这项研究是由基督教多普勒研究基金会的支持。我们愿在奥地利维也纳医科大学从核心设施成像感谢萨宾·劳施在整个项目的支持。初级抗体通过菲诺，S.发展，从发展研究杂交瘤细胞银行获得，由美国国立卫生研究院的NICHD创建和维护在爱荷华，生物系，爱荷华市，IA大学。

包括动物个体所有程序均符合实验动物管理的原则进行所建议的FELASA 26。由维也纳医科大学与奥地利财政部研究和科学机构审查委员会之前的研究获得批准（BMWF:德国联邦附耳Wissenschaft与研究部，参考号码:BMWF-66.009 / 0222-WF / II / 3B / 2014）。 1.肌肉收获注:在之前发表的孟等人。 27，请中详细介绍肌肉标本的正确冻结。 <ol><li> 获得整个肌肉或足够的组织动物安乐死后，立即获取整个横截面。 <ol><li>从麻醉或安乐死的大鼠删除整个肌肉。删除所有的结缔组织，并与周围的镊子和剪刀的肌腱。为一个nesthesia或安乐死，遵循FELASA 28的国际准则。 </li></ol></li><li>使用校准的精度称重秤肌肉。这种快人一步使肌肉样品之间的比较分析，尤其是介入手术之后。 </li><li>放肌肉到容器中，完全用OCT化合物填充，根据肌肉的尺寸具有大约1mm的安全余量各方（ 例如 ，由铝箔制成）。 </li><li>冻结它在大约2分钟使用液氮预冷却的异戊烷。异戊烷必须开始在容器的底部，显示白色晶体。 注意:此步骤是用于保存肌肉的正确的体系结构至关重要，从而允许正确的染色和纤维分析27。 </li><li>商店样品保守OCT为在-80℃下至少24个小时。样品可以，但是，储存在-80℃数月甚至数年，如果CORRE<html> ctly冷却。 </li><li>切从肌肉的中部10μm的横截面在使用低温切片机-20℃。如果在10微米的切割是不可行的，增加的2微米的步骤厚度最多为20μm。足够尖锐切割刀片是用于此步骤是必不可少的。 </li><li>通过近似的幻灯片的横截面施加部分，以粘合剂的幻灯片。横截面会自动粘到胶粘剂幻灯片。染色前一夜保存在-20°C的幻灯片。 </li></ol> 2.染色注:可大量对肌球蛋白重链蛋白的抗体;然而，高质量的抗体可用于自动采集和分析至关重要。对于稀释和参照抗体， 见表1。 对于电子表格文件来计算正确的稀释和看需要解决量的数目，见source.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55441/Calculator_for_muscle_fiber_typing.xlsx&quot;&gt;Supplemental文件1。 <ol><li>解冻并空气干燥该冷冻的肌肉切片用于染色过程前10分钟。 </li><li>洗涤用磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）+ 0.05％的Triton X 10分钟，然后5分钟小心滑动。海卫已经显示出显著提高染色质量。有关进一步的细节讨论。 </li><li>让切片风干2分钟，使用疏水性笔（以最小化抗体的所需量），并允许额外的干燥15分钟概述在每个载玻片上单独的横截面。 </li><li>用PBS +阻止所有幻灯片0.05％的Triton X含有10％山羊血清在室温下1个小时（PBST）。 </li><li>所有稀释的初级抗体（ 表1）在PBS + 0.05％的Triton X含（PBST）10％山羊血清的鸡尾酒。应用前充分混合。曲拉通X是整个横截面的相等染色必不可少的。计算大约30微升每截面初级抗体混合物。 </li><li>对于步骤2.7-2.13确保光线足够的保护。暗淡的房间的灯和覆盖染色托盘提供足够的保护。此外，用流体填充染色托盘底部染色期间提供潮湿的环境和防止干燥。 </li><li>在室温下在潮湿染色托盘申请初级抗体（ 表1）的鸡尾酒到载玻片1个小时。 </li><li>用PBS + 0.05％的Triton X洗涤载玻片10分钟，然后用新的PBST 5分钟。 </li><li>稀释的二抗在PBS + 0.05％的Triton X（PBST）+ 10％山羊血清的鸡尾酒。计算每截面初级抗体混合物的30μL。 </li><li>应用二次抗体混合物于载玻片1个小时。 </li><li>用PBS洗涤载玻片+ 0.05％的Triton X（PBST）中10分钟，并用另外5分钟新PBST。 </li><li>施加DAPI核染色试剂盒（优选读取使用的解决方案）FOR 15 min或根据制造商的说明书进行染色细胞核。 </li><li>洗涤简要用PBS + 0.05滑动％的Triton X（PBST）中1分钟。随后，让幻灯片风干简单。 </li><li>应用荧光封固剂和盖玻片。储存于4℃下避光和24-48小时内最佳地执行成像。 </li></ol> 3.显微镜<ol><li>载片成幻灯片扫描仪。最多12个滑动取决于滑动扫描器是可行的。 </li><li>启动一个新项目。预览设置DAPI通道和2.5X透镜。对于详细的分析使用DAPI，GFP，FITC和Cy5通道和20X物镜。自动对焦是整个在DAPI通道项目的收购。 </li><li>使用每个通道下面的颜色:蓝DAPI，FITC:绿，德克萨斯红:红，cy5:黄色。 </li><li>创建使用DAPI通道每张幻灯片的预览。为了这个目的，适用于第一个标本手动对焦，并用它在整个预览分析获得每标本的预览图像。 </li><li>概述每个横截面应包括用于详细获取过程。不要画轮廓接近试样边缘，以保证所关注的整个区域的标题。 </li><li>设置曝光时间为每个通道。在大多数情况下，不同的信道的曝光参数是用于所有的横截面是相同的。 </li><li>运行自动图像采集。检查正确的收购为视图的第一个字段，以防止不正确采集的自动化过程的早期阶段。 </li><li>如果需要的话，使用桌面镜像软件建立远程控制。这允许图像采集过程的远程监视通过经由任何网络或因特网连接的载玻片扫描仪的计算机屏幕镜像到另一台计算机。虽然，不能修改对物理设置进行关于使用幻灯片，图像采集软件的虚拟环境允许监控<html>图像的正确对焦或曝光时间。此外，估计何时能完成，可以定期检查。 </li><li>图像采集完成后，通过如果纤维结构，单独的纤维和各种纤维类型是可区​​分的手动控制控制所有图像的正确自动对焦。 </li><li>重新获得正确聚焦图像领域的观点或感兴趣点面结合单一领域。对于单一领域再次取得，标志着整个项目区或图像，并用手动对焦重新获得的区域。在大多数情况下，在不同的聚焦水平的附加图像细节导致不正确聚焦的图像</li><li>对于应包括在最终的分析每个横截面，分别导出每个信道（不含DAPI）作为JPEG文件。命名并根据命名德州红，FITC和Cy5文件夹中的暴露渠道文件进行排序。 </li></ol> 4.自动纤维分析帐篷"&gt;注意:宏可以从以下网页获得:https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/hp/bionicreconstruction/macro/ <ol><li>预览每个图像使用分析前的常规图像编辑软件，并检查其染色纤维和背景之间足够的对比度。如果需要，调整对比度和亮度，以增加的差异，使用亮度和对比度调整命令。 </li><li>打开ImageJ的或斐济。使用命令打开宏" - 宏 - 插件编辑。"这显示了宏的源代码，并允许的参数快速适应。如果必要的话，对于在宏的源代码中的每个信道改变文件夹的目录。 注:对于肌纤维的分析值是基于对大鼠二头肌和蚓状肌，其它种类或肌肉可能需要不同的值。 </li><li>使用"运行"命令来启动宏。该文件夹的所有图像现在被装载到宏观，并在连续的顺序进行量化。结果是笑WN在一个新窗口。此步骤可能需要从几秒到几个小时，取决于被分析的数据量。 </li><li>导出结果窗口的电子表格文件。识别值正计数的Cy5（慢），FITC（中间）和德克萨斯红（快速）纤维和总结为总纤维数。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

