我们承认MJ帕洛普的帮助和技术支持大学去瓦伦西亚SCSIE的。我们也感谢安东尼Follenzi了有益的意见和手稿的讨论。如果这个是由基金会博坦，由桑坦德银行通过其桑坦德大学全球业务部门，并通过从Generalitat瓦伦西亚（Programa PROMETEO，acomp中，与ISIC）和部:EconomìaŸCompetitividad资助项目（MINECO:SAF2011-23331，CIBERNED和网织红细胞雄鹰） 。这项工作也由MINECO 和欧洲研究委员会（ERC）2012年STG BFU2010-21823和网织红细胞雄鹰资助项目（260511- PD-HUMMODEL）到交流 BM-P上。是MINECO的西班牙FPI奖学金的获得者。

道德守则:该协议遵循符合欧洲指令63分之2010/ EU瓦伦西亚大学的动物护理准则。 1. LV 在体内生成标记研究（见图1a） 注意:此处描述的步骤，是生物安全等级2，因此执行在生物危害罩下面的所有过程。确保研究人员适当资格，并在所有程序的培训。穿戴个人防护装备，包括长袍，双层手套和适当的保护眼睛。最后，彻底净化的所有工具和表面可能已经根据批准的设施消毒做法一直在与病毒接触（通过用70％乙醇，10％漂白剂和/或高压灭菌擦拭）。 <ol><li> LV的生产人胚肾293T细胞<ol><li>通过准备纯DNA转染启动此协议。准备和双氯化铯毕业生净化每个质粒ient离心或其它市售列方法得到无内毒素的DNA。在这个协议中，我们已经使用了转移载体质粒pRRL-SIN-PPT.PGK.EGFP.Wpre。推荐的核心包装质粒pMDLg / pRRE和pRSV.REV和包膜质粒pMD2G 13,18,19。 </li><li>转染前二十四小时，板5×10 6个293T细胞在Iscove氏改良的Dulbecco氏培养基（IMDM）（ 参见材料的表 ）在10cm的塑料培养皿中，以获得一个大约1/4到1/3汇合培养转染。在5-7％的CO 2气氛中孵育在37℃下在湿润的培养箱中。 </li><li>更换转染前新鲜培养基2小时的网上平台。 </li><li>在无菌1.5 ml离心管混合10转移载体质粒微克（含转基因的cDNA或shRNA的待递送）与pRSV.REV 2.5微克和5微克的pMDLg / pRRE包装质粒，和3.5＆ ＃181;克包膜质粒pMD2G的。弥补质粒溶液，以450微升用0.1×TE缓冲液的终体积（ 见材料的表 ）/ DH 2 O（2:1）。然后加入2.5M的氯化钙的50微升。 </li><li>形成通过滴加500微升2倍的Hepes缓冲盐水的沉淀物（HBS，参见材料的表）溶液到500μl的DNA的TE- 氯化钙混合物，同时在全速涡旋。 </li><li>将沉淀加入到紧接在293T细胞。轻轻地摇晃板混合。返回细胞培养箱和转染后改变介质14-16小时。 </li><li>收集细胞上清改变了媒体后30小时。通过0.22微米孔径硝酸纤维素滤膜过滤上清，进行浓度。 </li></ol></li><li> LV的浓度<ol><li>精矿超速离心条件培养基50,000 XG（19,000 RPM与SW-28超速离心机转子）2小时在30ml的聚丙烯透明锥形转子管室温（RT）。 注:锥形转子管使用超速适配器（请参阅材料表）。 </li><li>通过倾析弃去上清液，并在小体积（200微升或更少，如果只进行一次离心）的磷酸盐缓冲盐水的悬浮颗粒（PBS; 参见材料的数据表）。然后移液器上下20次左右。 </li><li>凝聚悬浮液和通过超速离心再次浓缩，还以50,000×g下（23000 rpm的转速SW-55超速离心机转子），在室温下2小时。使用聚丙烯透明转筒用5毫升标称容量（ 见材料表 ）。 </li><li>悬浮最终沉淀在无菌PBS的非常小的体积（介质的起始体积的1/500或1/1000），并在旋转轮摇在RT 1小时。拆分成小等份（5-20​​微升）和freeze他们在-80℃。 </li><li>丢弃之前对待10％的漂白粉所有空管。 </li></ol></li><li>慢病毒滴定采用流式细胞仪<ol><li>的前一天，板5×10 4个每孔的HeLa细胞中的2ml Dulbecco氏改良的Eagle氏培养基（DMEM）6-孔组织培养板（ 参见材料的数据表）。孵育在37℃下在湿润的培养箱中的5-7％的CO 2的气氛中24小时。 </li><li>上滴定的当天，解冻病毒库存的等分试样和制备系列稀释液，从10 -3到10 -8，在DMEM中。 <ol><li>这样做，取24孔平板并加2ml的DMEM到第一井和1.8毫升以下的孔中。然后加入2μl浓缩的病毒的股票的添加到第一井（以1:1的最终稀释度:1,000或10 -3）。 </li><li>吹打几次彻底混合的解决方案，改变针尖与转移200微升10 -3稀释后到第二阱。串联重复该过程在下面的井，直到10 -8稀释而成。 </li></ol></li><li>就拿从孵化器镀前一天HeLa细胞。小心地从井中取出网上平台。 1微升8毫克/毫升聚凝胺的HeLa细胞含有细胞的井一起加入1毫升每个病毒稀释。轻轻地摇晃板混合。 注意:加入聚凝胺，以增加病毒吸附到在培养的细胞中。 </li><li>返回细胞培养箱并允许感染进行72小时。在此之后，除去培养基，用PBS洗一次细胞，并添加200μl的胰蛋白酶-EDTA（见材料表 ）至各孔中。 </li><li>在37℃5分钟后，在流式细胞仪管加入2毫升的PBS至每孔，并收获细胞。 </li><li>离心在RT 5分钟300×g且吸出上清液。 </li><li>悬浮颗粒用1毫升固定soluti的上（1％甲醛电子显微级和2％胎牛血清的PBS中），然后涡管中。 </li><li>分析将细胞在流式细胞仪在15毫瓦的功率使用的488nm氩ionlaser流。 </li><li>成立了以标准配置仪器:前向散射（FS），侧散射（SS）和荧光的GFP（四十分之五百二十五纳米）。在FS 与 SS点图选择的细胞群体门控，以排除细胞聚集和碎片。收集在对数标度的荧光。计算每个样品中的GFP +细胞的数目。 </li><li>使用下列公式计算矢量滴度:％ 的 GFP + / 100感染×稀释因子的细胞（DF）的x个=转导单位（TU）/毫升。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53282/53282fig1.jpg" /> 图1:该过程的不同部分的示意图 （ 一 ）的t 1部分。他协议:一代的LV 用于体内标记研究，从HEK293T细胞用合适的质粒转染的，以通过流式细胞术使用所述公式生成的LV到病毒滴度的测定。质粒和离心机转子的名称表示。 （b和c）协议的第2部分:LV的立体定向注射。 "b"的描绘了一个游标刻度，即立体文书的一部分，并且提供用于精细测量的装置的一个例子。作为一个例子中，箭头表示4.23厘米。游标刻度被用来确定在前 - 后的坐标（AP），内 - 外（ML），并且如图对的顶视图（左）背腹（DV）轴和弧矢剖面（右）的大脑。 "C"表示囟作为矢状面和冠状缝线之间的交点的位置。的LV使用注射器注射。 （四）简图大脑如何我Ş处理进行分析。两半球被分割，每一个被分成两个块。块"a"的，包含的OB，由在AP水平冠状切产生立即后路与端脑的转播结（前囟2.46毫米;参见Paxinos&#39;阿特拉斯为基准）。 "b"块由两个冠状切口，一个在电平只是前胼胝体的最喙方面（前囟1.7毫米），并在两个侧脑室的交界处的电平的第二个生产（前囟-0.22毫米）。 GL，肾小球层;保利协鑫，颗粒细胞层; ST，纹状体; CC，胼胝体; AC，前连合; LV，侧脑室。 2. LV的立体定向注入V-SVZ /纹状体边缘或侧脑室（参见图1b） <ol><li>制备<ol><li>通过喷雾向下本体和针，用70％的乙醇与柱塞消毒用33号针头的5微升容量注射器掏出所有的方式。多次从1.5 ml离心管吸出乙醇和弹出一路数次，事后用无菌水彻底冲洗注射器。