Financial support for this research was provided by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP ER-2338; Andrea Leeson, Program Manager). Michael Pound, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Southwest provided logistical and site support for the project. Brian White, Erika Thompson and Richard Wong (CBI Federal Services, Inc) provided on-site logistical support, historical site perspective and relevant reports. Todd Wiedemeier (T.H. Wiedemeier &amp; Associates) provided documentation, discussion and historical site perspectives.

1.准备和现场安装<ol><li>购置必要的实地设备;水泵，电动（电池，太阳能电池，变压器等 ），油管，以及帽，配件，样品瓶和瓶，探头（pH值，嗯， 等 ）和低压泵。 </li><li>密封电池供电的空气泵。钻一个孔进入泵壳体（尺寸53）和塑料的不透气管材"1/16的路线一小段（3-5）"（例如PFA）。 <ol><li>密封泵（围绕下橡胶壳体）与海洋密封剂随后硅酮密封剂的涂层的所有外部部分。 </li><li>压力通过在外壳管轻轻地吹而阻断流出测试泵。检查泄漏视觉。 注:光压力应持有，如果没有漏气（ 图1）。 </li></ol></li><li>安装监测井（如有必要，在这项研究中现有油井中使用-筛选整个渗流:地下水接口）18 </SUP&gt;。 注意:一个好必须是一个很好的背景中的位置代表污染场地的 - 但没有已知的石油污染。 </li><li>获得初步的地下水模型的数据，如果他们不存在（导水率，含水层孔隙度，土壤密度，比产量，水力坡度等 ）所描述的18。使用此数据来制定的影响（ 二氧化碳捕集区的估计）一区（ZOI）模型。作为补充材料18中所述准备ZOI模式。 </li><li>由〜25克NaOH和转让称量到100ml的血清瓶中制备的 CO 2陷阱。盖上血清瓶用隔膜和紧紧压接。准备一个陷阱为每个集合井（ 图2），外加一个领域的空白。 </li><li>如需要获得初始pH值，溶解无机碳（DIC）的浓度和阳离子浓度10,18进行初步的地下水取样。填写取40ml挥发或加尼奇分析（VOA）小瓶中，从底部到凸弯月面与地下水（经由水瓢样品，蠕动泵或真空线）中，添加饱和硫酸铜溶液19 5滴，盖紧瓶盖（必须使用隔膜帽）用尽可能少顶部空间尽可能。 <ol><li>就拿其他分析额外的小瓶（污染物浓度，例如）。如果仪表不现场提供用于pH测量的不含防腐剂的小瓶。冷藏和运输到实验室。 </li></ol></li><li>路由电力线（能进行约1放）沿着地面或其它方便的装置到各孔。贴上修改泵（见1.2），并确保泵工作正常（应该能听到它的工作）。 注:该泵可容纳12 V，但使用较低的电压，以节省功率（ 图3）。 </li><li>盖井用改良的气密性好帽。 <ol><li>为了为了准备通过帽帽，钻两个孔（钻孔尺寸53），紧密贴合1/16"气行。通过盖线路二气行。 </li><li>拉一条线，使得它停留在接近地下水表 （ 图4）。贴上就结束了沉重的不锈钢螺母，以权衡下来就行了。 </li><li>路线其它线正好在盖下方（这将是气体返回线）。外套密封面和线程拥有充足的真空脂来抑制任何的空气交换。拧紧瓶盖好。 </li><li>路线下管导入泵入口。路线从泵到使用＃16号针头穿过隔膜的CO 2捕集氢氧化钠（NaOH）的气体线。路线从陷阱返回行（使用第二＃16针）只盖下方结束的天然气管线。 </li><li>由供电启动泵和收集至少30孔体积（这取决于井顶部空间的体积，它可以与井半径（r）和估计的距离来地下水位（L）来计算， 即 πR2升）。丢弃最初的陷阱（清除顶部空间）。 </li><li>删除并从每个瓶的隔拔出针头，并把他们在新瓶的隔收集实验的 CO 2之前，用新鲜的陷阱代替。注意泵开启时间和日期。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.初始样品分析<ol><li>要通过库仑20测量DIC: <ol><li>转让一式三份1毫升子样本与隔封顶40毫升血清瓶。酸化用1ml 80％ 的 H 3 PO 4子样本。喷射用的 CO 2 -free空气流。 </li><li>干与顺序镁（CLO 4）2和硅胶（230-400目，60）陷阱线演进的 CO 2气体流和擦洗。气泡的气体流引入其中比色测定法来量化的 CO 2库仑细胞。使用有证标准物质校准测量21。 </li></ol></li><li>测量pH值使用标准校准的pH计。测量pH现场或保存的样品。 </li><li>通过测量离子色谱法溶解阳离子: <ol><li>吸取5毫升无防腐剂地下水样品自动进样瓶。帽小瓶中并发生在耦合到离子色谱自动取样器。 </li><li>使用特定阳离子列分析10,18。使用20mM的甲磺酸作为洗脱液和色谱流量设为〜0.7毫升分钟-1。 </li><li>稀的6阳离子标准（含有镁，钙，钠，和钾作为最低）0.5的储备溶液:使用纯化水1:4.5，1:4,2:3,3:2和4。运行这些标准在分析的开始和每25未知样品之后。运行每个样品三次（一式三份）。创建通过绘制阳离子浓度对峰面积，并产生一个线性回归的标准曲线。据此分析领域10,18样本。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.测量二氧化碳的生产ð矿化速率现场<ol><li>经过约两周到两个月（会有所不同很可能是从现场原位微生物代谢率的基础上的网站），拔掉他们切断电源到泵。 <ol><li>对于再循环气体陷阱，取出针，并用"新鲜"CO 2捕集更换。如果密封（ 参见 图3）的陷阱是用于长期储存是稳定的。 </li></ol></li><li>当准备用于分析，溶解任何残留的未用（固体）NaOH和整个液体内容传输到一个容积装置以获得稀释体积。确定全卷（例如200毫升剩余的氢氧化钠充分溶解）和转让子样（5-10毫升）到40毫升的小瓶隔。 <ol><li>通过注入50％（V / V）磷酸，喷射酸化和分析由库仑所得气流（见2.1）。 </li><li>通过缩放子样本到整个volum手动计算二氧化碳收集率e和收集到的时间（ 即X每天克Co 2）。减去领域的空白CO 2含量。