作者想表达感谢所有实验室成员的广泛讨论和技术，该协议支持。在实验室进行的研究是由来自科技部的资金支持（MOST 103-23​​14-B-002-126和MOST 102-2313-B-002-026-MY3）和从目标赠款一流大学计划国立大学，台湾（104R350144）。

注意:此方法已经建立，并在研究中使用先前报道的来自这个实验室14-17;随着时间的推移的方法进行了修改。使用60g的猪皮下脂肪组织的平均从一个仔猪（7-9天龄）与6孔组织培养板中接种，进行当前过程。在RT，除非另有指定进行的所有过程。所有动物实验的机构动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）在台大批准。 1.准备中消化<ol><li>获得从颈部和背部的皮下脂肪组织; 40至80％的仔猪克（7-9天龄），视猪的大小。在这里，使用60克从一头猪获得皮下脂肪组织中。 </li><li>制备消化介质:称胶原酶II粉末共54,000单位和在90ml的Dulbecco改良Eagle培养基溶解（DMEM，在100毫升血清瓶中60克脂肪）（900个单位的胶原酶/ 1.5的10ml DMEM / g的脂肪）。 </li><li>轻轻搅动上的振动台（100转）消化介质至少15分钟以溶解，然后通过0.22μm过滤器进行灭菌通过消化介质。使用前在4℃保存。 </li></ol> 2.解剖皮下脂肪组织从猪<ol><li>在使用前消毒所有仪器，玻璃和塑料制品和温暖所有的媒体至37℃。 </li><li>牺牲与电击晕和放血或通过根据本地IACUC规使用的方法中的仔猪。仔细立即执行清扫仔猪被牺牲了。 </li><li>躺在干净的手术台上的小猪（背面朝上和腹部向下）。从仔猪背面除去从颈部所有头发尾部和两侧向下中线剃去毛发。 </li><li>擦洗7.5％聚维酮猪的背部皮肤碘三次（具有三个新的独立-磨砂），然后使碘坐皮肤的表面上约10分钟。 </li><li>用70％乙醇的多个喷雾剂除去碘伏。用纱布垫或含70％的乙醇擦拭皮肤在一个方向上，重复直到碘伏没有明显的颜色被观察到的组织的文件。 </li><li>使用手术刀皮下脂肪组织的猪背脂肪层与来自肌肉，同时使用镊子皮肤阻碍了脂肪和连接的皮肤层一起分离。 </li><li>立即浸入附着皮肤的皮下脂肪组织中的脂肪层在含有无血清DMEM的无菌烧杯（200毫升）中。 </li><li>喷洒含有用70％的乙醇和发生在一个层流细胞培养罩脂肪层烧杯的外部。放置一个大（40厘米×30厘米）灭菌三层盖处于罩箔。 [A三层是用来确保持续的完整性。] </li><li>放置组织与皮肤朝下到盖箔。 </li><li>修剪剩余肌肉组织关闭使用镊子和剪刀，以避免与肌肉组织的污染的脂肪组织的。 </li><li>切脂肪转化为见方的小块（〜7厘米×7厘米）用手术刀或剪刀。将这些碎片脂肪层进入含无血清DMEM新灭菌烧杯（200毫升）中。 </li><li>上设置与碳钢切片机刀片（ 图1）装配在覆盖箔定制片保持器。拿一块肥肉了烧杯，并把它切片机（下面顶部和脂肪层皮肤层）。 </li><li>切片皮下脂肪组织的脂肪层到大约1mm厚的片。切片从皮肤尽可能接近脂肪层，但避免切片皮肤。 </li><li>剁碎切片脂肪组织用剪刀尽可能细。 </li><li>含有胶原酶过滤消化培养基添加到250毫升三角瓶中或血清学瓶剁碎脂肪组织（54000单位胶原酶/ 90的10ml DMEM / 60克脂肪）。 </li><li>孵育，并在37℃下摇动Erlenmeyer烧瓶在45转在轨道摇床90分钟，以允许胶原酶消化组织。 注意:检查每15至30分钟，以避免过度消化。如果消化培养基是无显著组织团块的浆料的消化过程完成。 </li><li>添加含有DMEM / F12，用10％胎牛血清（FBS）的培养基等体积（等于消化培养基）以停止胶原酶消化。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53886/53886fig1.jpg" /> 从猪背部皮下脂肪组织图1.用于pADSC的隔离定制的限幅器。解剖的脂肪组织组成附着皮肤层的脂肪层。切片机需要切片脂肪层约为1毫米厚与避免过度切片进入皮肤层。从左至右依次为:切片持有人，切片机垫，碳钢切片机刀片，和螺丝。切片机刀片插入片架和组装时切片垫之间。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53886/53886fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 从间质血管分数pADSC的3集<ol><li>通过薄纱的单层到干净无菌250ml锥形烧瓶或250毫升血清瓶中传递包含消化脂肪组织的消化培养基。使用镊子按压雪纺中间的指导和协助消化通过。 </li><li>排水和捻雪纺用镊子来完成通道。 </li><li>分发消化介质分为四个50ml锥形离心管（每个管40毫升培养基）。 </li><li>离心机在700×g离心10分钟以收集基质血管细胞的沉淀。 </li><li&gt;倒出上清，而不会干扰颗粒除去大部分含有成熟脂肪细胞上的脂肪层。通过加入10ml的DMEM到每个管中重悬以移液和管轻轻摇动沉淀洗涤沉淀。 </li><li>离心在700 xg离心6分钟。倒出上清液。 </li><li>加入10 mL ACK裂解液，然后悬浮吹打沉淀。让它静置在RT 7分钟（5至10分钟）以裂解红血细胞中的基质血管级分。 </li><li>添加的DMEM（10毫升）中的等量停止与管轻轻摇动反应，然后在700 xg离心离心10分钟。 </li><li>倒出上清液，加入10 mL的DMEM到每个管中，重悬反复吹打沉淀，并离心分离，在700×g离心6分钟。重复两次。 </li><li>收集并通过100微米的过滤器通过与悬浮的细胞的DMEM（从代表60克脂肪4管总为40ml DMEM）到一个新的50ml锥形管中。 </li><li>轻轻吸管MEDI嗯几次在一个新的1.5毫升的微量试管拌匀等分试样20微升180微升的0.4％台盼蓝溶液（1:10稀释）混合含有细胞的培养基。 </li><li>计数与血球然后种子pADSC将细胞在60,000个细胞/ cm 2的密度到培养皿或板用含有DMEM / F12，10％胎牛血清（FBS）和青霉素的1％的抗生素的培养基所希望的大小-streptomycin-两性霉素B溶液（P / S / A）。一般地，种子上为脂肪细胞或骨细胞分化的6孔组织培养板的pADSC。种子10厘米的菜干细胞或软骨细胞分化的表面标志物染色pADSC。 </li><li>孵育在37℃培养箱中空气，5％CO 2将板或菜肴，以允许细胞附着于板。 </li></ol> 4.识别干细胞表面流式细胞仪pADSC的标记<ol><li> 24小时后，彻底清除介质，洗个用磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS），并收获细胞用1ml 0.25％胰蛋白酶-EDTA的5分钟，在37℃E-10-cm培养皿两次。 </li><li>中和胰蛋白酶-EDTA用等量培养基（1ml）中的，收集细胞在新的15毫升锥形管，然后在400×g下离心7分钟。 </li><li>倒出上清液。在400 xg离心移液加上离心7分钟洗涤沉淀两次3毫升冰冷FCS洗涤缓冲液（含有10％FBS的PBS），使用再悬浮。 </li><li>悬浮，计数，并在冰冷FCS的洗涤缓冲液调整pADSC至10 6个细胞/ ml。位置细胞（100微升/每个管）成多个新的15毫升锥形管中，并培育含有pADSC管在4℃下用抗藻红蛋白缀合的CD4A（CD4A-PE），CD29-PE，CD31-PE抗体30分钟，CD44-PE，CD45-PE，CD90-PE，MHC I-PE或MHC II-PE直接染色。通过在10毫升的FCS的洗涤缓冲液加上400×g下centrifugat洗涤细胞两次终止反应离子为7分钟。 </li><li>固定，并根据制造商的说明，我们的先前出版物18悬浮在固定缓冲液的细胞（PBS含0.01％FBS和1％甲醛）进行流式细胞。 </li></ol> 5.分化pADSC的成脂肪细胞，骨细胞和软骨细胞<ol><li> pADSC分化成脂肪细胞<ol><li>准备脂肪细胞诱导培养基和脂肪细胞维持培养基<ol><li>为脂肪细胞诱导培养基，制备1升的无血清的DMEM / F12（具有1％的抗生素的P / S / A）含有以下内容:1毫升胰岛素库存（10毫克/毫升的HEPES缓冲液，pH 8），终浓度= 10微克/毫升; 1μl的T3库存（3,3&#39;，5-三碘左旋甲腺氨酸，1mM的在DMSO中），终浓度= 1nM的; 200微升转股票（50毫克/毫升双蒸H 2 O），终浓度= 10微克/毫升; 100微升地塞米松原料（10毫米乙醇），终浓度= 1μM; 100微升罗格列酮的股票（10毫米DMSO），终浓度= 1μM。 </li><li>制备脂肪细胞维持培养基使用相同的增补的诱导培养基，但与地塞米松的遗漏。 </li></ol></li><li>对于脂肪细胞分化过程 注意:在6孔板接种pADSC后，pADSC将72小时内汇合。 <ol><li> 3天后，完全除去介质，然后添加3毫升脂肪细胞诱导培养基的每孔。返回所述板的孵化器， 这是分化的零天。 </li><li> 3天后，完全除去脂肪细胞诱导培养基并用3ml的脂肪细胞维持培养基的每三天更换。成熟脂肪细胞将约9天终末分化。脂肪细胞的90％以上都采用这种协议高分。这些脂肪细胞已经准备好油红O染色。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> pADSC分化成骨细胞<ol><li>准备骨细胞诱导培养基:完全培养mediu米（DMEM / F12有10％FBS和1％P / S / A），含有1μM的地塞米松，10mM的β-甘油和50μg/ ml的抗坏血酸-2-磷酸。 </li><li>对骨细胞分化过程 注意:在6孔板接种pADSC后，pADSC将72小时内汇合。 <ol><li> 3天后，完全除去介质并加入3毫升骨细胞诱导培养基的每孔。返回所述板到37℃培养箱。这是分化的零天。 </li><li>与骨细胞诱导培养基替换每三天。成熟的骨细胞将分化后的14天内形成。这些骨细胞已经准备好茜素红S染色。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> pADSC分化为软骨细胞<ol><li>制备软骨细胞诱导培养基:含有αMEM1％FBS，6.25微克/毫升的胰岛素，50μg/ ml的抗坏血酸-2-磷酸，和10ng / ml的转化生长因子β1。 </li><li>软骨细胞分化过程<ol&gt; <li>上10厘米培养皿播种pADSC 24小时后，完全除去培养基并用PBS洗碗两次。 </li><li> Trypsinize pADSC用1ml 0.25％胰蛋白酶-EDTA的5分钟，然后中和用1ml培养基。收集，计数并在15ml锥形管中，每管2.5×10 5个细胞的密度调整pADSC。使用血细胞计数器计数细胞。 </li><li>在400×g下进行7分钟离心后，弃去上清液而不扰乱小球，并在15毫升管加入1ml软骨细胞诱导培养基。该管被返回到37℃培养箱。这是分化的零天。 </li><li>更换软骨细胞诱导培养基每三天没有在底部移除细胞。成熟软骨细胞将形成在大约14天。这些软骨细胞准备好甲苯胺蓝O染色。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 6.有区别的脂肪细胞，Osteocy染色TES和软骨细胞<ol><li>油红O染色脂肪细胞分化<ol><li>在第9天，除去脂肪细胞维持培养基中分化的脂肪细胞的6孔培养板，然后用PBS洗涤板两次。 [在以下步骤中，添加足够的指定的试剂，以覆盖6孔板的每个孔中。] </li><li>固定，用10％福尔马林溶液脂肪细胞至少10分钟。 </li><li>除去10％福尔马林溶液中，用双蒸水洗涤板两次。 </li><li>洗涤两次后，加入100％丙二醇的培养板并静置1分钟。 </li><li>除去100％丙二醇，然后加入油红O溶液（在丙二醇中的0.5％），向培养板上。静置上轻摇（100rpm）下一个摇臂摇动至少10分钟。 </li><li>去除油红O溶液，然后用60％丙二醇替换。静置1分钟。 </li><li>除去60％的丙二醇，然后与D洗板两次ouble蒸馏水。 </li><li>用10％福尔马林溶液替换。脂肪细胞内染色脂滴已经准备好通过光学显微镜观察。 </li><li>细胞内的油红O的定量（以下可选步骤）:显微镜观察后，取出10％福尔马林溶液中，用双蒸水冲洗两次盘。 </li><li>完全排空板，并添加500μl的异丙醇中，以6孔板。 </li><li>让异丙醇站在6孔板上的平缓摇杆摇床（100rpm）下至少10分钟，以溶解油红O的染料</li><li>吸入包含油红O的异丙醇并在96孔板分发。采用分光光度法读数在510 nm处量化提取的油红O。 </li></ol></li><li>茜素红S染色骨细胞分化<ol><li>在第14天，从分化骨细胞6孔板除去骨细胞诱导培养基，并用PBS洗涤板两次。 [在followi纳克步骤，添加足够的指定的试剂，以覆盖6孔板的每个孔中。] </li><li>固定在10％福尔马林溶液骨细胞至少10分钟。 </li><li>除去从每个孔的10％福尔马林溶液中，用双蒸水洗涤板两次。 </li><li>洗涤两次后，加入2％茜素红S溶液（pH = 4.1-4.3）的6孔板，静置至少15分钟，在温和摇动摇动器（100转）。 </li><li>去除茜素红S溶液，然后用双蒸水洗涤板两次。 </li><li>用10％福尔马林溶液替换。骨细胞已经准备好通过光学显微镜观察。 </li></ol></li><li>甲苯胺蓝O染色的软骨细胞分化<ol><li>在第14天，从15毫升锥形管吸出软骨细胞诱导培养基没有在管的底部用PBS除​​去分化的软骨细胞的沉积物和洗管两次。 [在下面的步骤，补充足够的指定试剂湾ř软骨在管子上或节幻灯片的底部。] </li><li>固定在10％福尔马林溶液软骨细胞至少10分钟。 </li><li>除去从每个管的10％的福尔马林溶液中，用双蒸水洗涤管两次。 </li><li>洗涤两次后，在厚度为5微米的嵌入OCT化合物中和部分用低温恒温器粒料。 </li><li>染色用甲苯胺蓝O解决方案（0.1％使用pH 4.1）的冷冻切片的滑动。 </li><li>除去甲苯胺蓝O解决方案，然后用双蒸水冲洗两次部分。 注:在幻灯片上软骨已经准备好通过光学显微镜观察。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