将注射器安​​全抛开文化引擎盖和晾干。 </li><li>制备具有10％的漂白剂的生物危险废物容器至合适体积的所有废物浸没这个过程（通常200毫升在500毫升容器）。 </li><li>准备并通过填充一个密封的塑料保鲜袋水，并加热到37℃预热37℃的水床。这将允许小鼠恢复以下注入。 </li><li>在开始之前注射℃下冷冻储存在-80删除病毒的股票1小时，然后将小瓶上在RT旋转的轮子。解冻后，保持在冰上病毒库存期间注射的时间。此前LV的立体喷射，稀释浓缩的病毒股票10 6 TU /微升的培养罩采用PBS。 </li><li>消毒选择用于执行用70％乙醇的手术的区域。 </li></ol></li><li> LV显微注射<ol><li>选择和消毒需要手术（手术刀，钻头，小镊子）的工具。 </li><li>经腹腔注射麻醉6-8周龄注射小鼠和氯胺酮美托咪定的兽医监督的混合物。称量每只动物并用50-75毫克氯胺酮和每小鼠体重公斤（大约100-125微升氯胺酮/美托咪定工作每只小鼠溶液）0.5-1毫克美托咪定剂量每。 </li><li>按捏脚趾，尾部或耳朵，并确保该动物没有显示出反应评估麻醉平面。 </li><li>一旦鼠标被麻醉，以每千克小鼠体重减少手术后疼痛0.4-0.5毫克最终剂量注入布托啡诺皮下。 </li><li>剃耳朵之间的区域，并使用一个碘伏如iodopovidone或70％的乙醇消毒皮肤。清洁使用无菌棉-tipped喷头。要小心，不要过度潮湿的动物，因为这可能会加剧低温。 </li><li>放在俯卧位的动物立体框架上，并精心修复使用耳酒吧和腭支持设备的头上。保持与加热垫组小鼠在37℃和应用眼用润滑剂眼睛。 </li><li>使头部皮肤上的1厘米长的切口纵向使用手术刀，轻轻缩回皮肤用细镊子暴露颅骨。 </li><li>仔细清理用消毒棉签骨面。清洗任何残留的组织的暴露颅骨。 </li><li>安装使用注射器座的立体定向装置上的无菌注射器。 </li><li>移动至注射器座的x，y和z轴直到注射器针头的尖端被定位在前囟，会合点矢状（纵向和内侧）缝合线垂直通过冠状缝相交（FIGURË1B）。确保背腹（DV）轴的"零"位置是在囟门颅骨表面。 </li><li>移动注射器x和y目的地坐标（ 见表 1和图1b）。 </li></ol></li></ol><table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2"> 注射区 </td><td colspan="3"> 坐标 </td></tr><tr><td> 前-后（AP） </td><td> 内-外（ML） </td><td> 背腹（DV） </td></tr><tr><td> SEZ /纹状体边缘</td><td> 0.6毫米</td><td> 1.2毫米</td><td> -3.0毫米</td></tr><tr><td>侧脑室</td><td> -0.3毫米</td><td> 1.0毫米</td><td> -2.6毫米</td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:立体坐标为中jections对于在AP和ML轴，x和y坐标被给定为来自前囟的距离（单位mm）。 " - "表示"朝后"。用于DV坐标"零"是颅骨的前囟点的表面和DV坐标表示（单位mm）的距离从该点向下。 <ol start="12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>注释在x，y和z目的地在游标规模，为了能够回来注射部位以后坐标。标记使用外科记号笔在x和y坐标的骨。 </li><li>从工作区移动至注射器程。 </li><li>使用电钻使在头骨的孔小心不要损伤大脑。不要钻软脑膜表面，因为这可能会损害大脑的表面。 </li><li>加载与1微升10 6 TU /μl病毒溶液的注射器。使用33量规尖锐斜面的针，其尖端具有10-12°的角度。注射器针头以90°昂定位乐相对于脑表面。 </li><li>移动注射器回注射部位直到尖端触及软脑膜表面移动下来。 </li><li>穿透用注射器于z大脑坐标在DV轴。 </li><li>缓慢释放的病毒悬浮液，以0.2微升/分钟的速率，以最小化对脑组织损伤由于过度的流体压力。 </li><li>等待5-10分钟，以尽量减少病毒悬浮液的回流，然后缩回注射器非常缓慢。吸干液体任何过量可能在表面上出现使用实验室擦拭注射器的回缩的结果，并立即将其放置在含有漂白剂的生物安全废物容器中。 </li><li>就拿动物出立体的设定，将其放置在温暖垫，并用皮肤粘合关闭伤口。反向使用0.1-1.0毫克/公斤体重的阿替美唑镇静。 </li><li>注入Bupenorphrine皮下注射，每12小时0.1毫克每千克小鼠体重的最终剂量，在开始短持久布托啡诺镇痛的给药后4小时。 </li><li>放置动物一个温暖的垫个性化的笼子，直到鼠标从麻醉中复苏密切监测。将水凝胶的一包在笼子里，以帮助恢复后的动物水合物。 </li><li>部署在漂白液生物危害掌握的一切生物污染的废弃物。清洁吸和乙醇弹射注射器，并用清水冲洗。消毒区，立体组和已被用于与漂白剂和70％的乙醇的外科手术材料。 </li><li>保持在生物安全水平2室分离小鼠注射24-48小时后，他们可以被转移到一个常规住房设施</li></ol> 3.组织学分析<ol><li>灌注，组织收集和切片<ol><li>使用美托咪定和氯胺酮的兽医监督深深的混合物麻醉小鼠（按捏的T评估麻醉平面OES，尾或耳），如前面所述。 </li><li> Transcardially用25ml生理盐水溶液中，接着将75ml 4％PFA中的PB以相同的速率17灌注小鼠。 </li><li>提取大脑和通过在至少10倍于其在PB中冷的4％PFA中的体积浸渍1-16小时（增加后固定时间可能会降低某些抗原的免疫反应性）的后固定。用PB彻底清洗剩下的煤灰。 </li><li>切下图1d的指示大脑和所得嵌段胶水使用氰基丙烯酸酯一vibratome的持有者。 </li><li>收集使用振动30微米厚的串行冠状切片。在4℃下储存于用PB 24多孔板的脑切片。为防止污染，0.05％叠氮化钠可以加入到PB溶液。 </li></ol></li><li>免疫组化<ol><li>孵育自由浮动切片在含0.05％叠氮化钠，1％甘氨酸，5％正常山羊血清封闭缓冲液（PB和0.1％三叔上X-100）在室温1小时，在一个摇动平台轻柔摇动。 </li><li>小心地用移液管除去封闭缓冲液，在封闭缓冲液中添加抗GFP兔初级抗体（见材料的表）的一个适当的稀释，并用此稀释为48小时，在4℃下轻轻摇动孵育组织。 </li><li>洗掉初级抗体溶液用PB至少3次，每次10分钟，洗涤一次。 </li><li>孵育在封闭溶液与荧光团共轭次级抗体的合适稀释的自由浮动部分）（ 参见材料的数据表），在室温和轻轻摇动1小时。保护孵化过程中直接​​光部分。 </li><li>洗掉用PB，3次，每次10分钟，一次二次抗体溶液，并通过在水中用DAPI（4&#39;，6-二脒基-2-苯基）以1mg / ml的温育切片5分钟，染液的组织。通过冲洗两次，并迅速机智洗掉DAPI解决方案h进水。 </li><li>轻轻地放在用细刷油漆载玻片的部分。倾（ 见材料的数据表）安装平台荧光制剂在组织几滴并小心地将一个盖玻片放在上面，检查安装溶液正确地分布在整个表面上，也没有气泡。轻轻挤压下盖玻片排出多余的安装介质。 </li><li>当安装溶液变干（2-16小时），分析通过用488纳米激光共聚焦激光扫描显微镜的样品。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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所有操作均在生物安全2级的房间进行。动物方案得到瓦伦西亚大学伦理委员会的批准，均符合欧洲指令63分之2010/ EU。