例如，如果完全溶解的氢氧化钠为200毫升，以20乘10ml的子样本以反映总的 CO 2的浓度。 注意:如果该样本代表收集的14天，收集率将是缩放的CO 2浓度14天划分。暗算初始浓度DIC CO 2的收集率。如果不存在相关性，收集率是不均衡动力学的唯一功能。 </li><li>为了考虑平衡动力学，人工采样期间减去所有其他的井的收集率最低的收缴率。 注意:例如，如果最低的收集率为0.0001毫克ð-1，进行保守的假设，这代表只平衡收集和减去该值对于所有其它的收集率，以获得第ËCO 2的生产速度，由于降解。缩放率是有机碳矿化率（保守的最低利率可能包括一些污染物矿化）。 </li></ol></li><li>通过加速器质谱（AMS）分析了剩余的CO 2，以确定放射性碳含量22。使用大约1毫克的碳此分析。缩放收集时间（s）收集足够的 CO 2。减去在现场通过质量平衡（放射性碳测量领域的空白缩放到的CO 2）空白的放射性碳含量。 注:所描述的试验场地，2周藏品被绰绰有余获得1毫克的碳。 </li></ol> 4.模式影响的区域，以估计取样的 CO 2的卷土<ol><li>通过ModelMuse接口25使用MT3DMS 23加上MODFLOW-2005 24模拟二氧化碳的扩散和平衡与井屏幕（视频1）有关。该模型的分辨率为0.09米0.09米它近似等于所述孔的横截面，并认为合理的ZOI估计。 <ol><li>下载并安装MODFLOW-2005（http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/modflow/MODFLOW.html#downloads），MT3DMS（http://hydro.geo.ua.edu/mt3d/）和ModelMuse（HTTP ://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/ModelMuse/ModelMuse.html）。 </li><li>与MODFLOW程序位置配置ModelMuse。要做到这一点，单击"模型"菜单，然后选择"MOFLOW程序位置..."，然后点程序到MODFLOW-2005程序的安装目录:/bin/mf2005.exe。在此同一对话框中，用MT3DMS程序位置（:/bin/mt3dms5b.exe安装目录）配置ModelMuse。 </li><li>配置MODFLOW软件包和程序（在ModelMuse内）。要做到这一点，选择"模型"菜单，然后选择"MODFLOW软件包和程序......"。在"流"，选择LPF:4，层属性流程包"。 </li><li>在"边界条件"，选择"指定头"，然后选择CHD:时变指定-头包"，选择"MT3DMS"选择"BTN:。"基本运输包装将移动物种CO 2。 </li><li>配置中ModelMuse MODFLOW选项。要做到这一点，选择"模型"菜单，然后选择MODFLOW。在"选项"选项卡，设置示范单位（米，小时，克（克））。 </li><li>通过选择"模型"菜单，然后配置MODFLOW时间"MODFLOW时间"。使用360长度应激期将有15天的模拟运行。 </li><li>配置MODFLOW数据集选择"数据"菜单，选择"数据集"。从关注点中输入数据:水文（3维的K值，初始MODFLOW头，Modflow的指定负责人）; MT3DMS:（扩散系数的 CO 2，初始浓度的 CO 2，纵向弥散性）。 </li><li> ËDIT全局变量。选择"数据"菜单，选择"全局变量"。进入CO 2的收集率（从网站）和初始CO 2浓度。 </li><li>运行模拟。按下顶部的图标栏上的绿色箭头开始模拟。提示时保存输入文件。模拟运行。运行后，出口MT3DMS输入文件:选择"文件"菜单，然后选择"导出"，然后MT3DMS输入文件。模拟编译和导出数据。 </li><li>观察并输出模型结果。点击图标栏上的可视化图标。选择模拟。在X，Y，Z轴输出ZOI边界值 注:此模式代表了二氧化碳收集影响的区域（整个模型开发以报告的形式从支撑材料描述可用）18。的ZOI，其被定义为含水层的体积已经达到95％或更低的CO 2浓度，似乎是对称的水力梯度这表明与小水力梯度旱季平流过程的影响相对较小。进一步的分析表明，含水层的任何CO 2耗尽的体积（ 即 ，&lt;99％）显著较长扩展区下坡。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.夫妇放射性碳含量的CO 2的生产速度和规模，以卷（带ZOI） <ol><li>转换放射性碳年代（如有必要），以每使用标准公式22密耳符号。在方程使用的背景以及放射性碳值作为一个已知的（Δ14 C- NOM）（1）。 Δ14 C- 石油是知道（-1000）。使用了Δ14单井值的 CO 2。解决部分石油 。 （1）Δ14 CO 2 =（Δ14 C- 石油 -X 部分 石油 ）+ [Δ14 C- NOM×（1 - 分数石油 ）] </li><li>由二氧化碳矿化率（3.1）乘以部分石油，以确定污染物矿化率（ 即 50％×1.0毫克Ð-1 = 0.5毫克的碳污染物Ð-1）。 </li><li>通过在计算出的ZOI体积除以污染物矿化速率（4）确定每单位体积（ 即，0.05毫克C M -3ð-1）的每单位时间的污染物质量矿化。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+bioremediation:+When+does+it+work.">In situ bioremediation: When does it work.</a> National Research Council. , 1-207 (1993).</li><li>Vangelas, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Summary Document of Workshops for Hanford, Oak Ridge and Savannah River Site as part of the Monitored Natural Attenuation and Enhanced Passive Remediation for Chlorinated Solvents - DOE Alternative Project for Technology Acceleration. , 1-89 (2003).</li><li>Wiedemeier, T. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground Water. , 1-248 (1998).