在这里，我们提出了一个可靠的蜂窝系统来研究pADSC的原代培养脂肪组织发育。相比其他永生化细胞系，这种方法提供了一种方便的方法以分离大量可用于研究脂肪细胞或体内的相关动物发展的其他间充质细胞谱系的分化过程的高品质的成人间充质干细胞。在这个协议中的临界改性步骤是，我们使用的是7到9日龄小猪因为它很容易相比较旧的猪来处理小仔猪和类似的其他物种19,20，产量和pADSC的多能派生pADSC作为猪的年龄21降低。 潜在的干细胞的来源包括胚胎干细胞（ESC），诱导多能干细胞（IPSC）和出生后的成体干细胞。 ADSC的约束，列为成人多能干细胞，是成体干细胞的多能在区分不同谱系相对有限与ESC和iPSC的比较。然而，关于的iPSC的ESC和致癌性衍生的伦理问题制约ESC和iPSC的22,23的应用。因此，许多研究者都集中在成体干细胞，努力提高多能性。成人间充质干细胞（MSC），这早已进行了研究，其中最常见的原因是骨髓来源的间质干细胞24。然而，收获的骨髓被认为是一个比较痛苦的过程。另一个值得关注的是，干细胞从骨髓的产率有限。骨髓抽吸收率每ml 6×10 6个有核细胞的平均值，和MSC仅代表所有有核细胞的0.001〜0.01％。考虑到这些缺点后，ADSC建议作为那么突兀源获得多能干细胞25,26。 在regenera利用ADSC的限制略去药依赖，对细胞的产量和质量在很大程度上。因此，使用猪在这个协议中隔离ADSC的意义在于获得高质量的成人干细胞量大。猪是代表，因为物种间27-30可比器官大小和许多生理生化相似之处人类有益的动物模型。从商业公司获取hADSC是昂贵的，在许多情况下，细胞已被操纵，传代或冻存。获取人类临床样品是比较困难的，因为伦理问题和生产ADSC的是有限的。我们得出胶原酶消化后，每克脂肪约6×10 5 hADSC。用100g女性乳房的脂肪组织（平均取样），共6×10 7个细胞的可收获。使用单个鼠标，收率更为有限。共1×10 6个细胞可以从0.4克皮下鼠标我的收获从成年小鼠FVB的双腿nguinal脂肪组织（6-8周龄）。然而在一个单独的猪（7-9天龄），共2×10 8个细胞可以容易地由60得自背侧脂肪库获得皮下脂肪组织的收集。在这个协议产生的pADSC有充分的间充质型多能和适当的间充质干细胞标志物。因此，pADSC是有利的源获得大量的成体干细胞，而不会影响干细胞质量。 pADSC的应用并不限于破译脂肪细胞分化，包括脂肪形成和脂肪生成。最近，ADSC已成为干细胞在再生医学22,31,32领域的普遍来源。相比其他干细胞来源，ADSC保留的是方便和丰富的得天独厚的优势，以及其强大的多能已被证明是干细胞治疗和组织Ë一个有前途的来源ngineering 22,33,34。脂肪组织容易获得，使ADSC最少的侵入途径获得多能祖细胞之一。最近，我们分化pADSC成葡萄糖反应性的胰岛素分泌簇，表明pADSC不限于间叶分化（未公布的数据）。其他人也已经证明，ADSC可以分化成来自其它胚层衍生的许多细胞类型如内胚肝细胞（从hADSC 35或pADSC 36）或外胚层神经元（从hADSC 37或pADSC 38）。因此，pADSC可以通过引导细胞发散分化过程以产生期望的谱系用于高通量药物或生物材料筛选。因此，在这个协议衍生pADSC对再生医学研究，干细胞治疗和组织移植的潜在应用。

