This study received supported from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (2011-0012728). A poster presenting this study was awarded the Best Poster Award by the Korean Society of Applied Biological Sciences (KSABC).

1.初始设置<ol><li>农业植物物种<ol><li>用凤仙花（ 凤仙花），水菜（ 白菜变种粳稻 ），小松菜（ 白菜变种perviridis）和Mescluns（ 独行菜豌豆 ）种子。 注: 凤仙花 （凤仙花或玫瑰苦瓜）是印度本土的物种;一些成员也设在缅甸。小松（ 芜菁变种perviridis或小松 ）是相同种类的共同萝卜的变体。独行菜（ 独行菜豌豆 ）是一种药草被分类学相关的豆瓣和芥菜。他们有相似的味道和气味，为此，他们是商业利用5,7。 </li></ol></li><li>植物培养<ol><li>文化凤仙花（ 凤仙花），水菜（ 白菜变种粳稻 ），小松菜（ 白菜变种perviridis）和MesclunS（ 独行菜豌豆 ）种子在100毫米直径（100 PI）培养皿。保证一个板只包含一种类型的品种。 </li><li>对于培养条件，将种子在纤维素毛巾。浸泡毛巾和种子三重蒸馏水。测量和确认实验室室内RT是18-25°C，湿度与范围65-75％（请查看第3.1.2节）。 </li><li>为10±1种子凤仙花的，水菜的50±10种子，330±20种子小松菜的，和380±20 Mescluns的种子的种子数，培养。如使用18-25℃测量相同的条件下，用湿度范围65％-75％（请查阅2.1.1节）。 注:所有实验均在与调节的湿度和温度范围在实验室室内条件下进行的。湿度和温度不是静态的，而是提供了磁铁治疗组和对照相同的条件。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.四大农业植物文化<ol><li>实验步骤<ol><li>遵循控制和磁体应用组的植物和文化条件的物种，第1.2.3节）。 </li><li>在100 PI菜为凤仙花底部的应用1750±350高斯（10000高斯= 1特斯拉）的三个磁体。在申请中，确保三个磁体不与种子直接接触，并且由培养皿的塑料底部是分开的。种子和磁铁之间的直接距离应为2-4毫米。申请的磁体168小时（7天）四农业植物。 </li><li>以下相同2.1.2所有步骤），在凤仙花培养板的底部运用两个磁体，一个（朝向Ñ侧上方）上的顶部和其他磁体（面对S端向上）。 注:极点在凤仙花不同的应用。然而，极取向不被认为是在本研究中为生长改变的一个关键因素，因为所有的环境是除了方向相同的磁通。 N和S极申请凤仙花的目的是要看到在字段，其中极取向可能是难以管理使用它的实际能力。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.凤仙花的微管蛋白染色<ol><li>磁体应用程序与管制的光照条件下<ol><li>将（N极朝上）100毫米的钢板底48小时，在步骤1.2.2使用条件的两个磁铁。 注:对于光的修改中，培养皿置于培养箱中一塑料架。用孵化器的光的拦截和保持温度在25℃在黑暗的环境中48小时。最终，这种情况不是本实验由于生长长高变使用。 </li></ol></li><li>植物染色<ol><li>修复整个凤仙花SPP双花植物（包括茎和根）生长在相同的条件，在4％多聚甲醛和0.1M的步骤3.1.2）磷酸盐缓冲液（pH7.4）15分钟。 </li><li>除去凤仙花样本，并在封闭缓冲液（在PBS中2％马血清/ 1％牛血清白蛋白/ 0.1％的Triton X-100，pH值7.5）浸泡2小时。用PBS浸泡15分钟，洗净凤仙样本。 </li><li>对于双免疫染色，孵育样品与第一抗体，抗α微管蛋白（1:1000），O / N在4℃。 </li><li>取出样品并10分钟洗一次，用PBS浸泡样品。使用FITC-缀合的抗小鼠IgG（1:400）作为第二抗体，并在25℃孵育2小时。 </li><li>浸入在PBS样品并覆盖滑整个样品在24孔板的底部。获得使用传统的荧光显微镜来观察微管方向影像（λ= 550纳米，放大到100X，200X和400X）。 注:在这种情况下，磁铁治疗组（n = 10）和对照组（11例）被确认为凤仙花（ 凤仙花 ）只在非黑暗条件下生长。 </LI&gt; </ol></li></ol> 4.数据收集方法<ol><li>四农业植物生长的时间推移创建<ol><li>拍摄植物以10分钟的间隔，通过设置快门自动（这可以在任何数字照相机来完成）。设定光圈至F 3.2和ISO值400。 </li><li>收集700-900图片为7-10天。相机与电线连接，因为电池会耗尽。 </li><li>通过点击和电影制作软件流线以下按时间顺序下探每一张图片（见材料和​​设备表）拖动图片。穿上它在0.045-0.05秒，每个持续时间相等的流线成片共有30-40秒。检查，以便有在时间顺序选择每一个画面无暗差距。 </li><li> 4.1.3步后，点击软件播放按钮，以确保编译-电影成30-40秒的时间推移视频幻灯片，然后点击渲染并保存到文件.mpeg或.AVI格式。对于大小马rkers，使用加拿大季度，美国的竹篙，和一厘米的统治者照片的一面。 </li><li>执行t检验和箱形图进行统计分析11,12。 注:五个数摘要组被用于计算下限值（L）的值作为Q 1 - [1.5×（Q3 - Q 1）]和上限（H）的值作为Q 3 + 1.5×（Q3 - Q 1） ]。这种做法被纳入步1.2.2长度的数据收集11。在L和H值显示在T-分布图的99％的区域，这意味着在此范围外观察到的数据点可以被认为是异常值。 -测试被用来分析在苗木12的高度差异箱图和学生的t。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The Authors have nothing to disclose.