<html>在这里，我们展示了一个广泛接受的方法来研究，并自动以时间有效的方式通过免疫组化定量鼠的横截面的肌纤维群。的再现性，我们提出通过步骤描述和在本研究中未描述的其它物种的应用的潜在修改的详细步骤。此外，我们还讨论了程序的优势，前提条件最佳的功能和它的局限性。 目前，许多的染色方法存在以识别肌纤维群体，并已用于肌肉纤维17的手动或半自动定量描述了许多方法。然而，没有协议存在，结合两者和描述的标准化方法，以可靠地染色肌纤维群体和自动获取和量化肌肉纤维，使用免费提供的分析软件。基于以前的出版物"&gt; 24，图 29，我们优化现有肌球蛋白重链免疫组织化学染色程序在鼠肌截面纤维群体的自动分析，由此，我们最近发现，相比于手动分析整个横截面的自动分析是可行的，可靠的，并更时间有效的27，另外，该方法是用户无关从而减少人为误差并且从而提供客观的比较，例如不同的处理组之间。 全协议基于用于自动量化过程中提供整个横截面的详细和高品质的图像。 ImageJ的作为开源软件提供了许多功能强大且简单的命令，其配置在宏允许肌纤维鉴定。然而，内或横截面需要之间质量差异被最小化，以实现可靠的结果。我们已识别D中是实现所要求的质量所必需的一些关键步骤。这包括使用最佳初级抗体。同样地，使用提供不同的荧光信号适当的二级抗体是必不可少的，并且我们一倍浓度的改进的信号质量。此外，我们观察到一个更高，更均匀染色质量的抗体混合物使用的Triton X的。重要的是，这是不是与使用吐温，而不是观察。与次优染色质量的图像进行手动调节为更好的对比度，使图像自动采集。在收购过程最重要的是自动对焦系统的正常功能。为了这个目的，我们使用了DAPI试剂盒染色卫星细胞，这对于自动聚焦系统提供了可靠的标志物细胞的细胞核。 对于ImageJ的量化过程中，最佳值是通过比较手动到自动的结果和连续的细-TU确定参数25的宁:阈值和分析颗粒。将所得的值分别为足以二头肌和蚓状肌和因此潜在的其他大鼠的肌肉。此外，Bloemberg 等。 24表明，染色是适用于其它物种，例如人类或小鼠。因此，整个协议理论上可以适用于其它物种中使用，但将，但是，需要识别必要的参数。相关的命令被突出显示在源代码中。 该过程的其它可能的修饰包括滑动扫描器的设置。在我们的设置中，我们使用了幻灯片扫描系统，具有2.5倍镜头预览和20X镜头，实际收购。而改变透镜的预览过程将在质量或速度方面提供无显著益处，获取也可以使用10X透镜以增大速度（和CON进行sequently降低分辨率），或代替40X透镜为增加分辨率，并因此获取时间。 如图2所示，增加分辨率是最有可能不需要老鼠肌肉，但可考虑其它物种。适于在此设置其它修饰染色MHC-IIX纤维或层粘连蛋白以可视化的肌肉的细胞外基质。这些修改，但是，需要改变用于两个附加反射器获取的设置（例如Cy7的）和修改的ImageJ宏以包括附加用正确的参数的脚本代码的分析。 该技术的一个限制是绝对纤维计数显显著较高相比，在以前的分析手册计数，虽然相对计数保持类似25。这很可能是不充分的分离和纤维的如此重复定量的结果。这种效应是在没有得到充分的染色或显示其他类型的工件的纤维多存在。不过，相对于光纤数，因此纤维群体的数量保持高度精确。相比于量化的横截面的一个定义的子部分的常见的做法， 例如 ，40％，我们认为通过使用ImageJ的整个横截面的，其分析是作为异种肌纤维的结构的结果更准确的（ 图2） 。该过程的一个潜在的局限性是要用于自动获取整个横截面的昂贵滑动扫描器，这是不一般可用的要求。另一种方法是获得的观点单场和由宏单独量化每个。 总之，我们认为这个协议是广泛接受，并允许使用全肌肉横截面的快速和可靠的量化免费提供的分析软件。因此，所引入的过程提供了肌纤维形态的分析作出有益的贡献。