肥胖，目前人口在美国，与身体质量指数的约30％，比30，已经成为一个普遍的世界性的现象1。肥胖容易导致并发症包括心血管疾病，2型糖尿病和癌症2-4。因此，对付肥胖是一个重要的优先事项。肥胖是由脂肪组织的大规模扩张显现出来，是由于过多的食物消费，并在现代社会久坐不动的生活方式。因此，破译脂肪形成和脂肪生成的转录调控可能有希望来治疗肥胖或糖尿病5。 在3T3-L1，3T3-F442A和其它小鼠成脂细胞系已应用于脂肪组织发育过程中，研究脂肪生成或脂肪生成。但是，也有在体外细胞系和动物体内 6之间的调节机制的一些差异。原发性脂肪DERIVED干细胞（ADSC）中的基质血管细胞级分可以直接从白色脂肪组织中分离和诱导分化。 ADSC分化为脂肪细胞很可能概括在脂肪组织发育脂肪形成和脂肪生成的体内 7的过程。 猪在脂肪组织发育研究脂肪形成和脂肪生成一个合适的动物模型。我们以前的猪的研究8-10表明，固醇调节元件结合转录因子1C（SREBP1c），已知调节脂肪生成脂肪酸合酶的转录的重要转录因子的表达，由多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）中的猪肝脏抑制和脂肪组织。猪SREBP1c由多不饱和脂肪酸在体内和体外降低的表达是类似的其他物种，例如人类和小鼠11-13。 在体外 ，这些猪的研究主要在差异从猪ADSC（pADSC）衍生erentiated脂肪细胞。因此，pADSC这种初级细胞培养可用于充当可靠的蜂窝系统来研究脂肪组织发育或其它干细胞的应用。