LV的提供超过成人神经干细胞的16,18遗传修饰其他病毒系统的重要优势。到V-SVZ利基立体递送慢病毒的代表一个有效的方法来标记和跟踪不常除以B1-的NSCs克服其他常用的方法，例如Br​​dU的，这是多种细胞分裂，或逆转录病毒稀释后，只靶细胞的局限这是在应用程序的时刻增殖。的LV，与腺病毒一起，可以独立的其循环状态感染细胞，这是对于那些不循环，如室管膜细胞，或者是相对静止的，并且因此很少分裂，如成人神经干细胞16,18细胞尤其相关。转基因变得稳定整合和高效率允许转导的细胞和它们的后代的形态特征来表示。 神经干细胞是在包庇一个高度专业化的利基与相邻小区如室管膜或血管细胞以及由此自己的细胞的后代创造一个严格监管的环境中2。像许多胎儿神经干细胞，B1细胞位于旁心室和心室通过在浸渍于心室CSF 1（图2a）的单一非能动初级纤毛结束小，顶端进程联系其流体。这种详细的组织可以被利用来通过病毒滴度和交付面积控制特别针对室管膜细胞或细胞都在利基。在极化上皮粘着和紧密连接已显示阻碍的外来病毒进入细胞和组织中，有时会因病毒进入受体（即CAR受体）在连接复合的限制位置。细胞间粘附的破坏，因此由不同类型的病毒，包括慢病毒（LV）的有利于感染。有趣的是，LV的已显示扰乱连接复合使用时在高浓度在肺上皮20-23。这可以解释由LV的B1-NSCs的感染注射入侧脑室24以前的报告。 由于B1-神经干细胞产生子代迁移前方和背侧，GFP阳性细胞可在RMS各级以及在转播和胼胝体，他们末端分别分化成神经元和少突胶质细胞，被发现。但是，我们不使用的报告基因的表达来确定神经或oligodendrogenesis的利率遗传修饰的效果。一方面，胼胝体是在针轨道的路径，因此，即出现标记的一些细胞可能是在注射过程中直接​​感染的结果。另一方面，因为所有类型的在V-SVZ细胞可感染是不可能区分标记的OB神经元是否在B1细胞或其PROG的遗传修饰的结果enitor衍生物。在其中仅室管膜被感染实验的情况下，B1细胞和它们的后代没有标签与记者，因而神经再生或oligodendrogenesis无法追踪。然而，可以采取的BrdU保留的优点来分析B1-NSC依赖性神经发生的OB或oligodendrogenesis到胼胝体以及在感染小鼠的V SVZ慢慢分割NSCs的增殖活性。例如，小鼠可以用以下的BrdU先前公布的协议的感染与LV的后17 10天，并让其21天存活注入。在转播/胼胝体的BrdU检测可被用来确定神经发生/ oligodendrogenesis的速率，而在V-SVZ的BrdU保留可以作为活化的B1- 单元 13的数量的估计。 这里描述的方法可以用于感兴趣的基因的用于增益的功能前的表达periments但也可用于基于RNA干扰或Cre重组酶的递送沉默构建体的递送构建体失活种系传播两侧装接loxP的等位基因在V-SVZ细胞。此外，这种技术还可以用于CRISPR介导的基因组编辑，如果慢病毒单导RNA的注射组合使用与依赖于Cre的ROSA26 Cas9敲入小鼠25。 关键步骤1:慢病毒的生产和操作同的LV 在体内基因转移应用到特定脑区域需要高滴度载体制剂，因为只有非常小的体积可立体定向，而不会损坏的脑组织注入。慢病毒制剂需要由于该LV的在瞬时共转染系统产生的事实被纯化和有效地注入到大脑前浓缩。这里所描述的程序是生物安全2级，因此，所有的程序，需要的病毒操纵在BSL2设施进行。研究人员需要进行适当的资格，培训中的所有过程。此外，手术必须按照地方当局对动物福利的批准程序充分培训的调查人员进行，并应适当消毒器械无菌条件下生物安全2级的地区进行。充足的术前和术后护理的动物必须进行，并应按照既定的兽医医疗和护理的做法。更具体地讲，所有必须采取预防措施，以减少造成的动物，包括麻醉和镇痛的管理的痛苦和压力。关于动物使用的病毒每一步都必须由机构部门的授权，并根据当地法规进行。个人防护装备也必须佩戴，包括长袍，双层手套和适当的保护眼睛。鳍盟友，所有的工具和表面可能已经在接触病毒必须彻底按照批准的消毒措施（用70％乙醇，10％的漂白剂和/或高压灭菌擦拭）的facility&#39;s净化。 在我们的经验，磷酸钙转染的方法是将DNA导入293T细胞的一个非常有效的和廉价的技术。然而商业DNA转染试剂，也可以在该步骤中使用按照制造商的协议。这个协议是针对病毒上清的收集，在30小时后更换介质的293T细胞的优化。慢病毒上清也可收集24后媒体更换48小时。然而，在我们的经验，在30小时的单个集合产生高滴度的慢病毒载体。 关键的步骤2:向量滴度用公式计算的实际例子:细胞感染×稀释足协％GFP + / 100×号构造函数（DF）=转导单位（TU）/毫升。在本例中，5×10 4细胞（293T）接种前一天，允许10 5个细胞的转导。获得使用流式细胞仪如在协议中所述转导的细胞的％后，转导的细胞的两个值被选择为计算，那些对应于在该转导既不饱和也不太低的稀释液。例如:稀释因子10 -6产生8.08％的细胞感染，并稀释10倍-5产量感染一个61.78％的细胞。滴度是从施加用转导的细胞和其相应的稀释因子的值的公式​​中呈现的值的平均值。在本实施例: 滴度为稀释因子10 -6 =（8.08 / 100）×100,000×10 6 = 8.08·10 9 TU / ml的滴度为稀释因子10 -5 =（61.78 / 100）×100,000×10 5个= 6.178×10 9 TU /毫升平均= [（8.08 + 6.178）/ 2]·10 9 = 7.1·10 9 TU / ml的关键的第3步:注射立体。此处所描述的方法依赖于使用的LV立体定位引导下输送到特定地点的高滴度的低体积。在这个协议中给出的立体坐标已经建立了C57 / BL6小鼠，可能不适合于其他的小鼠品系。立体坐标应该为每个应变和年龄使用类似于实验前快速绿色染料来确定。要做到这一点，染料被注入和鼠标处死后，大脑被提取并且冷冻1 HRAT -20℃。一旦脑硬化，它可以用刀片在注射部位切片并在解剖显微镜下观察，以确定注射部位是否为特定实验目的进行了优化。 关键的一步4:后存活时间。生存交时间将取决于注射部位的不同而不同。一位长期存活时间允许的脑组织，从注射病变恢复，更重要的是，在RMS和OB观察60天后的细胞是相对静止的B1-NSCs的衍生物。注射至侧脑室物理上不伤害的V SVZ。因此，有15天的期限是足够通过室管膜细胞，以确保转基因的表达。 关键的第5步:后固定时间。脑组织的过量固定支柱可以产生某些抗原的掩蔽，由于试剂，如多聚甲醛的交联活性。这些善于保持细胞结构，但是可能会降低一些蛋白质作为交联的抗原性可阻碍抗体结合到抗原表位。抗原检索技术，可能需要，尤其是当有很长的固定的温育时间，或者如果交联f的高百分比ixative被使用。可替代地，1小时的定影后的较短时间已经证明在我们的经验，以保持所述组织的结构，以及确保在细胞内一个良好的抗原性，而无需使用的抗原检索程序就足够了。