骨骼肌组合物发生期间生理过程，如老化1，2，3的运动，4，5，6，7，或病理生理过程，例如疾病8，9，10或11的创伤深刻的变化。因此，对这些过程的结构效应研究浓缩几个字段了解的功能变化。之一的确定肌肉功能的关键方面是肌纤维的组合物。肌纤维表达不同的肌球蛋白重链（MHC）蛋白，并由此分为低，中，或快纤维7，12，13 </sup<html> &gt;，14，15，16，17。生理学上，肌肉具有不同的肌肉纤维的组合物取决于其在体内的功能。使用肌纤维打字，纤维群可以被量化，以确定适配到生理或病理生理过程7,17。在历史上，已经应用了许多耗时的方法肌纤维类型之间进行区分。为了这个目的，肌纤维或者通过在不同pH水平或肌肉酶活性肌球蛋白ATP的反应性的分类。由于不同的纤维品质不能在单个部分进行评估，要求多个横截面，以确定所有肌纤维和允许手动量化14，16，17，= "外部参照"&gt; 18，19，20，21，22。与此相反，最近的出版物中使用免疫组织化学（IHC）抗肌球蛋白重链蛋白在单个截面迅速染色多种纤维类型。基于此过程的优点，现在被认为是在肌纤维群体分析19，23，24中的黄金标准。利用改进的IHC染色方案，我们最近能够证明全自动采集整个肌肉横截面和随后的自动肌纤维定量使用开源平台的ImageJ是可行的。比手动量化，我们的程序提供在时间（手动的约10％分析）每个载玻片需要而被准确一个显著减少到±4％25 </s了&gt;。 这种方法的总体目标是使用开放源码平台来描述一种快速，可靠，方便用户独立于整个大鼠肌肉引导到自动肌纤维定量。此外，我们描述了将允许其用于其他标本，如小鼠或人的肌肉潜在的修改。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="986">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">O.C.T compound</td>
			<td style="width:397px;">Tissue-Tek, Sakura, Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For embedding of muscle tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isopentane</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for adequate freezing of muscle tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Superfrost Ultra Plus slides</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td align="right">1014356190</td>
			<td>adhesive slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">phosphate buffered saline&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td align="right">85112</td>
			<td>Detergent Soluation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>50197Z</td>
			<td>Goat Serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DAKO Fluorescent Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Dako Denmark</td>
			<td>S3023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dako pen</td>
			<td>Dako Denmark</td>
			<td>S200230-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TissueFAXSi plus&#160;</td>
			<td>TissueGnostics, Vienna, Austria</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Primary antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MHC-I (Cat# BA-F8, RRID: AB_10572253)</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB, Iowa, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Supernatant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MHC-IIa (Cat# SC-71, RRID: AB_2147165)</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB, Iowa, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Supernatant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MHC-IIb (Cat# BF-F3, RRID: AB_2266724)</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB, Iowa, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Supernatant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Secondary antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa&#160;Fluor&#160;633&#160;Goat Anti-Mouse IgG2b&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>A-21146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG1&#160;(&#947;1)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>A-21121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 555 Goat Anti-Mouse IgM (&#181; chain),</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>A-21426</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NucBlue Fixed Cell ReadyProbes Reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>R37606</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a rapid automated protocol for muscle fiber population analysis in rat muscle cross sections using myosin heavy chain immunohistochemistry