在所有的情况下，磁体应该培养皿下应用。本研究对种子的增长速度磁场的影响，若干农产品品种，重点凤仙花农业植物的代表。例如，微管蛋白染色上凤仙花执行以评估根在分子水平的变化和茎骨架微型结构表明在长度扩散磁场的影响。无论是磁石的N极和S极长期（7-10 d）利用凤仙花随访研究中的应用。其他三个品种，水菜（ 白菜变种粳稻 ），小松菜（ 白菜变种perviridis）和Mesclun（ 独行菜豌豆 ），用N极磁铁导向治疗。这是为了进一步验证该静磁场本身，而不是磁极，在初始生长增强的主要因素。此外，增加物种数量提供支持在农业植物体来源的初始生长的促进更广泛的适用性。 许多因素，如营养，湿度，温度，光，可能影响植物生长3的速率。每一种举行跨治疗不变。营养补充品被排除只在三蒸水培养。我们首先控制了光实验黑暗条件下的孵化器最初进行的凤仙花。在昏暗的环境下增长模式从那些在光环境不同。因此，我们的光线条件（利用光的相同数额各实验组）下进行后续实验。对于微管蛋白染色的凤仙花被控制的条件（三蒸水，温度18-25℃，湿度为65％-75％）下生长。 7-10-D的随访研究的其他实验有相同的"空条件:无营养"的条件，那些使用嘎RDEN香脂（三重的蒸馏水，温度18-25℃，湿度65％-75％）。相对于磁体的应用中，我们使用的策略，其中我们定量增加种类数量和磁铁施加的持续时间，以进一步调查磁场是否对农业植物不限于某些种类的通用生长促进效果。用凤仙花（ 凤仙花），水菜（ 白菜变种粳稻 ），小松菜（ 白菜变种perviridis）和Mescluns（ 独行菜大蒜 ）这个想法进行了研究。 这种现象的分子基础部分由微管蛋白染色实验9-11阐明，但需要对实际使用进一步调查。精确的磁应用程序可以在由于磁铁本身的侵蚀潮湿环境的限制。磁场物理提高农业植物的生长。然而，THIs不证明营养成分也增加。的植物的化学成分进一步分析，以确定使用磁场是否具有相似的肥料的效果来进行。这也可以在其中提供养分的环境中，以及在营养空条件下，使用在本研究中采用了蒸馏水进行评价。除了质量（类型，强度等）和施加的磁体数量，成本可以是复杂这样的应用的另一个问题。它可以是昂贵的，以一整个作物田间应用众多磁铁。 我们的研究结果表明，静磁场的应用加速发芽率和一些栽培植物物种，最初的增长速度。这些结果表明，静态磁场具有对植物生长，尤其是植物的发芽6和根生长7显著效果。先前的研究已经表明，最大发芽率分别高20％时的磁场的频率为大约10赫兹5-6。期间仅4天的磁场的应用，茎和根长增加。经受磁场治疗（N = 10）组具有较高的1.4倍增长速度比在总共8天（P &lt;0.0005）的做了对照组（n = 11）。这个速度比以前的研究，使用脉冲磁场6-9发现高出20％。 根据这些发现，基因表达和调节也应为澄清的背后观察应答的潜在机制未来的实验研究，以磁场10。我们的研究结果表明，磁场的应用可以提高作物的增长速度，这可能有助于解决全球粮食和贫困问题。此外，磁场的应用可能是有用减少使用化学肥料。

