. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol for creating a highly reproducible murine model of arterial denudation injury in the infrarenal abdominal aorta using external vascular clamping. Immunocytochemical staining of injured aortas for fibrinogen and &#946;-catenin demonstrate the exposure of a pro-thrombotic surface and the border of intact endothelium, respectively. The method presented here has the advantages of speed, excellent overall survival rate, and relative technical ease, creating a uniquely practical tool for imposing arterial denudation injury in transgenic mouse models. Using this method, investigators may elucidate the mechanisms of re-endothelialization under normal or pathological conditions.

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization following arterial denudation injury is of paramount importance in preventing thrombosis and restenosis of arteries. Here we describe a protocol for reproducible arterial denudation injury of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. The procedure was developed to investigate the underlying mechanisms that regulate endothelial regeneration using mouse models.