肌纤维群体的定量提供了更深入的了解疾病，创伤和对骨骼肌的组合物的各种其它影响的效果。各种费时的方法，传统上被用于研究纤维群体中的很多研究领域。然而，最近开发了一种基于肌球蛋白重链蛋白表达免疫组织化学方法提供了一种快速的替代在一个单一的段，以确定多种纤维类型。这里，我们提出了改进的染色品质快速，可靠和可重现的协议，允许自动采集整个横截面和纤维群体与ImageJ的自动定量。为了这个目的，嵌入式骨骼肌被切割成横截面，使用肌球蛋白重链的抗体与次级荧光抗体和DAPI对细胞核染色染色。整个横截面，然后使用滑动扫描器以获得高分辨率的复合自动扫描整个标本的照片。纤维群体分析随后以定量使用ImageJ的自动化宏慢，中间和快纤维。我们以前曾表明，该方法能够可靠地识别纤维群体的程度的±4％。此外，这种方法降低了用户间的变异性和时间每分析显著使用开源平台ImageJ的。

整个大鼠肌肉的横切片进行免疫组织化学使用来识别MHC I，IIA和IIB的肌肉纤维迅速染色。使用荧光显微镜载玻片扫描仪，整个横切片然后自动获得用于自动肌纤维分析用ImageJ的。该过程的概念是基于对于肌肉纤维的定量提供一种简单的，可靠的和时间有效的工作流程。 该过程的工作流程（ 图1）与肌肉样品的正确的去除和冷冻开始，如在以前的教程由Meng 等人先前所描述的。 27。这是足够的染色质量至关重要。在接下来的步骤中，将肌肉样品切成并染色使用的初级抗体抗肌球蛋白重链的蛋白质类I，IIA和IIB和适当的次级荧光抗体。为了获得最佳的ST癌宁质量，制造商推荐的浓度为第二抗体加倍和Triton X用于抗体鸡尾酒提供甚至染色质量。肌纤维的免疫荧光染色快轻微交叉反应，并且可以在约5小时，在我们的设置最多26张幻灯片的批次来完成。所得的图像表现出阳性纤维和周围组织和不同的纤维类型之间的强的区别（ 图2）之间的高对比度。接着，使用滑动扫描器，它允许整个肌肉的横截面的自动扫描进行图像采集。在这里，多达12个载玻片自动扫描，例如，过夜。由此，在高细节的分辨率，它允许单个纤维形态（ 图2）的检查所创建的横截面的概览图像。 在最后的步骤，从个人通道of各自横截面被导出用于使用专门设计的宏ImageJ的肌纤维群体的定量。自动分析需要约5-10分钟为3,000-6,000纤维间含有大鼠二头肌的横截面，而手动分析时间大约60分钟25。自动分析，对计算的工作站和文件大小的功率强烈依赖。如前所示，宏能够检测与比手动分析（ 图3）的±4％的准确度相对于肌纤维群体。总绝对计数是更高比手动分析，但是，相对于计数保持一个±4％的范围内类似的，如先前所示。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55441/55441fig1.jpg" /> 图1:肌纤维定量协议的工作流程。首先，肌肉样品从所获得的动物和冷冻正确（见朱庇特的视频孟等人。27）。然后切肌肉的横截面，并进行免疫染色。获得使用用于整个详细的横截面图像的幻灯片扫描器染色的横截面的图像。运行的ImageJ定量宏肌纤维种群分析。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55441/55441fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55441/55441fig2.jpg" /> 图2:大鼠二头肌截面。脏污大鼠二头肌横截面的概述:横截面示出了在中红，绿和快速MHC IIB纤维黄色，中间MHC IIA纤维缓慢MHC I纤维。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55441/55441fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看大VERSI</a>在这个数字的。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55441/55441fig3.jpg" /> 图3:肌纤维分析在图2中分析肌肉MHC I的，MHC IIA和IIB MHC纤维大鼠断面结果 。 上图:通过手动或自动计数肌纤维的绝对计数。中间:手动量化后的肌肉纤维群体的相对部分。底部:后绝对量化肌肉纤维群体的相对部分。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55441/55441fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="表格1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55441/55441table1.jpg" /> 表1:MHC纤维的免疫组织化学染色。初级和次级抗体，包括用于在S稀释的描述泰宁程序。 （从Bergmeister 等改性。25）