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			<td style="width:183px;">352360</td>
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			<td style="width:183px;">353003</td>
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isolation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells from porcine subcutaneous adipose tissues

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. Although numerous immortalized adipogenic cell lines have been established, adipose-derived stem cells from the stromal vascular fraction of subcutaneous white adipose tissues provide a reliable cellular system ex vivo much closer to adipose development in vivo. Pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) are isolated from 7- to 9-day old piglets. The dorsal white fat depot of porcine subcutaneous adipose tissues is sliced, minced and collagenase digested. These pADSC exhibit strong potential to differentiate into adipocytes. Moreover, the pADSC also possess multipotency, assessed by selective stem cell markers, to differentiate into various mesenchymal cell types including adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. These pADSC can be used for clarification of molecular switches in regulating classical adipocyte differentiation or in direction to other mesenchymal cell types of mesodermal origin. Furthermore, extended lineages into cells of ectodermal and endodermal origin have recently been achieved. Therefore, pADSC derived in this protocol provide an abundant and assessable source of adult mesenchymal stem cells with full multipotency for studying adipose development and application to tissue engineering of regenerative medicine.

从猪背部皮下脂肪来源的pADSC接种在培养板或菜肴和图2中所示。从基质血管级分得到的pADSC的形态类似于小鼠或人的ADSC。播种后二十四小时，汇合pADSC附着并具有扩大的成纤维细胞样形态（ 图2A）。该pADSC将在72小时内成为融合，并准备脂肪细胞或其他间质型分化（ 图2B）。 pADSC呈现后化学诱导和成熟脂肪细胞可以分化后第9天观察到表示成脂分化（ 图2C）的pADSCs超过90％的强生脂潜力。 为了解决这个协议衍生pADSC的特点，pADSC的表面标志物用流式细胞仪肛门评估ysis。正如图3所示，对于间充质干细胞，包括CD29，CD44，CD90和MHC I（或HLAⅠ）表面标记，高表达。负的表面标志物，如CD4A，CD31，CD45和MHC II类（或HLA II）为在协议（ 图3）衍生pADSC几乎检测不到。这些结果表明，没有显著内皮或造血干细胞污染，包括骨髓或淋巴祖这些pADSC展览间质型干细胞的特性。 为了进一步证实pADSC代表间质干细胞，pADSC的多能进行了检查由分化成脂肪细胞，骨细胞和软骨细胞。这些脂肪细胞，骨细胞和软骨细胞被特定染料，油红O，茜素红S，和甲苯胺蓝0，分别（ 图4）染色。这些数据表明，该协议生成pADSC所保留亩ltipotency以饱满的特点类似间充质祖细胞类型。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53886/53886fig2.jpg" /> 图2.从猪背膘区域pADSC形态。（A）亚汇合pADSC坚持和之后在6孔培养板24小时接种扩大。 （B）的pADSC成为后在6孔培养板72小时接种汇合。之后，从pADSC成脂分化9天的观察（C）成熟的脂肪细胞。图片拍摄于用相差显微镜放大100倍。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53886/53886fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53886/53886fig3.jpg" /> 图3.干细胞的鉴定为pADSC表面标记。1×10 pADSC 5与特异性抗体反应，并通过流式细胞仪分析干细胞标记物进行分析。数字表示与未染色的对照相比染色的细胞中的人口（红色）的百分率。 x轴表示相对荧光强度。 Y轴代表细胞群体。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53886/53886fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53886/53886fig4.jpg" /> 图4. pADSC的pADSC。多能的多向分化被分化成pADSC（A）脂肪细胞，（B）骨（C）确定软骨细胞和代表性的染料，分别油红O，茜素红和甲苯胺蓝0，染色。伊玛GES采取在（A）100×（B）200×，用相差显微镜（C）放大100倍，分别为。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53886/53886fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Porcine Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues at JoVE.com