鼠心室脑室下区（V-SVZ），在面对纹状体侧脑室的壁，是一种非常活跃的生发区域，其中在持久生产嗅球祖细胞复制和分化的结果的一个持续的过程（OB ）的interneurons和胼胝体少突胶质细胞1。终身代这些细胞似乎是由在神经干细胞（NS​​Cs;也称为B1细胞）的此区域中的存在来支持，该表达星形细胞抗原胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）和干细胞标记物如巢蛋白，ID1和Sox2 2。 GFAP表达B1细胞产生的过境放大祖（TAP）细胞（C细胞），表达转录因子DLX2（远端无同源2）和ASCL1（哺乳动物achaete-schute同源物1）和除法迅速几次就会使人产生之前在迁移神经母细胞（A细胞）或oligodendroblasts 3。 prolif新生成erative神经细胞迁移前方，形成喙迁移流（RMS）的OB，在那里他们融入颗粒和肾小球层的分化抑制性。迁移年轻oligodendroblasts移动到CC，在那里他们成为未成熟的NG2阳性细胞继续分裂本地或分化为成熟的少突胶质细胞髓鞘形成1,4。 B1细胞，胎儿放射状胶质细胞获得，留住他们的前辈的拉长和偏光形态和表现出与自己的优势高度专业化的关系。他们跨越室管膜哪些行了心室和血管灌溉V-SVZ利基的网络之间。 multiciliated室管膜细胞之间B1细胞插层的小心尖进程和单一非能动初级纤毛结束，而其基底处理延伸很长的距离接近平面血管丛，在将b灌溉这个利基结局丛毛细血管2,5-8的荒漠和半荒漠层。 从非神经胶质细胞，这也是GFAP +在完整的V-SVZ利基区分B1〜神经干细胞的最可靠的方法是基于整个安装由三维共聚焦显微镜心室侧壁的制剂和它们的分析后免疫染色GFAP标记薄B1-NSC心尖过程，β连环蛋白划定细胞膜，和任一γ微管蛋白作为纤毛基体或乙酰化α微管蛋白的标记物来标记每个纤毛5,8的程度。从室面这些全坐骑观测表明，B1和室管膜细胞被布置在"风车"5，其中一个或几个GFAP + B1细胞的uniciliated根尖过程由multiciliated室管膜细胞的莲座包围。 B1细胞的形态特征与实验相关的证据我ndicating该血管/内皮细胞和心室脑脊液（CSF）构成作用于神经干细胞2,6,9-11可溶性信号调节源。在心室的表面，同型和室管膜参与和B1细胞异型apico侧向相互作用包括紧密连接和粘着路口5,12。此外，在B1和室管膜细胞，如N-钙粘蛋白和V-CAM之间的连接复合牵连粘附分子，已显示出调节不仅B1的高度组织定位在V SVZ小生，而且它们的静止12 13。室管膜-B1细胞单层似乎充当扩散屏障，允许水和小分子从CSF调节的流量，但限制大蛋白10,11的细胞间通道。实验证据表明，独特的定位B1根尖细胞纤毛可以发挥信令存在于CSF 2多肽的传感器的作用，5-7。室管膜细胞本身，也具有在NSC行为14,15的调节作用的可溶性和膜结合信号源。 可追踪核苷，如溴代脱氧尿苷（BrdU）标记，或逆转录病毒已被广泛地用于标记的祖细胞，包括神经干细胞， 在体内 。然而，这些方法不是最佳的长期命运跟踪因为BrdU的信号稀释经过反复的细胞分裂和逆转录病毒似乎优先靶向瞬时放大，由于其为转导16,17的细胞增殖的必要条件的细胞。为了检查体内 NSC生理学，包括与小生组分的相互作用，这是至关重要的，以建立到标签和跟踪很少分裂细胞，如B1〜神经干细胞基本上是静止的和它们相邻室管膜细胞从未生理条件3下分割的方法。这里，我们表明，慢病毒载体（LVS）允许高效率基因标记ING和成人神经干细胞和非分裂室管膜细胞的长期维护，由于最合理其转导，并整合到靶细胞中的细胞周期无关的方式的基因组中的能力。此外，我们显示如何递送和病毒滴度的帮助路由特异性转导室管膜细胞，但不是B1细胞从而允许对神经干细胞生态位依赖性，室管膜影响的分析。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Part 1: Generation of LV for in vivo delivery.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Equipment:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Optima XL-100K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>SW-28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>SW-55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge tubes&#160;</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>358126</td>
			<td>25X89 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge tubes&#160;</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>326819</td>
			<td>13X51 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge adapters</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>358156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>PLC-30006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>PLC-30024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm dish</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>PLC-20101</td>
			<td>100x20 style</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS tubes</td>
			<td>Afora</td>
			<td>DE400800</td>
			<td>12x75 mm, 5 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cup sterile FACS filter</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>340626</td>
			<td>30 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrocellulose filter</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPU05RE</td>
			<td>0.22 &#956;m&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>LSR Fortessa</td>
			<td>Blue laser 488 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steritop filter</td>
			<td>Biofil</td>
			<td>FPE-204-500&#160;</td>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Reagents:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMDLg/pRRE plasmid&#160;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>#12251</td>
			<td>Core packaging plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pRSV.REV plasmid&#160;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>#12253</td>
			<td>Core packaging plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMD2G plasmid&#160;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>#12259</td>
			<td>Envelope plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pRRL-SIN-PPT.PGK.EGFP.Wpre plasmid&#160;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>#12252</td>
			<td>Transfer vector plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>L0101-500</td>
			<td>For HeLa cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iscove&#39;s Modified Dulbecco&#39;s Medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>12440-053</td>
			<td>For 293T cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-EDTA (TE)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Tris-HCl (sigma, T5941), 0.1 mM EDTA (sigma, E5134), pH 7.6,&#160; DNAse/RNAse-free, 0.2 &#181;m sterile-filtered</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X HBS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.28 M NaCl (Sigma, S7653), 0.05 M HEPES (Sigma, H7523), 1.5 mM anhydrous Na2HPO4 (Sigma, S7907) in dH2O (preferably not MilliQ). Adjust pH to 7.0 with NaOH solution (Calbiochem, 567530).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>S181B-500</td>
			<td>Stock solution at 100X, used to prepare HeLa and 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 10X.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7513-100</td>
			<td>Stock solution at 200 mM, used to prepare HeLa and 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 6 mM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>11360-039</td>
			<td>Stock solution at 100 mM, used to prepare HeLa and 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 1 mM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>Used to prepare 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 1%.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4458</td>
			<td>Stock solution contains 5,000 units/ml penicillin and 5 mg/ml streptomycin. Used to prepare HeLa and 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 1%.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>With phenol red, contains 2.5 g porcine trypsin and 0.2 g EDTA 4Na/L HBSS.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline&#160; (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1408</td>
			<td>Without calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, 10X, liquid, sterile-filtered, suitable for cell culture. Stock solution used to prepare 1X PBS in cell culture grade water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polybrene (hexadimethrine bromide)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H9268</td>
			<td>Powder. Prepare a 1000X stock solution at 8 mg/ml in dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde EM grade 16%</td>