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Rapid Automated Protocol for Muscle Fiber Population Analysis in Rat Muscle Cross Sections Using Myosin Heavy Chain Immunohistochemistry at JoVE.com

A Rapid Automated Protocol for Muscle Fiber Population Analysis in Rat Muscle Cross Sections Using Myosin Heavy Chain Immunohistochemistry

这里，我们提出了快速肌纤维的分析，其允许改进的染色质量，并且由此自动获取和使用免费的软件ImageJ的纤维群体中量化的协议。

在使用肌球蛋白重链免疫鼠肌肉横断面的快速自动化方案为肌纤维人口分析

Quantification of muscle fiber populations provides a deeper insight into the effects of disease, trauma, and various other influences on skeletal muscle ...

a-rapid-automated-protocol-for-muscle-fiber-population-analysis-rat

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.2K 次观看.  Medical University of Vienna. 这里，我们提出了快速肌纤维的分析，其允许改进的染色质量，并且由此自动获取和使用免费的软件ImageJ的纤维群体中量化的协议。 

视频: A Rapid Automated Protocol for Muscle Fiber Population Analysis in Rat Muscle Cross Sections Using Myosin Heavy Chain Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry on Paraffin Sections of Mouse Epidermis Using Fluorescent Antibodies

In the epidermis, immunohistochemistry is an efficient means of localizing specific proteins to their relative expression compartment; namely the basal, suprabasal, and stratum corneum layers. The precise localization within the epidermis of a particular protein lends clues toward its functional role within the epidermis. In this chapter, we describe a reliable method for immunolocalization within the epidermis modified for both frozen and paraffin sections that we use very routinely in our laboratory. Paraffin sections generally provide much better morphology, hence, superior results and photographs; however, not all antibodies will work with the harsh fixation and treatment involved in their processing. Therefore, the protocol for frozen sectioning is also included. Within paraffin sectioning, two fixation protocols are described (Bouin's and paraformaldehyde); the choice of fixative will be directly related to the antibody specifications and may require another fixing method.

We describe a reliable method for immunolocalization within the epidermis modified for both frozen and paraffin sections that we use very routinely in our laboratory.

使用荧光抗体对小鼠表皮石蜡切片的免疫组织化学

In the epidermis, immunohistochemistry is an efficient means of localizing specific proteins to their relative expression compartment; namely the basal, ...

科研

生物学

Procedures for Rat in situ Skeletal Muscle Contractile Properties

There are many circumstances where it is desirable to obtain the contractile response of skeletal muscle under physiological circumstances: normal circulation, intact whole muscle, at body temperature. This includes the study of contractile responses like posttetanic potentiation, staircase and fatigue. Furthermore, the consequences of disease, disuse, injury, training and drug treatment can be of interest. This video demonstrates appropriate procedures to set up and use this valuable muscle preparation.
To set up this preparation, the animal must be anesthetized, and the medial gastrocnemius muscle is surgically isolated, with the origin intact. Care must be taken to maintain the blood and nerve supplies. A long section of the sciatic nerve is cleared of connective tissue, and severed proximally. All branches of the distal stump that do not innervate the medial gastrocnemius muscle are severed. The distal nerve stump is inserted into a cuff lined with stainless steel stimulating wires. The calcaneus is severed, leaving a small piece of bone still attached to the Achilles tendon. Sonometric crystals and/or electrodes for electromyography can be inserted. Immobilization by metal probes in the femur and tibia prevents movement of the muscle origin. The Achilles tendon is attached to the force transducer and the loosened skin is pulled up at the sides to form a container that is filled with warmed paraffin oil. The oil distributes heat evenly and minimizes evaporative heat loss. A heat lamp is directed on the muscle, and the muscle and rat are allowed to warm up to 37&deg;C. While it is warming, maximal voltage and optimal length can be determined. These are important initial conditions for any experiment on intact whole muscle. The experiment may include determination of standard contractile properties, like the force-frequency relationship, force-length relationship, and force-velocity relationship.
With care in surgical isolation, immobilization of the origin of the muscle and alignment of the muscle-tendon unit with the force transducer, and proper data analysis, high quality measurements can be obtained with this muscle preparation.