</li><li>Wilson, J. T., Kampbell, D. H., Ferrey, M., Estuestra, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Evaluation of the Protocol for Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents: Case Study at the Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant. , 1-49 (2001).</li><li>Elsner, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+challenges+in+compound-specific+stable+isotope+analysis+of+environmental+organic+contaminants.">Current challenges in compound-specific stable isotope analysis of environmental organic contaminants.</a> Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 403 (9), 2471-2491 (2012).</li><li>Meckenstock, R. U., Griebler, C., Morasch, B., Richnow, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+isotope+fractionation+analysis+as+a+tool+to+monitor+biodegradation+in+contaminated+acquifers.">Stable isotope fractionation analysis as a tool to monitor biodegradation in contaminated acquifers.</a> Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 75 (3-4), 215-255 (2004).</li><li>Kirtland, B. C., Aelion, C. M., Stone, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+in+situ+mineralization+of+recalcitrant+organic+compounds+in+vadose+zone+sediments+using+&#948;13C+and+&#916;14C+measurements.">Assessing in situ mineralization of recalcitrant organic compounds in vadose zone sediments using &#948;13C and &#916;14C measurements.</a> Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 76 (1-2), 1-18 (2005).</li><li>Kirtland, B. C., Aelion, C. M., Stone, P. A., Hunkeler, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isotopic+and+Geochemical+Assessment+of+in+Situ+Biodegradation+of+Chlorinated+Hydrocarbons.">Isotopic and Geochemical Assessment of in Situ Biodegradation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 37 (18), 4205-4212 (2003).</li><li>Aelion, C. M., Kirtland, B. C., Stone, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiocarbon+assessment+of+aerobic+petroleum+bioremediation+in+the+vadose+zone+and+groundwater+at+an+AS/SVE+site.">Radiocarbon assessment of aerobic petroleum bioremediation in the vadose zone and groundwater at an AS/SVE site.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 31 (12), 3363-3370 (1997).</li><li>Boyd, T. J., Pound, M. J., Lohr, D., Coffin, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiocarbon-depleted+CO2+evidence+for+fuel+biodegradation+at+the+Naval+Air+Station+North+Island+(USA)+fuel+farm+site.">Radiocarbon-depleted CO2 evidence for fuel biodegradation at the Naval Air Station North Island (USA) fuel farm site.</a> Environmental Science: Processes &amp; Impacts. 15 (5), 912-918 (2013).</li><li>Coffin, R. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiocarbon+and+Stable+Carbon+Isotope+Analysis+to+Confirm+Petroleum+Natural+Attenuation+in+the+Vadose+Zone.">Radiocarbon and Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis to Confirm Petroleum Natural Attenuation in the Vadose Zone.</a> Environmental Forensics. 9 (1), 75-84 (2008).