			<td>EM Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Part 2: Sterotaxic injection of LV into the SEZ proper or the lateral ventricle.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Equipment:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><a href="http://www.leicabiosystems.com/">Vernier stereotaxic instrument</a></td>
			<td>NeuroLab, Leica</td>
			<td>39463001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cunningham mouse and neonatal rat adaptor</td>
			<td>NeuroLab, Leica</td>
			<td>39462950</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe holder</td>
			<td>KD Scientific</td>
			<td>KDS-311-CE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>33-gauge syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>P/N&#160;&#160;&#160; 84851/00</td>
			<td>#85RN</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric drill</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>98096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal blanket</td>
			<td>Ufesa</td>
			<td>AL5512/01</td>
			<td>230-240 V, 100-110 W, type C_AL01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaver&#160;</td>
			<td>Jata</td>
			<td>MP373N</td>
			<td>Model: beauty, 3 V, 300 mA, type HT-03.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Reagents:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medetomidine</td>
			<td>Esteve</td>
			<td>DOMTOR&#160;</td>
			<td>Comercial solution at 1 mg/ml.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Merial</td>
			<td>Imalgene 500&#160;</td>
			<td>Comercial solution at 50 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medetomidina/ketamine mixture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Prepare a working mixture of medetomidine at a final concentration of 0.2 mg/ml dilution and ketamine at a final concentration of 15 mg/ml in saline solution. Use as anesthesia injecting a volume to get a final concentration of 0.5-1 mg medetomidina per kg body weight and 50-75 mg ketamine per kg body weight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butorphanol</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>Torbugesic</td>
			<td>Stock solution at 10 mg/ml. Used as analgesia at 1 mg/ml in saline solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atipamezole</td>
			<td>Esteve</td>
			<td>Antisedan</td>
			<td>Stock solution at 5 mg/ml, used in a final concentration of 0.5 mg/ml in saline solution to exit from anesthesia.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% saline solution</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>13465412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histoacryl</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>1050052</td>
			<td>Topical skin adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HydroGel</td>
			<td>Clear H2O</td>
			<td>70-01-5022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td>34120</td>
			<td>11x21 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleach/Virkon</td>
			<td>Dupont</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical marker pen</td>
			<td>Staedler</td>
			<td>313-9</td>
			<td>Permanent lumocolor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic lubricant &#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>SICCAFLUID</td>
			<td>0.5 g/dosis, carbomer 974P</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone-iodine</td>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td>694109.6</td>
			<td>10% povidone-iodine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Part 3: Histological analysis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Equipment:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic peristaltic pump</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer Inst. Co.</td>
			<td>HV-07524-55</td>
			<td>Masterflex L/S variable-speed economy drive, 1.6-100 rpm, 230 V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pump head</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer Inst. Co.</td>
			<td>HV-07518-00</td>
			<td>Masterflex L/S Easy-Load pump head for precision tubing; PSF housing, CRS rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone tube</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer Inst. Co.</td>
			<td>HV-96410-16</td>
			<td>Platinum L/S 16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalp vein set</td>
			<td>Vygon V-green</td>
			<td>70246.05T</td>
			<td>25G, 30 cm tube length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>FluoView FV10i</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot plate</td>
			<td>Tehtnica</td>
			<td>SHP-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Reagents:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffer (PB)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.2 M PB: 0.2 M Na2HPO4 (Sigma, S7907) and 0.2 M NaH2PO4 (Panreac, 141965.1211) in dH2O, adjust pH to 7.2-7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Panreac</td>
			<td>141451.1211</td>
			<td>Prepare fresh every time. Heat dH2O up to 55&#8211;60 &#176;C using a hot plate placed in a fume hood and pour PFA powder while stirring to obtain an 8% solution. The solution is cloudy white as PFA does not dissolve easily. Add 1N NaOH drop by drop just until the solution clears. Cool down, filter through Whatman paper and add an equivalent volume of 0.2 M PB.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.9% NaCl in dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superglue</td>
			<td>LOCTITE</td>
			<td>767547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Panreac</td>
			<td>122712.1608</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7126-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>S30-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9284</td>
			<td>Detergent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GFP rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>ROCKLAND</td>
			<td>600-401-215</td>
			<td>Use at a 1:500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular probes</td>
			<td>A-21206</td>
			<td>Use at a 1:750 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-Diamindino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride hydrate (DAPI)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9542</td>
			<td>Fluorescent nuclear staining. Use at 2 mg/ml in ddH2O. Keep in the dark at 4 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoromount-G</td>
			<td>EM Sciences</td>
			<td>17984-25</td>
			<td>Mounting medium for fluorescent preparations</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stable and efficient genetic modification of cells in the adult mouse v-svz for the analysis of neural stem cell autonomous and non-autonomous effects