Procedures for Rat in situ Skeletal Muscle Contractile Properties

This video demonstrates the surgical preparation and procedures needed to study the contractile responses of the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle preparation in situ. This preparation allows measurement of skeletal muscle contractile properties under physiological conditions. The animal is anesthetized and the muscle is separated from surrounding tissue at its distal end. The Achilles tendon is attached to a force transducer, allowing measurement of the muscle&#x2019;s contractile response at 37 degrees C with an intact circulation.

对大鼠的过程<em在原位</em骨骼肌收缩性能

There are many circumstances where it is desirable to obtain the contractile response of skeletal muscle under physiological circumstances: normal ...

Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to replenish depleted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ stores1,2. Since Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger, it is not surprising to see that SOCE plays important roles in a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, gene transcription and motility. Due to its wide occurrence in nearly all cell types, including epithelial cells and skeletal muscles, this pathway has received great interest3,4. However, the heterogeneity of SOCE characteristics in different cell types and the physiological function are still not clear5-7.
The functional channel properties of SOCE can be revealed by patch-clamp studies, whereas a large body of knowledge about this pathway has been gained by fluorescence-based intracellular Ca2+ measurements because of its convenience and feasibility for high-throughput screening. The objective of this report is to summarize a few fluorescence-based methods to measure the activation of SOCE in monolayer cells, suspended cells and muscle fibers5,8-10. The most commonly used of these fluorescence methods is to directly monitor the dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ using the ratio of F340nm and F380nm (510 nm for emission wavelength) of the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator Fura-2. To isolate the activity of unidirectional SOCE from intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ extrusion, a Mn2+ quenching assay is frequently used. Mn2+ is known to be able to permeate into cells via SOCE while it is impervious to the surface membrane extrusion processes or to ER uptake by Ca2+ pumps due to its very high affinity with Fura-2. As a result, the quenching of Fura-2 fluorescence induced by the entry of extracellular Mn2+ into the cells represents a measurement of activity of SOCE9. Ratiometric measurement and the Mn+2 quenching assays can be performed on a cuvette-based spectrofluorometer in a cell population mode or in a microscope-based system to visualize single cells. The advantage of single cell measurements is that individual cells subjected to gene manipulations can be selected using GFP or RFP reporters, allowing studies in genetically modified or mutated cells. The spatiotemporal characteristics of SOCE in structurally specialized skeletal muscle can be achieved in skinned muscle fibers by simultaneously monitoring the fluorescence of two low affinity Ca2+ indicators targeted to specific compartments of the muscle fiber, such as Fluo-5N in the SR and Rhod-5N in the transverse tubules9,11,12.

The extent of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) can be monitored using fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. Mn2+ quenching of such indicators assays SOCE in cultured cells and skeletal muscle fibers. A technique allowing spatial and temporal resolution of SOCE by confocal imaging of mechanically skinned muscle fibers is also described.

基于荧光测定活细胞中的钙进入商店经营:从培养的肿瘤细胞，骨骼肌纤维

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to ...

Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Defects in Larval Zebrafish by Birefringence and Touch-evoke Escape Response Assays

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become a particularly effective tool for modeling human diseases affecting skeletal muscle, including muscular dystrophies1-3, congenital myopathies4,5, and disruptions in sarcomeric assembly6,7, due to high genomic and structural conservation with mammals8. Muscular disorganization and locomotive impairment can be quickly assessed in the zebrafish over the first few days post-fertilization. Two assays to help characterize skeletal muscle defects in zebrafish are birefringence (structural) and touch-evoked escape response (behavioral).
Birefringence is a physical property in which light is rotated as it passes through ordered matter, such as the pseudo-crystalline array of muscle sarcomeres9. It is a simple, noninvasive approach to assess muscle integrity in translucent zebrafish larvae early in development. Wild-type zebrafish with highly organized skeletal muscle appear very bright amidst a dark background when visualized between two polarized light filters, whereas muscle mutants have birefringence patterns specific to the primary muscular disorder they model. Zebrafish modeling muscular dystrophies, diseases characterized by myofiber degeneration followed by repeated rounds of regeneration, exhibit degenerative dark patches in skeletal muscle under polarized light. Nondystrophic myopathies are not associated with necrosis or regenerative changes, but result in disorganized myofibers and skeletal muscle weakness. Myopathic zebrafish typically show an overall reduction in birefringence, reflecting the disorganization of sarcomeres.
The touch-evoked escape assay involves observing an embryo&#39;s swimming behavior in response to tactile stimulation10-12. In comparison to wild-type larvae, mutant larvae frequently display a weak escape contraction, followed by slow swimming or other type of impaired motion that fails to propel the larvae more than a short distance12. The advantage of these assays is that disease progression in the same fish type can be monitored in vivo for several days, and that large numbers of fish can be analyzed in a short time relative to higher vertebrates.

The zebrafish is now an established and powerful tool for modeling muscular dystrophies, congenital myopathies, and related neuromuscular diseases. Birefringence and touch-evoked escape behavior are two common noninvasive assays used to determine the degree of muscular disorganization and locomotive impairment of zebrafish embryos during early development.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become a particularly effective tool for modeling human diseases affecting skeletal muscle, including muscular ...