</li><li>Sihota, N. J., Ulrich Mayer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+vadose+zone+hydrocarbon+biodegradation+using+carbon+dioxide+effluxes,+isotopes,+and+reactive+transport+modeling.">Characterizing vadose zone hydrocarbon biodegradation using carbon dioxide effluxes, isotopes, and reactive transport modeling.</a> Vadose Zone Journal. 11, (2012).</li><li>Sihota, N. I., Singurindy, O., Mayer, K. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CO2-Efflux+Measurements+for+Evaluating+Source+Zone+Natural+Attenuation+Rates+in+a+Petroleum+Hydrocarbon+Contaminated+Aquifer.">CO2-Efflux Measurements for Evaluating Source Zone Natural Attenuation Rates in a Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Aquifer.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 45 (2), 482-488 (2011).</li><li>Norman, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+six+methods+for+measuring+soil-surface+carbon+dioxide+fluxes.">A comparison of six methods for measuring soil-surface carbon dioxide fluxes.</a> J. Geophys. Res. 102 (24), 28771-28777 (1997).</li><li>Amos, R. T., Mayer, K. U., Bekins, B. A., Delin, G. N., Williams, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+dissolved+and+vapor-phase+gases+to+investigate+methanogenic+degradation+of+petroleum+hydrocarbon+contamination+in+the+subsurface.">Use of dissolved and vapor-phase gases to investigate methanogenic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the subsurface.</a> Water Resources Research. 41 (2), 1-15 (2005).</li><li>Molins, S., Mayer, K. U., Amos, R. T., Bekins, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vadose+zone+attenuation+of+organic+compounds+at+a+crude+oil+spill+site+-+Interactions+between+biogeochemical+reactions+and+multicomponent+gas+transport.">Vadose zone attenuation of organic compounds at a crude oil spill site - Interactions between biogeochemical reactions and multicomponent gas transport.</a> Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 112 (1-4), 15-29 (2010).</li><li>McCoy, K., Zimbron, J., Sale, T., Lyverse, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+Natural+Losses+of+LNAPL+Using+CO2+Traps.">Measurement of Natural Losses of LNAPL Using CO2 Traps.</a> Groundwater. , (2014).</li><li>Boyd, T. J., Montgomery, M. T., Cuenca, R. H., Hagimoto, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+radiocarbon+and+CO2+flux+measurements+used+to+determine+in+situ+chlorinated+solvent+mineralization+rate.">Combined radiocarbon and CO2 flux measurements used to determine in situ chlorinated solvent mineralization rate.</a> Environmental Science: Processes &amp; Impacts. , (2015).</li><li>Winslow, S. D., Pepich, B. V., Bassett, M. V., Wendelken, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+inhibitors+for+US+EPA+drinking+water+methods+for+the+determination+of+organic+compounds.">Microbial inhibitors for US EPA drinking water methods for the determination of organic compounds.