相对静止的成体干细胞支持在大多数成人组织终身细胞更新。在成年哺乳动物脑的神经干细胞被限制在两个特定神经源性龛:在海马的齿状回和心室脑室下区的颗粒下区（V-SVZ;也称为室管膜下区或SEZ）在横向的壁心室。的成人干细胞群在体内基因转移策略导致干细胞所需的转基因的长期表达和它们的衍生后代的发展（即那些哺乳动物大脑的）是在当前生物医学和生物技术研究的一个重要工具。这里，一个直接的体内方法提出了成年小鼠的V-SVZ细胞的稳定遗传修饰采用由LV的细胞周期无关的感染和V SVZ龛的高度专业化的细胞结构的优势。具体地，目前的协议涉及是空的LV（对照）或LV编码特定基因的表达盒插入相应的V-SVZ本身的注入，对于所有类型的壁龛细胞的体内靶向 ，或进入侧脑室管腔，为室管膜的定位只有细胞。然后表达盒被整合到转导的细胞和荧光蛋白，也被的LV编码的基因组中，允许在检测到转导的细胞的对的细胞中自主和非自主，小生依赖效应的标记的细胞并分析它们的后代。

LV-介导的基因传递系统可用于在成年小鼠的V-SVZ细胞体转导的长期，允许中增殖，迁移和分化的跟踪和遗传修饰。感染和表达是高度有效的，并产生大量的细胞，它可以由表达式的记者包括是其它非感染细胞中容易辨别。我们迄今为止已经显现转导的细胞用GFP荧光报告，由遍在表达磷酸甘油酸激酶启动子驱动的，但也可使用其他的记者或蛋白质标签。我们经常使用抗体GFP而不是依赖于直接检测，因为它产生更强的荧光信号，记者排放。此外，大脑可以被解剖新鲜，浸泡在固定液，但更好的结果是由穿心灌注获得。 纯化，浓缩载体股票慢慢的我立体定位引导下njected入V SVZ在其与纹状体限值（ 图2a，b）中。注射后两个月，在V-SVZ并在从注射部位的近似半径1 mm，发现大量的GFP +细胞（ 图2a，b）中。感染在所有类型中，记者通过室管膜细胞的V SVZ和表达的细胞的转导的LV结果表明的LV也可以有效地靶向非分裂细胞（ 图2c;另见15）。在V-SVZ GFP标记图案类似于有2 周 4后发现。组织反应的任何迹象，然而，是2个月后喷射检测由于长期间允许从由手术造成的损伤的组织的恢复。在两个月内，被感染的细胞TAP进展到该区域迁移出对OB A-神经母细胞。因为这个过程只需要几天3，GFP的存在+在RMS60天神经母细胞后感染表示的LV也靶向神经源性B1-神经干细胞（图2d）。 B1，C的转导，和在注射产量的 GFP +的interneurons在OB（ 图2e）的时间A细胞。 高滴度的一个小体积的注射浓缩的LV股成在感染室管膜细胞只（图2F-H）的侧脑室的结果。大多数室管膜细胞，它含有的钙结合蛋白S100β，表达后感染（ 图2I）只有15天的记者。与此相反的注射入V SVZ /纹状体限制，无GFP +细胞中观察到subependymally位于或在使用此过程（图2H，J）在RMS或OB。这两种类型的感染可以在通过V-SVZ部分被分析为说明。它们也可以在分析了整个安装侧通​​气的制剂ricle墙（见协议8）。 最近，我们描述了B1细胞的N-钙粘蛋白介导的细胞粘附于室管膜如何调节自己的平静。我们已经使用这里描述递送携带钙粘蛋白，导致N-钙粘蛋白的失活显性负构建体的LV的过程。我们已经证明，在神经干细胞和室管膜细胞或室管膜细胞N-钙粘蛋白的损失仅促进了神经干细胞的数量和细胞周期条目作为同型细胞-细胞相互作用的破坏的结果，增加了（ 图3a，B;见15）。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53282/53282fig2.jpg" /> 图2:记者检测通过在注射的小鼠的切片免疫荧光 （a）该成人子脑室区龛的示意图。细胞的直流电阻率的简化利基的TS所示。 B1细胞极化，表现出与利基专门的关系。他们跨越室管膜哪些行了心室和血管灌溉V-SVZ利基的网络之间。 multiciliated室管膜细胞之间B1细胞插层的小心尖进程和单一非能动初级纤毛结束，而其基底处理延伸到接近平面血管丛该灌溉这个利基在丛毛细血管的基底层结束。 B1细胞衍生物是中间祖细胞可以主动增殖在血管的周围并朝向与利基星形胶质细胞接触嗅球神经母细胞的迁移链。 （b）通过一个半球冠部的示意图示出了注入的级别和注射器针头的用于在V-SVZ /纹状体边界注射的位置。 （三）采取显微照片在原理图所示STA同级别用DAPI独立非执行董事（灰色;左）和GFP的免疫检测;在注射后60天（绿色右）。虚线表示胼胝体的极限。 （四）的免疫荧光检测在V-SVZ附近或纹状体边界注入通过V-SVZ冠状部分中的GFP报告的更高放大倍数。虚线表示的V SVZ的极限。请注意，许多细胞被在V SVZ利基感染。室管膜细胞可以被识别为立方细胞限制性脑室腔中。 （五）免疫荧光GFP（绿色）和神经母细胞标记PSZ-NCAM（红色）。注意双阳性细胞的存在，这表明从被感染前60天的神经干细胞的神经母细胞的产生。白色箭头指向神经母细胞。插图对应于白色正方形包围的区域。 （六）的冠部的概略通过一个半球表示注入的级别和位置注射器针头在侧脑室注射。 （G）显微在用DAPI染色的示意图中所示的相同的水平采取（在灰色;左）和GFP的免疫检测（绿色;右）在注射后15天。虚线表示胼胝体的极限。 （H）的免疫荧光检测在通过V-SVZ冠状部分中的心室中喷射出的GFP报告的更高放大倍数。虚线表示的V SVZ的极限。请注意，只有室管膜细胞被感染。 （ 我 - J）免疫的GFP和室管膜细胞标志物S100β。注意许多双阳性细胞的沿背（i）和腹侧（J）的V-SVZ的存在。在纹状体实质星形胶质细胞箭头指向，还标有S100β。 ķ。通过OB冠状切面用DAPI（灰色;左）染色，免疫绿色荧光蛋白（GRE恩;右）通过V-SVZ /纹状体注射后60天的白色方块包围的区域。注意无数标记的神经元。 （L）通过与DAPI染色的OB冠状切面（灰色;左）和绿色荧光蛋白的免疫检测（绿色;右）侧脑室注射45天后由白色方形封闭区域。请注意，有没有标OB神经元。 CX，大脑皮层; LV，侧脑室; STR，纹状体; GL，肾小球层;保利协鑫，颗粒细胞层; MCL，僧帽细胞层。比例尺:C，G = 500微米; D，E，HJ = 10微米; KL = 250微米; 100微米。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53282/53282fig3.jpg" /> 图3:成人神经干细胞增殖更积极地，当他们变得从其利基已分离 （ 一 ）通过接收空的LV（上图）或LV卡尔的纹状体的注射的小鼠的V SVZ切片的共聚焦显微照片颖显性负钙粘蛋白构建体（底部面板），免疫染色后60天检测到的LV记者GFP（绿色），NSC的标志物GFAP（红），细胞周期标记物的Ki67（青色）和DAPI（蓝色）的感染。每个标记独立小组示（灰色;右）。 （b）通过该接收携带显性负钙粘蛋白构建体（底部面板）插入免疫染色用于检测低压记者的GFP侧脑室空的LV的注射（上面板）或LV小鼠的V SVZ切片的共聚焦显微照片（绿色），NSC的标志物GFAP（红），细胞周期标记物的Ki67（青色）和DAPI（蓝色），在感染后15天。每个标记独立小组示（灰色;右）。白色箭头指向GFAP / GFP双阳性细胞和白色箭头指向GFAP / Ki67的/ GFP三重阳性细胞的细胞核在这两种情况下用黄色星号表示。定量分析表明，更多的自行车神经干细胞当N-CADherin水平的神经干细胞本身或仅在室管膜细胞15例下降。规模:10微米。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects at JoVE