Isolation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Porcine Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues

隔离和脂肪干细胞分化的猪从皮下脂肪组织

This protocol describes the isolation of pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) from subcutaneous adipose tissues with examination of multipotency. The multipotent pADSC are used to delineate processes of adipocyte differentiation and study transdifferentiation into multiple cell lineages of mesodermal mesenchyme or further lineages of ectoderm and endoderm for regenerative studies.

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. ...

isolation-differentiation-adipose-derived-stem-cells-from-porcine

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

29.1K 次观看.  National Taiwan University. This protocol describes the isolation of pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) from subcutaneous adipose tissues with examination of multipotency. The multipotent pADSC are used to delineate processes of adipocyte differentiation and study transdifferentiation into multiple cell lineages of mesodermal mesenchyme or further lineages of ectoderm and endoderm for regenerative studies. 

视频: Isolation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Porcine Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues

Isolation and Enrichment of Human Adipose-derived Stromal Cells for Enhanced Osteogenesis

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are considered the gold standard for stem cell-based tissue engineering applications. However, the process by which they must be harvested can be associated with significant donor site morbidity. In contrast, adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are more readily abundant and more easily harvested, making them an appealing alternative to BM-MSCs. Like BM-MSCs, ASCs can differentiate into osteogenic lineage cells and can be used in tissue engineering applications, such as seeding onto scaffolds for use in craniofacial skeletal defects. ASCs are obtained from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of digested adipose tissue, which is a heterogeneous mixture of ASCs, vascular endothelial and mural cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, and circulating cells. Flow cytometric analysis has shown that the surface marker profile for ASCs is similar to that for BM-MSCs. Despite several published reports establishing markers for the ASC phenotype, there is still a lack of consensus over profiles identifying osteoprogenitor cells in this heterogeneous population. This protocol describes how to isolate and use a subpopulation of ASCs with enhanced osteogenic capacity to repair critical-sized calvarial defects.

The transcriptional heterogeneity within human adipose-derived stromal cells can be defined on the single cell level using cell surface markers and osteogenic genes. We describe a protocol utilizing flow cytometry for the isolation of cell subpopulations with increased osteogenic potential, which may be used to enhance craniofacial skeletal reconstruction.

隔离和人力富集脂肪基质细胞的成骨增强

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are considered the gold standard for stem cell-based tissue engineering applications. However, the ...

科研

发育生物学

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated by transcription factors which bind genomic regulatory regions including enhancers and promoters of cardiac constitutive genes. DNA is wrapped around histones that are subjected to chemical modifications. Modifications of histones further lead to repressed, activated or poised gene transcription, thus bringing another level of fine tuning regulation of gene transcription. Embryonic Stem cells (ES cells) recapitulate within embryoid bodies (i.e., cell aggregates) or in 2D culture the early steps of cardiac development. They provide in principle enough material for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), a technology broadly used to identify gene regulatory regions. Furthermore, human ES cells represent a human cell model of cardiogenesis. At later stages of development, mouse embryonic tissues allow for investigating specific epigenetic landscapes required for determination of cell identity. Herein, we describe protocols of ChIP, sequential ChIP followed by PCR or ChIP-sequencing using ES cells, embryoid bodies and cardiac specific embryonic regions. These protocols allow to investigating the epigenetic regulation of cardiac gene transcription.

A fine tuning regulation of gene transcription underlies embryonic cell fate decision. Herein, we describe chromatin immunoprecipitation assays used to investigate epigenetic regulation of both cardiac differentiation of stem cells and cardiac development of mouse embryos.

心脏分化的表观遗传调控胚胎干细胞和组织

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated ...