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 35 (20), 4103-4110 (2001).</li><li>Johnson, K. M., Sieburth, J. M., Williams, P. J. l. B., Br&#228;ndstr&#246;m, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coulometric+total+carbon+dioxide+analysis+for+marine+studies:+Automation+and+Calibration.">Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Automation and Calibration.</a> Mar.Chem. 21 (2), 117-133 (1987).</li><li>Dickson, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standards+for+ocean+measurements.">Standards for ocean measurements.</a> Oceanography. 23 (3), 34-47 (2010).</li><li>Stuiver, M., Polach, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discussion:+Reporting+of+14C+Data.">Discussion: Reporting of 14C Data.</a> Radiocarbon. 19 (3), 355-363 (1977).</li><li>Zheng, C., Wang, P. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> MT3DMS: A modular three-dimensional multispecies transport model for simulation of advection, dispersion, and chemical reactions of contaminants in groundwater systems; documentation and user's guide. , (1999).</li><li>Harbaugh, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> MODFLOW-2005, the US Geological Survey modular ground-water model: The ground-water flow process. , (2005).</li><li>Winston, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ground Water - Book 6. Vol. Techniques and Methods. , (2009).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Semi-Annual Post-Closure Maintenance Report for Calendar Year 2011 Installation Restoration (IR) Program Site 2 (Old Spanish Bight Landfill), Site 4 (Public Works Salvage Yard), and Site 5, Unit 1 (Golf Course Landfill). , (2011).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Annual Progress Report October 2010 to December 2011, Operable Unit 24. , (2012).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests

一种协议，描述了旨在速率测量，比例矿化污染物（S）和ZOI共同决定整个网站的污染物降解。关键组件，测量二氧化碳的生产（修正时矿化）随着时间的推移，同时收集呼出的二氧化碳数量充足（〜1毫克）为AMS放射性碳分析提供从污染物降解派生量，并创造了ZOI模型关系所捕获的 CO 2土壤或地下水（或两者）的已知体积。这三个主要成分结合在一个整体的计算在每个采样点用于污染物每单位时间单位体积降解的量到达（克-3ð-1，例如）。缩放计算，经过反复和地理上分开测量（井子采样覆盖在更长的时间尺度的网站），将允许网站管理员估计空间和tempor人的降解动态和适当的应对监管机构和利益相关者。 所描述的协议使用再循环泵或长期部署被动采样（目前正在开发的策略），以从井顶空气阱出来的 CO 2。究其原因是几折。首先，充分的 CO 2必须以获得放射性碳测量（〜1毫克）被收集。呼吸速率可以用表层土壤测量:空气交换的陷阱，或通过土壤呼吸仪器（例如LICOR通量室）。这些方法从需要遭受异步收集到足够的 CO 2放射性碳分析-因此也许偏置测量。例如，焊剂室可配备测量土壤:空气中的 CO 2交换，而占大气CO 2 17涌入。除非呼吸率很高，充足的 CO 2放射性碳测量不得截留。在这种情况下，样品可从大型土壤气体样品或地下水（与DIC）12所。此外，测量的 CO 2通量在土壤:空气表面受到从大气侧到通量室或陷阱涌入。采样以及顶空"隔离"的信号到污染的区域（取决于井安装在一定程度上），但适当地选自大气流入（和大气产生现代14 CO 2）的除去。主要的困难是从井采样，而无需为了改变陷阱（为时间采样），以将其打开。 使用再循环泵允许一个样品井顶部空间并改变二氧化碳的陷阱定期而不必暴露样品位置到大气14 的 CO 2。它也允许一个采样相当的 CO 2然后可以对通量和天然放射性碳含量进行分析。再循环公关otocol并非没有困难。一个主要的问题是提供充足的动力在现场连续运行泵。为初始实验（这里描述的），太阳能电池板提供了足够的能量来运行对每两个星期内泵。电压记录显示，几天后，太阳能发电无法与所需的功率跟不上，每天泵不运作了几个小时。这是无关紧要的光通量建模和全面收集，但更强调提供充足的动力进行实地部署的硬件的难度。在当前运行的集合，动力泵已被地勤人员在监控井场割草中断。几个电源线都被切断。我们目前正在评估顶空部署无源CO 2陷阱可能具有吸收的 CO 2被降低到井和检索在稍后的日期。风险 - 效益分析正在进行中（大部分来自不必打开井口，让大气中产生的风险14 CO 2）。 