Optimized Protocol for Retinal Wholemount Preparation for Imaging and Immunohistochemistry

Working with delicate tissue can be a complicating factor when performing immunohistochemical assessment. Here, we present a method that utilizes a ring-supported hydrophilized PTFE membrane to provide structural support to both living and fixed tissue during immunohistochemical processing, which allows for the use of a variety of protocols that would otherwise cause damage to the tissue. First, this is demonstrated with bolus loading of fluorescent markers into living retinal tissue. This method allows for quick visualization of targeted structures, while the membrane support maintains tissue integrity during the injection and allows for easy transfer of the preparation for further imaging or processing.
Second, a procedure for antibody staining in tissue fixed with carbodiimide is described. Though paraformaldehyde fixation is more common, carbodiimide fixation provides a superior substrate for the visualization of synaptic proteins. A limitation of carbodiimide is that the resulting fixed tissue is relatively fragile; however, this is overcome with the use of the supporting membrane. Retinal tissue is used to demonstrate these techniques, but they may be applied to any fragile tissue.

The protocol described here is for structural assessment of a wholemount retinal preparation. This includes descriptions of tissue dissection, mounting onto a hydrophilized polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane insert, bolus loading with fluorescent markers, and a comparison of fixation with carbodiimide and paraformaldehyde for immunohistochemical analysis of cellular and synaptic components.

视网膜平片准备成像和免疫组化优化方案

Working with delicate tissue can be a complicating factor when performing immunohistochemical assessment. Here, we present a method that utilizes a ...

Generation of Myospheres From hESCs by Epigenetic Reprogramming

Generation of a homogeneous and abundant population of skeletal muscle cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a requirement for cell-based therapies and for a "disease in a dish" model of human neuromuscular diseases. Major hurdles, such as low abundance and heterogeneity of the population of interest, as well as a lack of protocols for the formation of three-dimensional contractile structures, have limited the applications of stem cells for neuromuscular disorders. We have designed a protocol that overcomes these limits by ectopic introduction of defined factors in hESCs - the muscle determination factor MyoD and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex component BAF60C - that are able to reprogram hESCs into skeletal muscle cells. Here we describe the protocol established to generate hESC-derived myoblasts and promote their clustering into tridimensional miniaturized structures (myospheres) that functionally mimic miniaturized skeletal muscles7.

Here, we describe a protocol based on epigenetic reprogramming of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) toward generating a homogeneous population of skeletal muscle progenitors that under permissive culture conditions form three-dimensional clusters of contractile myofibers (myospheres), which recapitulate biological features of human skeletal muscles.

Myospheres的产生从人类胚胎干细胞通过表观遗传修饰

Generation of a homogeneous and abundant population of skeletal muscle cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a requirement for cell-based ...

Visualization and Quantification of the Cell-free Layer in Arterioles of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

The cell-free layer is defined as the parietal plasma layer in the microvessel flow, which is devoid of red blood cells. The measurement of the in vivo cell-free layer width and its spatiotemporal variations can provide a comprehensive understanding of hemodynamics in microcirculation. In this study, we used an intravital microscopic system coupled with a high-speed video camera to quantify the cell-free layer widths in arterioles in vivo. The cremaster muscle of Sprague-Dawley rats was surgically exteriorized to visualize the blood flow. A custom-built imaging script was also developed to automate the image processing and analysis of the cell-free layer width. This approach enables the quantification of spatiotemporal variations more consistently than previous manual measurements. The accuracy of the measurement, however, partly depends on the use of a blue filter and the selection of an appropriate thresholding algorithm. Specifically, we evaluated the contrast and quality of images acquired with and without the use of a blue filter. In addition, we compared five different image histogram-based thresholding algorithms (Otsu, minimum, intermode, iterative selection, and fuzzy entropic thresholding) and illustrated the differences in their determination of the cell-free layer width.

This study demonstrates the surgical preparation of the rat cremaster muscle for the visualization of the in vivo cell-free layer. Considerable factors affecting the accuracy of the cell-free layer width measurement are discussed in this study.

在大鼠提睾肌的小动脉的可视化和量化的无细胞层

The cell-free layer is defined as the parietal plasma layer in the microvessel flow, which is devoid of red blood cells. The measurement of the in vivo ...