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ASCs)

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In vivo, ECM-rich environment consisting of fibrillar collagens provides a structural support to adipose tissues during the progression and regression of obesity. Physiological ECM remodeling mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a major role in regulating adipose tissue size and function1,2. The loss of physiological collagenolytic ECM remodeling may lead to excessive collagen accumulation (tissue fibrosis), macrophage infiltration, and ultimately, a loss of metabolic homeostasis including insulin resistance3,4. When a phenotypic change of the adipose tissue is observed in gene-targeted mouse models, isolating primary ASCs from fat depots for in vitro studies is an effective approach to define the role of the specific gene in regulating the function of ASCs. In the following, we define an immunomagnetic separation of Sca1high ASCs.

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells ASCs

We present the techniques required to isolate the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from mouse inguinal (subcutaneous) and perigonadal (visceral) adipose tissue depots to assess their gene expression and collagenolytic activity. This method includes the enrichment of Sca1high adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using immunomagnetic cell separation.

脂肪库专用SCA1的免疫磁性分离<sup&gt;高</sup&gt;脂肪干细胞（ASCs）

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix ...

Chondrogenic Differentiation Induction of Adipose-derived Stem Cells by Centrifugal Gravity

Impaired cartilage cannot heal naturally. Currently, the most advanced therapy for defects in cartilage is the transplantation of chondrocytes differentiated from stem cells using cytokines. Unfortunately, cytokine-induced chondrogenic differentiation is costly, time-consuming, and associated with a high risk of contamination during in vitro differentiation. However, biomechanical stimuli also serve as crucial regulatory factors for chondrogenesis. For example, mechanical stress can induce chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for the repair of impaired cartilage. In this study, we demonstrated that centrifugal gravity (CG, 2,400 &#215; g), a mechanical stress easily applied by centrifugation, induced the upregulation of sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 9 (SOX9) in adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), causing them to express chondrogenic phenotypes. The centrifuged ASCs expressed higher levels of chondrogenic differentiation markers, such as aggrecan (ACAN), collagen type 2 alpha 1 (COL2A1), and collagen type 1 (COL1), but lower levels of collagen type 10 (COL10), a marker of hypertrophic chondrocytes. In addition, chondrogenic aggregate formation, a prerequisite for chondrogenesis, was observed in centrifuged ASCs.

Mechanical stress can induce the chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, providing a potential therapeutic approach for the repair of impaired cartilage. We present a protocol to induce the chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using centrifugal gravity (CG). CG-induced upregulation of SOX9 results in the development of chondrogenic phenotypes.

脂肪干细胞的软骨细胞分化诱导离心重力

Impaired cartilage cannot heal naturally. Currently, the most advanced therapy for defects in cartilage is the transplantation of chondrocytes ...

Rapid Isolation of BMPR-IB+ Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells for Use in a Calvarial Defect Healing Model

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own body. The ability to grow bone de novo using a patient's own cells would allow bony defects to be filled with adequate tissue without the morbidity of harvesting native bone. There is interest in the use of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) as a source for tissue engineering because these are obtained from an abundant source: the patient's own adipose tissue. However, ASCs are a heterogeneous population and some subpopulations may be more effective in this application than others. Isolation of the most osteogenic population of ASCs could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a bone engineering process. In this protocol, ASCs are obtained from subcutaneous fat tissue from a human donor. The subpopulation of ASCs expressing the marker BMPR-IB is isolated using FACS. These cells are then applied to an in vivo calvarial defect healing assay and are found to have improved osteogenic regenerative potential compared with unsorted cells.

Adipose-derived stromal cells may be useful for engineering new tissue from a patient's own cells. We present a protocol for the isolation of a subpopulation of human adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) with increased osteogenic potential, followed by application of the cells in an in vivo calvarial healing assay.

BMPR-IB +快速分离脂肪来源的使用基质细胞在颅骨缺损愈合模型

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own ...

In Vivo Tracking of Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Knee Osteoarthritis Model with Fluorescent Lipophilic Membrane Dye

In order to support the clinical application of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (haMSC) therapy for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), we examined the efficacy of cell persistence and biodistribution of haMSCs in animal models. We demonstrated a method to label the cell membrane of haMSCs with lipophilic fluorescent dye. Subsequently, intra-articular injection of the labeled cells in rats with surgically induced KOA was monitored dynamically by an in vivo imaging system. We employed the lipophilic carbocyanines DiD (DilC18 (5)), a far-red fluorescent Dil (dialkylcarbocyanines) analog, which utilized a red laser to avoid excitation of the natural green autofluorescence from surrounding tissues. Furthermore, the red-shifted emission spectra of DiD allowed deep-tissue imaging in live animals and the labeling procedure caused no cytotoxic effects or functional damage to haMSCs. This approach has been shown to be an efficient tracking method for haMSCs in a rat KOA model. The application of this method could also be used to determine the optimal administration route and dosage of MSCs from other sources in pre-clinical studies.