发芽是导致幼苗1的形成一个植物的生长。在一定条件下，种子萌发开始和胚胎组织恢复生长。它始于水化到种子以激活酶发芽。种子可诱导体外萌发（在培养皿或试管）中1,2。 静态磁场是特种兵导致由洛伦兹力3,4方式离子电荷的分子的运动。形成洛伦兹力时在磁场下的离子化或带电物体移动。每一材料与组成电子和质子的原子形成。当磁场成为目前，无论是静态的或交替，它会影响带电材料的移动。这也适用于植物和水分子，从而影响细胞内分子状态。在先前的研究中，使用电磁线圈产生脉冲磁场，和&#39;小松菜&#39;植物被选择作为研究对象5。在本研究中，磁铁产生静磁场被用来得到类似但不同的作用效果的洛伦兹力的膨胀研究。 磁场的频率，而不是它的极性，是植物发芽的关键因素。先前的研究已经表明，最大发芽率比对照组高20％时的磁场的频率约为10赫兹。当以逆行方式除去字段，增速受损5。静磁场对初始生长6-8相当大的影响，主要是对发芽6和根系生长7。 在本研究中，我们使用的静态磁铁来检查通过使用磁场调节农业植物生长的可能性。特别是，我们的目的至determine磁场应用的特定的条件是否能增加的生长速率，以更高的水平比在文献中提到的那些。此外，如果可以使用磁场来成功地提高植物的初始发芽，可避免使用化学肥料。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="646">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Static magnets</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">JIM</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">2000Gauss</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">2% horse serum/1% bovine serum albumin/0.1% Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Merged with 55514</td>
			<td>Blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Primary antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-8035</td>
			<td>a-Tubulin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Secondary antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-2010</td>
			<td>FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">time lapse photographic techniques</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Manually controlled</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>ISO value 400 &#38; aperture F 3.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sony Vegas Pro 13.0</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Sony</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

enhancement of the initial growth rate of agricultural plants by using static magnetic fields

电子器件和高压电线诱导磁场。 1,300-2,500高斯（0.2特斯拉）的磁场加到含有凤仙花（ 凤仙花），水菜（ 芜青变种粳稻 ），小松菜的种子皮氏培养皿（ 芜菁变种perviridis）和Mescluns（ 独行菜豌豆 ）。我们采用培养皿下磁铁。在应用程序的4天，我们观察到，茎和根长度增加。在总共8天（P &lt;0.0005）的对照组（n = 11）相比，经受磁场的治疗（10）的组显示出1.4倍的速度增长速度。这速率比在以前的研究中报道的高20％。微管蛋白复合线没有连接点，但在磁铁的应用程序出现连接点。这显示了从控制，这意味着异常安排完全不同。不过，确切原因尚不清楚。这些水库施加磁体的生长增强的ULTS表明，它能够提高生长速度，提高生产效率，或通过施加静态磁场控制植物发芽的速度。另外，磁场可能引起在植物细胞中的生理变化，并且可以诱导生长。因此，刺激与磁场可具有类似于化学肥料，这意味着，肥料的使用可避免的可能影响。