该技术的主要限制是不能够区分在混合污染物的系统的准确呼吸源和不能够占中间碳基降解产物（ 即 ，DCE，VC，甲烷）。举例来说，在目前的网站，有除CH污染历史燃料碳氢化合物污染。簇头几乎完全从石油原料制成。在描述现场，CH是在所研究的区域主要是孤立的 - 而一些残留的石油显然存在北。没有石油在取样这项工作井发现。然而，在混合污染物网站，整体矿化率可能难以绑在一个人或一类污染物。使用这种方法，可以量化完整CH降解（成CO 2）。如果，污染物碳被转化为CH 4（厌氧条件），CH 4的可＆＃34。丢失"，如果它漫射从ZOI远即碳可能会被转换为在渗流区好氧部分内CO 2如果这没有在ZOI内发生，所报道的方法将不考虑它在这种情况下。 ，所描述的方法可以被认为是保守的估计，从监管的角度来看，是理想的。另外，该ZOI建模也不是没有不确定性。模拟是基于它们在假定子样本测定"单数"值，例如孔隙度和堆积密度是同质 - 但在现实中是在宏观和microscales异构感知限制可以是天然丰度放射性碳分析成本（可高达每个样品$ 600）的信息的确切性质从放射性碳品牌聚集。成本在现实中非常低。随着几个精心挑选的样品中，可确定是否实质性补救正在发生。如果，例如CO 2的相关联瓦特第i污染物羽是相对于背景站点10放射性碳耗尽。与低环境pH值（&gt; 4.8〜）和可观的石灰石（ 碳酸钙 ），一个网站可能是应用这种技术的一个贫穷的候选人。古代的碳酸盐沉积在可能低pH值和偏差分析溶解。 该技术的意义是相当大的，作为唯一的测量类型（自然丰度放射性碳）可以立即使用在污染物的就地转化确认为CO 2。这种分析是决定性的。放射性碳不能成为耗尽除非通过放射性衰变 - 这是尽管物理，化学或任何原料生物改变常数。静态测量放射性碳（如DI 14 C）可以在一批样品进行并立即确认，如果14 C-耗尽CO 2是在一个网站普遍（无可辩驳地表明污染物矿化为CO 2）。这条信息单独和灰是现场管理人员因为没有它非常有价值，他们需要使用大量的证据间接行推断污染物矿化发生。没有其他的单次测量能够提供基于碳的污染物，并通过完全降解产生的含碳的 CO 2之间的具体连接。 未来的应用是目前正在进行中，我们集团将增加采样时间分辨率整整一年来涵盖。通过收集的 CO 2和确定在该网站的空间范围的矿化度（S），我们就可以在一段时间，以缩小用于污染物降解的模型。此信息至关重要，以便在需要由现场管理人员能够最有效地管理受污染场地。在有限的使用，在三个网站，该技术已被应用于监管机构已经认识到方法最终结果。这导致节约成本，并帮助指导补救阿尔特rnatives。

环境清理费用是惊人的，在美国和国外众多污染的场所。这使得创新的治疗和监测策略，以达到完全反应（RC）状态（ 例如，没有进一步的动作需要）经济至关重要。传统上，会聚证据行原位生物修复，非生物污染物转化，或其他形式的天然的衰减已经证实。证据线不能被用于绝对确认降解或原位条件1下收集的污染物的降解速率的信息。收集宽的数据来预测修复时间刻度（多个）的阵列经常被推荐的，但连接这些数据的成本有效地完全确认补救一直是个问题2-4。用尽可能少的成本尽可能获取最真实和完整的网站概念模型的数据是一个最终的现场管理的目标。此外，监管机构和stakeholDER需求代表着获得最及时的，有价值的和具有成本效益的信息额外的驱动程序。能够对污染物流失率提供了令人信服的证据的相对廉价的方法提供满足清理目标最大的价值。 由于非常独特的同位素特征是基于碳的污染物可用，碳同位素最近已应用于在野外场地5-13了解污染物的衰减过程。稳定的碳同位素可以如果源是基于瑞利蒸馏动力学（ 参见 5,6-对于评论）衰减可以用来确定。或不代表一个同位素独特的"开始"溢出（从中初始稳定碳同位素比率可以衍生） - 这种方法，而方便，可当污染物是从混合来源的限制。自然丰度放射性碳分析代表了另一种（也许是互补）同位素STrategy用于测量基于碳的污染物降解为CO 2。燃料从石油原料衍生的工业化学品将完全无c相对于当代（循环积极）的碳14，其中包含由大气中的宇宙射线的反应产生14的C。作为稳定的碳同位素分析，和14 C-衰变不显著通过物理，化学或生物过程的影响放射性碳分析不受分馏。此外，14 C信号-或缺乏-石油衍生材料在整个污染物池均匀分布使其成为一个完全混溶示踪剂。此处所描述的技术依赖于观察，虽然CO 2的来自微生物降解的NOM将含有易可测量量14℃的生成从化石来源的污染物产生的任何的 CO 2会缺乏14 C-测量14 CO 2还允许一个完全降解污染物（ 即矿化）直接链接到一个无害的最终产品。 14 CO 2的分析已被用于跟踪化石燃料衍生的污染物降解产物7-13。这是由于年底的成员（化石和现代）之间的解析解这大概是每千人（‰）1100件。通常，加速器质谱（AMS）来解决天然丰度放射性碳。大气CO 2（〜+ 200‰），活体生物量（〜+ 150‰）和土壤有机质来源的CO 2（〜-200- + 100‰）都是不同的解析来自化石来源的CO 2（-1000‰）。这是由于所有14 C，其具有的大致6000年半衰期的完全腐烂。燃料和工业化学品从石油原料，这是亿万年从活性炭去除循环派生，具有鲜明的放射性碳签名（-1000‰≈0％现代 - 这意味着对AMS无检测）。测量很简单，在样品污染方面，几乎所有潜在的偏见是对保守（与污染现代CO 2的样本）。例如， 大气中的二氧化碳进入样本会增加放射性碳同位素特征，从而导致低估降解率。 二氧化碳从化石燃料为基础的污染物降解演变将放射性碳免费。在背景的网站，没有污染， 二氧化碳呼出从天然有机物（NOM）将年龄适当的NOM。内的羽流或在边缘，污染物来源的 CO 2将具有0％现代碳。 二氧化碳从化石来源的NOM源和CO 2可以与两个端构件混合模型11区分开来。因此，有可能向埃斯蒂马忒整个CO 2的游泳池（气息奄奄碳）归属于该污染物的比例。仅仅使用这个比例，化石烃或工业化学氧化在外地的网站已被确认7-13。然后，该衍生的 CO 2污染物的比例可以配上CO 2总矿化速率（每单位时间和体积收集的所有的 CO 2），以确定本征杂质矿化速率。假设这衰减率将继续在给定的场地条件，那么可以估算需要的网站关闭的时间。 技术可用于确定土层CO与具有开放的方法或封闭系统设计14 2通量。封闭系统通量室和气体流量模型已被用于测定污染土壤12,13,15-17净呼吸。在这些研究中，空间测量直接与污染羽和backgrou相关第二方面表现出增强的有机污染物降解。各种造型方法被用来扩展垂直通量测量部位的体积。这项研究的目的是开发一种用于在使用收集率来确定污染物从呼吸大气中的二氧化碳污染（密封井）不影响收集足够的 CO 2 AMS分析（约1毫克）的方法。最后，模拟的影响（ZOI）的区域，以最终缩放测量3维（体积）允许确定每单位时间基础上的每单位体积上和氯化烃（CH）变换。的ZOI允许人们确定呼吸和放射性碳测量多少体积取自。