In Vivo Tracking of Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Knee Osteoarthritis Model with Fluorescent Lipophilic Membrane Dye

This protocol describes an efficient way to monitor the cell persistence and biodistribution of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (haMSCs) by far-red fluorescence labeling in a rat knee osteoarthritis (KOA) model via intra-articular (IA) injection.

在体内荧光亲脂膜染料对大鼠膝骨关节炎模型中人脂肪间充质干细胞的追踪

In order to support the clinical application of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (haMSC) therapy for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), we examined the ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing a detailed and thorough protocol is to clearly demonstrate each step and to make this readily available to researchers in the field. This protocol results in a homogenous layer of RPE with minimal or no manual dissection needed. The method presented here has been shown to be effective for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we describe methods for cryopreservation of intermediate cell banks that allow long-term storage. RPE generated using this protocol might be useful for iPSC disease-in-a-dish modeling or clinical application.

This protocol describes how to produce retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) from pluripotent stem cells. The method uses a combination of growth factors and small molecules to direct the differentiation of stem cells into immature RPE in fourteen days and mature, functional RPE after three months.

人胚胎或诱导多能干细胞对视网膜色素上皮细胞的快速定向分化

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Efficient and Scalable Directed Differentiation of Clinically Compatible Corneal Limbal Epithelial Stem Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Corneal limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) are responsible for continuously renewing the corneal epithelium, and thus maintaining corneal homeostasis and visual clarity. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived LESCs provide a promising cell source for corneal cell replacement therapy. Undefined, xenogeneic culture and differentiation conditions cause variation in research results and impede the clinical translation of hPSC-derived therapeutics. This protocol provides a reproducible and efficient method for hPSC-LESC differentiation under xeno- and feeder cell-free conditions. Firstly, monolayer culture of undifferentiated hPSC on recombinant laminin-521 (LN-521) and defined hPSC medium serves as a foundation for robust production of high-quality starting material for differentiations. Secondly, a rapid and simple hPSC-LESC differentiation method yields LESC populations in only 24 days. This method includes a four-day surface ectodermal induction in suspension with small molecules, followed by adherent culture phase on LN-521/collagen IV combination matrix in defined corneal epithelial differentiation medium. Cryostoring and extended differentiation further purifies the cell population and enables banking of the cells in large quantities for cell therapy products. The resulting high-quality hPSC-LESCs provide a potential novel treatment strategy for corneal surface reconstruction to treat limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD).

This protocol introduces a simple two-step method for differentiating corneal limbal epithelial stem cells from human pluripotent stem cells under xeno- and feeder cell-free culture conditions. The cell culture methods presented here enable cost-efficient, large-scale production of clinical quality cells applicable to corneal cell therapy use.

高效可扩展的人多潜能干细胞临床相容角膜缘上皮干细胞的定向分化

Corneal limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) are responsible for continuously renewing the corneal epithelium, and thus maintaining corneal homeostasis ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

人诱导多能干细胞体外生成体细胞衍生物的研究

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

Isolation, Culture, and Adipogenic Induction of Neural Crest Original Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Periaortic Adipose Tissue

An excessive amount of adipose tissue surrounding the blood vessels (perivascular adipose tissue, also known as PVAT) is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease. ADSCs derived from different adipose tissues show distinct features, and those from the PVAT have not been well characterized. In a recent study, we reported that some ADSCs in the periaortic arch adipose tissue (PAAT) descend from the neural crest cells (NCCs), a transient population of migratory cells originating from the ectoderm.
In this paper, we describe a protocol for isolating red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled NCCs from the PAAT of Wnt-1 Cre+/-;Rosa26RFP/+ mice and inducing their adipogenic differentiation in vitro. Briefly, the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is enzymatically dissociated from the PAAT, and the RFP+ neural crest derived ADSCs (NCADSCs) are isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The NCADSCs differentiate into both brown and white adipocytes, can be cryopreserved, and retain their adipogenic potential for ~3&#8211;5 passages. Our protocol can generate abundant ADSCs from the PVAT for modeling PVAT adipogenesis or lipogenesis in vitro. Thus, these NCADSCs can provide a valuable system for studying the molecular switches involved in PVAT differentiation.

We present a protocol for the isolation, culture, and adipogenic induction of neural crest derived adipose-derived stem cells (NCADSCs) from the periaortic adipose tissue of Wnt-1 Cre+/-;Rosa26RFP/+ mice. The NCADSCs can be an easily accessible source of ADSCs for modeling adipogenesis or lipogenesis in vitro.

神经冠状原脂肪衍生干细胞的分离、培养和异位诱导，来自围阴脂肪组织

An excessive amount of adipose tissue surrounding the blood vessels (perivascular adipose tissue, also known as PVAT) is associated with a high risk of ...