微管蛋白染色显示分散或在磁体的存在下与对照相比（ 图2）生长的植物变薄结构。此外，农业植物，包括小松菜（ 芜菁变种perviridis）和Mescluns（ 独行菜豌豆 ）7-一天的时间推移研究表明，一磁铁衍生静磁场增加这些植物的初始生长（ 图3）。 这些结果表明，暴露于磁场的组中有显着的增长变化（ 图1）。在黑暗的环境中生长的植物没有表现出任何差异，这表明只有光存在的条件是适用在7天的时间推移的实验。三个具有代表性的农业植物在该研究中使用，但也已经使用更多的植物。农作物和其他植物可以使用进行调查相同的协议。在以往的研究中，生长速度提高了20％，而本结果表明一个1.4倍的增加，这是40％。因此，利用静磁场的磁体的应用比交变磁场脉冲的施加更加有效。 确定磁场的效果可以复杂，因为与电荷的任何分子结构可影响3,4。静磁场似乎影响凤仙花的初始生长速率在培养的纤维素塔组织。值有统计学显著，是在控制的增长速度约为1.4倍。微管蛋白是细胞伸长和增长9中保持种植结构至关重要。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53967/53967fig1.jpg" /> 图1.增长凤仙花的。 </str翁&gt;（A）凤仙花与黑暗条件下的边际下的静磁场处理的增长;然而，当暴露于光（示出的唯一代表图像）的植物生长得更快。 （B）当暴露在光线下，第3天，高度差异有统计学显著（P &lt;0.01，双侧t检验）。 （ 三 ）每个单株的高度是到晚上7个交易日走高（**:上限标准误差的测量）。黑暗条件下没有引起任何差异，表明该磁场的影响可能与激素有关。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53967/53967fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53967/53967fig2.jpg" /> 图2. 凤仙花和微管蛋白染色增加磁场的申请后，凤仙花的增长速度。（A）凤仙花显示，微管蛋白结构的分散分布在施加一个磁场。这一发现表明，生长拦阻蛋白质结构如微管蛋白（和可能的肌动蛋白）由静磁场的影响。 （B）的平均增长速度为1.4倍，比对照高，平均高度为与磁场治疗组高。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53967/53967fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53967/53967fig3.jpg" /> 图3.磁场促进Mescluns的（ 独行菜大蒜，前面）和小松菜的生长（ 芜菁变种perviridis）种子SUP执行完成培养皿用1750±350高斯的磁场处理和7天观察到10分钟的时间推移的时间间隔。时间推移视频切割成每11小时15片段。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53967/53967fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="视频1帧" src="/files/ftp_upload/53967/53967video1.jpg" /> 补充视频1:凤仙花（ 凤仙花 ）一个凤仙花（ 凤仙花 ）种子补充培养皿与1750±350高斯的磁场处理，然后观察7天为10的延时间隔的成长时光倒流分钟。该视频被重新安排到一个30分钟电影。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53967/timelapse1.mp4">请点击此处观看该视频。 （右键点击下载）。</a> 补充视频2:在一式三份培养3植物的生长的比较水菜（芜菁变种粳稻 ），小松菜（芜菁变种perviridis）和Mesclun（ 独行菜豌豆 ）种子示于一个直径为100毫米（100圆周） 培养皿。在相同条件下对这些凤仙花的，三 ​​个品种分别进行评估，结果发现，该磁铁的效果在农业植物广泛遵守。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53967/timelapse2.avi">请点击此处观看该视频。 （右键点击下载）。</a>

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Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

采用静态磁场农业植物初始增长率提高

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing ...

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13.1K 次观看.  Yonsei University. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

视频: Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

从农业土壤使用静态钱伯斯温室气体流量测量

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

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环境科学

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events often have devastating effects on agricultural production and can also play an important role in shaping community structure in natural populations of plants, especially in alpine, sub-arctic, and arctic ecosystems. Therefore, a better understanding of the freezing process in plants can play an important role in the development of methods of frost protection and understanding mechanisms of freeze avoidance. Here, we describe a protocol to visualize the freezing process in plants using high-resolution infrared thermography (HRIT). The use of this technology allows one to determine the primary sites of ice formation in plants, how ice propagates, and the presence of ice barriers. Furthermore, it allows one to examine the role of extrinsic and intrinsic nucleators in determining the temperature at which plants freeze and evaluate the ability of various compounds to either affect the freezing process or increase freezing tolerance. The use of HRIT allows one to visualize the many adaptations that have evolved in plants, which directly or indirectly impact the freezing process and ultimately enables plants to survive frost events.

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Here we present a protocol that allows one to visualize sites of ice formation and avenues of ice propagation in plants utilizing high resolution infrared thermography (HRIT).