该方法包括俘获演变的 CO 2通过NaOH阱再循环井顶部空间气体，测量所收集的 CO 2的放射性碳含量，采用了两个端构件模型来分摊收集不纯的ori的CO 2的杜松子酒，则缩放测量到通过位点特异性地下水模型计算出的体积。井顶部空间气体被再循环，以便只有均衡处理从相邻的ZOI"拉" 的 CO 2。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="737">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Air pump; Power Bubbles 12V</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Marine Metal</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B-15</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Marine Sealant</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5200</td>
			<td>for sealing pumps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Silicone Sealant</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Dap</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08641</td>
			<td>for sealing pumps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Tubing for gas recirculation</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Mazzer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EFNPA2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Stopcocks (for gas lines)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30600-09</td>
			<td>for assembling gas lines</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Male luer lock fittings</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WU-45503-00</td>
			<td>for assembling gas lines</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Female luer lock fittings</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EW-45500-00</td>
			<td>for assembling gas lines</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">4&#34; Lockable J-Plug well cap</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Dean Bennett Supply</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NSN</td>
			<td>2&#34; if smaller wells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">HOBO 4-Channel Pulse Data Logger</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Onset</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">UX120-017</td>
			<td>Older model no longer available. Use to monitor pump operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Serum bottles 100 mL (cs/144)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">33111-U</td>
			<td>For CO2 traps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Septa (pk/100)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">27201</td>
			<td>For CO2 traps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Coulometry&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Anode solution</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">UIC, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CM300-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Cathode solution</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">UIC, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CM300-002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">For IC analysis</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Dionex Filter Caps 5 ML 250/pk</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9253179</td>