Optical Cross-Sectional Muscle Area Determination of Drosophila Melanogaster Adult Indirect Flight Muscles

Muscle mass wasting, known as muscle atrophy, is a common phenotype in Drosophila models of neuromuscular diseases. We have used the indirect flight muscles (IFMs) of flies, specifically the dorso-longitudinal muscles (DLM), as the experimental subject to measure the atrophic phenotype brought about by different genetic causes. In this protocol, we describe how to embed fly thorax muscles for semi thin sectioning, how to obtain a good contrast between muscle and the surrounding tissue, and how to process optical microscope images for semiautomatic acquisition of quantifiable data and analysis. We describe three specific applications of the methodological pipeline. First, we show how the method can be applied to quantify muscle degeneration in a myotonic dystrophy fly model; second, measurement of muscle cross-sectional area can help to identify genes that either promote or prevent muscle atrophy and/or muscle degeneration; third, this protocol can be applied to determine whether a candidate compound is able to significantly modify a given atrophic phenotype induced by a disease-causing mutation or by an environmental trigger.

Optical Cross-Sectional Muscle Area Determination of Drosophila Melanogaster Adult Indirect Flight Muscles

We report a method to quantify muscle area, which is an indirect method to determine muscle mass in Drosophila adults. We demonstrate the application of our methodology by analyzing the indirect flight muscles in a Drosophila model of Myotonic Dystrophy disease.

果蝇成人间接飞行肌的光学横截肌面积测定

Muscle mass wasting, known as muscle atrophy, is a common phenotype in Drosophila models of neuromuscular diseases. We have used the indirect flight ...

Sequential Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemistry on Cryosectioned Zebrafish Embryos

Investigation of intercellular interactions often requires discrete labeling of specific cell populations and precise protein localization. The zebrafish embryo is an excellent tool for examining such interactions with an in vivo model. Whole-mount immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence assays are frequently applied in zebrafish embryos to assess protein expression. However, it can be difficult to achieve accurate mapping of co-localized proteins in three-dimensional space. In addition, some studies may require the use of two antibodies that are not compatible with the same technique (e.g., antibody 1 is only suitable for immunohistochemistry and antibody 2 is only suitable for immunofluorescence). The purpose of the method described herein is to perform sequential immunofluorescence and/or immunohistochemistry on individual cryosections derived from early-stage zebrafish embryos. Here we describe the use of sequential rounds of immunofluorescence, imaging, immunohistochemistry, imaging for a single cryosection in order to achieve precise identification of protein expression at the single-cell level. This methodology is suitable for any study in early-stage zebrafish embryos that requires accurate identification of multiple protein targets in individual cells.

This protocol demonstrates sequential immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry on cryosections from early-stage zebrafish embryos enabling precise colocalization analyses in specific cell populations.

冷冻斑马鱼胚胎的连续免疫荧光与免疫组化学

Investigation of intercellular interactions often requires discrete labeling of specific cell populations and precise protein localization. The zebrafish ...

Isolation of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Vibratome-Cut Myocardial Slices

The isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes from animal and human hearts is a fundamental method in cardiac research. Animal cardiomyocytes are commonly isolated by coronary perfusion with digestive enzymes. However, isolating human cardiomyocytes is challenging because human myocardial specimens usually do not allow for coronary perfusion, and alternative isolation protocols result in poor yields of viable cells. In addition, human myocardial specimens are rare and only regularly available at institutions with on-site cardiac surgery. This hampers the translation of findings from animal to human cardiomyocytes. Described here is a reliable protocol that enables efficient isolation of ventricular myocytes from human and animal myocardium. To increase the surface-to-volume ratio while minimizing cell damage, myocardial tissue slices 300 &#181;m thick are generated from myocardial specimens with a vibratome. Tissue slices are then digested with protease and collagenase. Rat myocardium was used to establish the protocol and quantify yields of viable, calcium-tolerant myocytes by flow-cytometric cell counting. Comparison with the commonly used tissue-chunk method showed significantly higher yields of rod-shaped cardiomyocytes (41.5 &#177; 11.9 vs. 7.89 &#177; 3.6%, p &#60; 0.05). The protocol was translated to failing and non-failing human myocardium, where yields were similar as in rat myocardium and, again, markedly higher than with the tissue-chunk method (45.0 &#177; 15.0 vs. 6.87 &#177; 5.23 cells/mg, p &#60; 0.05). Notably, with the protocol presented it is possible to isolate reasonable numbers of viable human cardiomyocytes (9&#8211;200 cells/mg) from minimal amounts of tissue (&#60;50 mg). Thus, the method is applicable to healthy and failing myocardium from both human and animal hearts. Furthermore, it is possible to isolate excitable and contractile myocytes from human tissue specimens stored for up to 36 h in cold cardioplegic solution, rendering the method particularly useful for laboratories at institutions without on-site cardiac surgery.

Presented is a protocol for the isolation of human and animal ventricular cardiomyocytes from vibratome-cut myocardial slices. High yields of calcium-tolerant cells (up to 200 cells/mg) can be obtained from small amounts of tissue (&#60;50 mg). The protocol is applicable to myocardium exposed to cold ischemia for up to 36 h.

人体心室心肌细胞与颤音-切切心肌切片分离

The isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes from animal and human hearts is a fundamental method in cardiac research. Animal cardiomyocytes are commonly ...