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Here we describe a procedure based on the use of lentiviral particles for the long-term genetic modification of neural stem cells and/or their adjacent ependymal cells in the adult ventricular-subventricular neurogenic niche which allows the separate analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects on neural stem cells.

在成年小鼠V-SVZ细胞的神经分析的稳定，高效的基因修饰干细胞自主和非自主的影响

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are ...

stable-efficient-genetic-modification-cells-adult-mouse-v-svz-for

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

9.2K 次观看.  Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO). Here we describe a procedure based on the use of lentiviral particles for the long-term genetic modification of neural stem cells and/or their adjacent ependymal cells in the adult ventricular-subventricular neurogenic niche which allows the separate analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects on neural stem cells.

视频: Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex multifactorial disease with an unknown etiology, although it is largely thought to occur due to death or dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of cells that underlies the retina and provides critical support for photoreceptors. RPE cell replacement strategies may hold great promise for providing therapeutic relief for a large subset of AMD patients, and RPE cells that strongly resemble primary human cells (hRPE) have been generated in multiple independent labs, including our own. In addition, the uses for iPS-RPE are not limited to cell-based therapies, but also have been used to model RPE diseases. These types of studies may not only elucidate the molecular bases of the diseases, but also serve as invaluable tools for developing and testing novel drugs. We present here an optimized protocol for directed differentiation of RPE from stem cells. Adding nicotinamide and either Activin A or IDE-1, a small molecule that mimics its effects, at specific time points, greatly enhances the yield of RPE cells. Using this technique we can derive large numbers of low passage RPE in as early as three months.

Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be used for multiple applications including cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration, disease modeling, and drug studies. Here we present a simple protocol for reproducibly deriving RPE from stem cells.

视网膜色素上皮细胞的干细胞高效的推导

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration  (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex ...

科研

发育生物学

Efficient Generation of hiPSC Neural Lineage Specific Knockin Reporters Using the CRISPR/Cas9 and Cas9 Double Nickase System

Gene targeting is a critical approach for characterizing gene functions in modern biomedical research. However, the efficiency of gene targeting in human cells has been low, which prevents the generation of human cell lines at a desired rate. The past two years have witnessed a rapid progression on improving efficiency of genetic manipulation by genome editing tools such as the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system. This manuscript describes a protocol for generating lineage specific human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) reporters using CRISPR/Cas system assisted homologous recombination. Procedures for obtaining necessary components for making neural lineage reporter lines using the CRISPR/Cas system, focusing on construction of targeting vectors and single guide RNAs, are described. This protocol can be extended to platform establishment and mutation correction in hiPSCs.

Genome editing tools such as the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system have greatly improved gene targeting efficiency in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This manuscript describes a protocol for generating lineage specific hiPSC reporter using CRISPR/Cas system assisted homologous recombination.

的hiPSC神经细胞系特异性敲开记者代高效使用CRISPR / Cas9和Cas9双切口酶系统

Gene targeting is a critical approach for characterizing gene functions in modern biomedical research. However, the efficiency of gene targeting in human ...

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We quantitatively assessed follicle survival, measured follicle and oocyte diameters, and examined ultrastructure of the oocytes produced from the system. We observed decreased follicle survival, downregulation of expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and growth differentiation factor 9, as indicators for the development of granulosa cells and oocytes, respectively, and oocyte ultrastructural abnormalities under the simulated microgravity condition. The simulated microgravity experimental setup needs to be optimized to provide a model for investigation of the mechanisms involved in the oocyte/follicle in vitro development.

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

A highly promising technique to generate tissue constructs without using matrix is to culture cells in a simulated microgravity condition. Using a rotary culture system, we examined ovarian follicle growth and oocyte maturation in terms of follicle survival, morphology, growth, and oocyte function under the simulated microgravity condition.

体外模拟微重力下小鼠腔卵泡生长的研究

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We ...

Bioengineering of Humanized Bone Marrow Microenvironments in Mouse and Their Visualization by Live Imaging

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix. The ability of HSCs to remain quiescent, self-renew or differentiate, and acquire mutations and become malignant depends upon the complex interactions they establish with different stromal components. To observe the crosstalk between human HSCs and the human BM niche in physiological and pathological conditions, we designed a protocol to ectopically model and image a humanized BM niche in immunodeficient mice. We show that the use of different cellular components allows for the formation of humanized structures and the opportunity to sustain long-term human hematopoietic engraftment. Using two-photon microscopy, we can live-image these structures in situ at the single-cell resolution, providing a powerful new tool for the functional characterization of the human BM microenvironment and its role in regulating normal and malignant hematopoiesis.