高分辨率红外热成像（HRIT）的冰核和冰传播的植物研究中的应用

Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

表征和被动采样的应用在农药水监测

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and rates of mortality in populations, which has a variety of applications in ecology, including agricultural ecosystems. Horizontal, or cohort-based, life tables provide for the most direct and accurate method of quantifying vital population rates because they follow a group of individuals in a population from birth to death. Here, protocols are presented for conducting and analyzing cohort-based life tables in the field that takes advantage of the sessile nature of the immature life stages of a global insect pest, Bemisia tabaci. Individual insects are located on the underside of cotton leaves and are marked by drawing a small circle around the insect with a non-toxic pen. This insect can then be observed repeatedly over time with the aid of hand lenses to measure development from one stage to the next and to identify stage-specific causes of death associated with natural and introduced mortality forces. Analyses explain how to correctly measure multiple mortality forces that act contemporaneously within each stage and how to use such data to provide meaningful population dynamic metrics. The method does not directly account for adult survival and reproduction, which limits inference to dynamics of immature stages. An example is presented that focused on measuring the impact of bottom-up (plant quality) and top-down (natural enemies) effects on the mortality dynamics of B. tabaci in the cotton system.

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Life tables allow quantification of the sources and rates of mortality in insect populations and contribute to understanding, predicting and manipulating population dynamics in agroecosystems. Methods for conducting and analyzing cohort-based life tables in the field for an insect with sessile immature life stages are presented.

用虱、烟粉虱在棉花中开发无梗昆虫生命表的方法作为模型系统

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and estimating fish abundance. We developed and implemented a rotating stereo-video camera tool that covers a full 360 degrees of sampling, which maximizes sampling effort compared to stationary camera tools. A variety of studies have detailed the ability of static, stereo-camera systems to obtain highly accurate and precise measurements of fish; the focus here was on the development of methodological approaches to quantify fish density using rotating camera systems. The first approach was to develop a modification of the metric MaxN, which typically is a conservative count of the minimum number of fish observed on a given camera survey. We redefine MaxN to be the maximum number of fish observed in any given rotation of the camera system. When precautions are taken to avoid double counting, this method for MaxN may more accurately reflect true abundance than that obtained from a fixed camera. Secondly, because stereo-video allows fish to be mapped in three-dimensional space, precise estimates of the distance-from-camera can be obtained for each fish. By using the 95% percentile of the observed distance from camera to establish species-specific areas surveyed, we account for differences in detectability among species while avoiding diluting density estimates by using the maximum distance a species was observed. Accounting for this range of detectability is critical to accurately estimate fish abundances. This methodology will facilitate the integration of rotating stereo-video tools in both applied science and management contexts.

We describe a new method for counting fishes, and estimating relative abundance (MaxN) and fish density using rotating stereo-video camera systems. We also demonstrate how to use distance from camera (Z distance) to estimate species-specific detectability.

利用水下立体视频工具量化鱼类密度的新方法研究进展

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based on the diffusion theory. A known volume of air overlaying a defined soil area is enclosed within a parallelepiped cover (named &#34;chamber&#34;), for a defined period of time. During this enclosure period, gases (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) move from soil pore air near their microbial source (i.e., methanogens, nitrifiers, denitrifiers) to the chamber headspace, following a natural concentration gradient. Fluxes are then estimated from chamber headspace concentration variations sampled at regular intervals throughout the enclosure and then analyzed with gas chromatography. Among the techniques available for GHG measurement, the static closed chamber method is suitable for plot experiments, as it does not require large homogenously treated soil areas. Furthermore, it is manageable with limited resources and can identify relationships among ecosystem properties, processes, and fluxes, especially when combined with GHG driving force measurements. Nevertheless, with respect to the micrometeorological method, it causes a minimal but still unavoidable soil disturbance, and allows a minor temporal resolution. Several phases are key to the method implementation: i) chamber design and deployment, ii) sample handling and analyses, and iii) flux estimation. Technique implementation success in paddy fields demands adjustments for field flooding during much of the cropping cycle, and for rice plant maintenance within the chamber headspace during measurements. Therefore, the additional elements to be considered with respect to the usual application of non-flooded agricultural soils consist of devices for: i) avoiding any unintended water disturbance that could overestimate fluxes, and ii) including rice plants within the chamber headspace to fully consider gases emitted through aerenchyma transportation.

The overall goal of this protocol is to measure greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields using the static closed chamber technique. The measurement system needs specific adjustments due to the presence of both a permanent water layer in the field and of the plants within the chamber headspace.

用静止封闭室维持顶空装置对稻田甲烷和一氧化二氮通量的评价

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based ...

Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules

The mechanisms underpinning the deposition of fine-grained, organic-rich sediments are still largely debated. Specifically, the impact of the interaction of clay particles with reactive, planktonic cyanobacterial cells to the sedimentary record is under studied. This interaction is a potentially major contributor to shale depositional models. Within a lab setting, the flocculation and sedimentation rates of these materials can be examined and measured in a controlled environment. Here, we detail a protocol for measuring the sedimentation rate of cyanobacterial/clay mixtures. This methodology is demonstrated through the description of two sample experiments: the first uses kaolin (a dehydrated form of kaolinite) and Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (a marine coccoid cyanobacteria), and the second uses kaolin and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (a freshwater coccoid cyanobacteria). Cyanobacterial cultures are mixed with varying amounts of clay within a specially designed tank apparatus optimized to allow continuous, real-time video and photographic recording. The sampling procedures are detailed as well as a post-collection protocol for precise measurement of chlorophyll a from which the concentration of cyanobacterial cells remaining in suspension can be determined. Through experimental replication, a profile is constructed that displays sedimentation rate.

The interaction and sedimentation of the clay and bacterial cells within the marine realm, observed in natural environments, can be best investigated in a controlled lab environment. Here, we describe a detailed protocol, which outlines a novel method for measuring the sedimentation rate of clay and cyanobacterial floccules.

粘土/蓝藻 Floccules 沉降速率的测定

The mechanisms underpinning the deposition of fine-grained, organic-rich sediments are still largely debated. Specifically, the impact of the interaction ...

Choice and No-Choice Bioassays to Study the Pupation Preference and Emergence Success of Ectropis grisescens

Many insects live above the ground as larvae and adults and as pupate below the ground. Compared to the above-ground stages of their life cycles, less attention has been paid on how environmental factors affect these insects when they pupate within the soil. The tea looper, Ectropis grisescens Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), is a severe pest of tea plants and has caused huge economic losses in South China. The protocols described here aim to investigate, through multiple-choice bioassays, whether mature last-instar E. grisescens larvae can discriminate soil variables such as the substrate type and moisture content, and determine, through no-choice bioassays, the impact of the substrate type and moisture content on pupation behaviors and the emergence success of E. grisescens. The results would enhance the understanding of the pupation ecology of E. grisescens and may bring insights into soil-management tactics for suppressing E. grisescens populations. In addition, these bioassays can be modified to study the influences of various factors on the pupation behaviors and survivorship of soil-pupating pests.

Choice and No-Choice Bioassays to Study the Pupation Preference and Emergence Success of Ectropis grisescens

Here, we present a protocol to investigate the pupation preference of mature larvae of Ectropis grisescens in response to soil factors (e.g., substrate type and moisture content) using choice bioassays. We also present a protocol of no-choice bioassays to determine the factors that affect the pupation behaviors and survivorship of E. grisescens.

选择与无选择生物鉴定研究蛾 grisescens的化蛹偏好及出现的成功

Many insects live above the ground as larvae and adults and as pupate below the ground. Compared to the above-ground stages of their life cycles, less ...

Generating Homo- and Heterografts Between Watermelon and Bottle Gourd for the Study of Cold-responsive MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs of about 20 - 24 nt, known to play important roles in plant development and adaptation. There is an accumulating evidence showing that the expressions of certain miRNAs are altered when grafting, an agricultural practice commonly used by farmers to improve crop tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Bottle gourd is an inherently climate-resilient crop compared to many other major cucurbits, including watermelon, rendering it one of the most widely used rootstocks for the latter. The recent advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies has provided great opportunities to investigate cold-responsive miRNAs and their contributions to heterograft advantages; yet, adequate experimental procedures are a prerequisite for this purpose. Here, we present a detailed protocol for efficiently generating homo- and heterografts between the cold-susceptible watermelon and the cold-tolerant bottle gourd, in addition to methods of tissue sampling, data generation, and data analysis. The presented methods are also useful for other plant-grafting systems, to interrogate miRNA regulations under various environmental stresses, such as heat, drought, and salinity.

Here we present a detailed protocol for efficiently making homo- and heterografts between watermelon and bottle gourd, in addition to methods of tissue sampling, data generation, and data analysis, for the investigation of cold-responsive microRNAs.

西瓜与瓶装葫芦之间的同源和异种移植在冷反应微 rna 研究中的应用

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs of about 20 - 24 nt, known to play important roles in plant development and adaptation. There is ...