A method to create and live-image different humanized bone-marrow niches in mice is presented. Based on the supportive niche created by human mesenchymal cells, the addition of human endothelial cells induces the formation of human vessels, while the addition of rhBMP-2 induces the formation of human-mouse chimeric mature bone tissue.

人类骨髓微环境在小鼠中的生物工程及其通过实时成像的可视化

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

秀丽线虫生殖的计算分析研究细胞核、蛋白质和细胞骨架的分布

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver failure&#8212;which can be caused by chronic alcohol intake, hepatitis, acute poisoning, or other insults&#8212;is a severe condition that can culminate in bleeding, jaundice, coma, and eventually death. However, approaches to treat liver failure, as well as studies of liver function and disease, have been stymied in part by the lack of a plentiful supply of human liver cells. To this end, this protocol details the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells, guided by a developmental roadmap that describes how liver fate is specified across six consecutive differentiation steps. By manipulating developmental signaling pathways to promote liver differentiation and to explicitly suppress the formation of unwanted cell fates, this method efficiently generates populations of human liver bud progenitors and hepatocyte-like cells by days 6 and 18 of PSC differentiation, respectively. This is achieved through the temporally-precise control of developmental signaling pathways, exerted by small molecules and growth factors in a serum-free culture medium. Differentiation in this system occurs in monolayers and yields hepatocyte-like cells that express characteristic hepatocyte enzymes and have the ability to engraft a mouse model of chronic liver failure. The ability to efficiently generate large numbers of human liver cells in vitro has ramifications for treatment of liver failure, for drug screening, and for mechanistic studies of liver disease.

This protocol details a monolayer, serum-free method to efficiently generate hepatocyte-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in 18 days. This entails six steps as hPSCs sequentially differentiate into intermediate cell-types such as the primitive streak, definitive endoderm, posterior foregut and liver bud progenitors before forming hepatocyte-like cells.

人类多能干细胞有效分化为肝细胞

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model of Mouse Brain Injury with Therapeutic Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disease pathology due to TBI progresses from the primary mechanical insult to secondary injury processes, including apoptosis and inflammation. Animal modeling has been valuable in the search to unravel injury mechanisms and evaluate potential neuroprotective therapies. This protocol describes the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of focal, open-head TBI. Specifically, parameters for producing a mild unilateral cortical injury are described. Behavioral consequences of CCI are analyzed using the adhesive tape removal test of bilateral sensorimotor integration. Regarding experimental therapy for TBI pathology, this protocol also illustrates a process for transplanting cultured cells into the brain. Neural cell cultures derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were chosen for their potential to show superior functional restoration in human TBI patients. Chronic survival of hiPSCs in the host mouse brain tissue is detected using a modified DAB immunohistochemical process.

This protocol demonstrates methodologies for a mouse model of open-skull traumatic brain injury and transplantation of cultured human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells into the injury site. Behavioral and histologic tests of outcomes from these procedures are also described in brief.

人类诱导多能干细胞衍生神经细胞治疗移植小鼠脑损伤控制皮质影响模型

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disease pathology due to TBI progresses from the primary mechanical ...

Efficient Neural Differentiation using Single-Cell Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular levels and provided cells for use in regenerative applications. Standard approaches for hESC culture using colony type culture to maintain undifferentiated hESCs and embryoid body (EB) and rosette formation for differentiation into different germ layers are inefficient and time-consuming. Presented here is a single-cell culture method using hESCs instead of a colony-type culture. This method allows maintenance of the characteristic features of undifferentiated hESCs, including expression of hESC markers at levels comparable to colony type hESCs. In addition, the protocol presents an efficient method for neural progenitor cell (NPC) generation from single-cell type hESCs that produces NPCs within 1 week. These cells highly express several NPC marker genes and can differentiate into various neural cell types, including dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes. This single-cell culture system for hESCs will be useful in investigating the molecular mechanisms of these processes, studies of certain diseases, and drug discovery screens.

Presented here is a protocol for the generation of a single-cell culture of human embryonic stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into neural progenitor cells. The protocol is simple, robust, scalable, and suitable for drug screening and regenerative medicine applications.

利用人类胚胎干细胞的单细胞培养进行高效神经分化

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular ...

Preparation of Small RNA Libraries for Sequencing from Early Mouse Embryos

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important for the complex regulation of cell fate decisions and developmental timing. In vivo studies of the contribution of miRNAs during early development are technically challenging due to the limiting cell number. Moreover, many approaches require a miRNA of interest to be defined in assays such as northern blotting, microarray, and qPCR. Therefore, the expression of many miRNAs and their isoforms have not been studied during early development. Here, we demonstrate a protocol for small RNA sequencing of sorted cells from early mouse embryos to enable relatively unbiased profiling of miRNAs in early populations of neural crest cells. We overcome the challenges of low cell input and size selection during library preparation using amplification and gel-based purification. We identify embryonic age as a variable accounting for variation between replicates and stage-matched mouse embryos must be used to accurately profile miRNAs in biological replicates. Our results suggest that this method can be broadly applied to profile the expression of miRNAs from other lineages of cells. In summary, this protocol can be used to study how miRNAs regulate developmental programs in different cell lineages of the early mouse embryo.

We describe a technique for profiling microRNAs in early mouse embryos. This protocol overcomes the challenge of low cell input and small RNA enrichment. This assay can be used to analyze changes in miRNA expression over time in different cell lineages of the early mouse embryo.

为早期小鼠胚胎测序准备小型RNA库

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important for the complex regulation of cell fate decisions and developmental timing. In vivo studies of the contribution of miRNAs ...

Accurate Follicle Enumeration in Adult Mouse Ovaries

Sexually reproducing female mammals are born with their entire lifetime supply of oocytes. Immature, quiescent oocytes are found within primordial follicles, the storage unit of the female germline. They are non-renewable, thus their number at birth and subsequent rate of loss largely dictates the female fertile lifespan. Accurate quantification of primordial follicle numbers in women and animals is essential for determining the impact of medicines and toxicants on the ovarian reserve. It is also necessary for evaluating the need for, and success of, existing and emerging fertility preservation techniques. Currently, no methods exist to accurately measure the number of primordial follicles comprising the ovarian reserve in women. Furthermore, obtaining ovarian tissue from large animals or endangered species for experimentation is often not feasible. Thus, mice have become an essential model for such studies, and the ability to evaluate primordial follicle numbers in whole mouse ovaries is a critical tool. However, reports of absolute follicle numbers in mouse ovaries in the literature are highly variable, making it difficult to compare and/or replicate data. This is due to a number of factors including strain, age, treatment groups, as well as technical differences in the methods of counting employed. In this article, we provide a step-by-step instructional guide for preparing histological sections and counting primordial follicles in mouse ovaries using two different methods: [1] stereology, which relies on the fractionator/optical dissector technique; and [2] the direct count technique. Some of the key advantages and drawbacks of each method will be highlighted so that reproducibility can be improved in the field and to enable researchers to select the most appropriate method for their studies.

Here, we describe, compare, and contrast two different techniques for accurate follicle counting of fixed mouse ovarian tissues.