			<td>Caps for IC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Dionex 5 mL vials, 250/pk</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9253178</td>
			<td>Vials for IC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">If using solar power</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Renogy Solar Panel kit(s)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Renogy&#160;</td>
			<td>KT2RNG-100D-1</td>
			<td>Bundle provides 200W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">VMAX Solar Battery</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">VMAX</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VMAX800S</td>
			<td>For energy storage</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring carbon-based contaminant mineralization using combined co2 flux and radiocarbon analyses

描述了一种方法，它使用不存在在从石油原料频繁污染环境取得工业化学品和燃料放射性碳的。这个放射性碳的信号-或者说没有信号-是均匀分布在整个污染物源池分布（不像一个附加示踪剂），而不是由生物，化学或物理过程（如 14 C-放射性衰变率是不可改变的）影响。如果化石来源的污染物是完全降解为CO 2，一种无害的终产物，即二氧化碳将不包含放射性碳。从天然有机物（NOM）的降解，衍生的二氧化碳将反映NOM放射性碳含量（一般&lt;3万年左右）。定为NOM（站点背景）公知的放射性碳含量，一个两个端构件混合模型可被用来确定从矿物源给定的土壤气体和地下水样品中产生的二氧化碳 。耦合在p从与CO 2的呼吸率的污染物衍生ercent CO 2提供了污染物的每单位时间劣化的总量的估计值。最后，在确定的影响表示从哪个网站的 CO 2被收集允许确定每单位时间和体积污染物降解的体积的区域（ZOI）。随着估算总污染物的质量，这最终会被用来计算时间对调整或以其他方式供决策使用的网站管理员。

在试验现场，历史CH污染已经中央以及集群（MW-25-MW-30）内，靠近谢尔曼路（ 图5）一直最高。 1983年，污染大的部分是从垃圾填埋场（试验场北部）移除，发生在2001年CH浓度额外的挖掘源去除特别是靠近前坑（谢尔曼路）后有所下降，但持久羽继续存在于中央阱簇区域。季节性降雨是众所周知的瞬时增加CH浓度和残留污染解吸的土壤27。在该地区的土壤主要是前疏通沙滩。用上述方法的一种可能的干扰可能存在，如果古碳酸盐岩都存在，地下水pH值很低（&lt;〜5）。这可能导致碳酸盐溶解并产生的CO 2的古老信号。无显著碳酸钙被称为在该地区，然而，测量并且经受回归和主成分分析（PCA）的阳离子和pH值。主要关注的是低pH值可以促进碳酸钙（ 碳酸钙 ）解散，这可能会偏向放射性碳分析（古碳酸盐岩可以溶解，如果用酸性水提供CO古代2）。 Na +的含量在现场（靠近海洋）南侧略高，但没有值分别表示显著海水入侵的范围。钙离子浓度范围为8.0〜58毫克L-1。与钙离子浓度，pH值（R 2 &lt;0.3）时，也没有说明碳酸盐溶解。 PCA双图没有表明任何变量强负荷。间以及差异也没有表明碳酸盐溶解（ 图6）。这种构象分析应该适应这一方法，以新的网站时，需要考虑的关键 - particul阿尔利那些指示显著碳酸盐岩层区域地质。 的 CO 2生产速率范围从0到34毫克的CO 2天-1。 CO 2的产量在区域中心以及集群中的污染历史最高（ 图5）中最低。 CO 2的生产以及MW-01（背景很好-没有显示，但是〜500米，主井群的西北）为31毫克的CO非常高的2天-1）。重复呼吸分析有标准误差的范围从0.03至CO 2 6％，平均小于1％（0.98）。 两个，2周的周期旱季测量值平均为后续计算。呼吸测量并没有单独的为期2周的时间之间有很大的不同。呼吸期间介于标准误差&lt;1至51％，但平均为13％（ 表1）。 Respirati在平均计算允许一个单一的CH音量在一个月内拆除。背景井（MW-01）有1280年的放射性碳年代存在（YBP）或85％的现代（PMC）之前-一个共同的范围岁土壤有机质26之内。此井的值作为背景的同位素的混合模型。再次，因为采样仅限于一个月总，两个相同的季节期间回到后端段被用来"代表"旱季 - 通常认为是最停滞条件，从而保守为外推估计。与DIC的生产速度，放射性碳测量结果个人2周的时间相似。周期之间的标准误差范围是0.25至18％，平均为6％。 CO 2的放射性碳年龄为34〜85 PMC或〜1340 8700 YBP（ 表1）。 MW-27和MW-32，疑似由水泵漏水的问题被泄露过放射性现代VAL因此，用户设备和被证实为损害。这些样品中不包括进一步的分析。 以前的报告被用于地下水液压和CO 2溶质性质开发ZOI模型26,27（ 表2）。从CIMIS圣迭戈站（站号184）气象数据（2007年，2011和2012年）被用来估计含水层补给量。在从NOAA圣迭戈站（站号:9410170），同一时间段潮汐数据被用来定义边界条件。该模型假定校准一个稳定的水力梯度和恒定的二氧化碳收集率。补充模拟不同的平均二氧化碳收集率，再加上参数化模型帮助10％的水力梯度增加初始背景的 CO 2。使用平均二氧化碳收集率A补充模拟显示，电子同比增长约46％stimated背景CO 2（ 即从6.5提高到9.5克-3），如果征收率从0.00530（+ 10％）超过2周收集期间改为0.00434克小时-1（-10％）（ 见表3） 。为ZOI模型假设包含可忽略的CO在收集期间2生产归属于CH降解和均匀的初始CO 2的分布开发最终模拟（ 图7）。 CO 2的反应速率可能被低估了研究地点。 从ZOI模型中使用二氧化碳生产速率，CO 2归属于CH退化，和估计，大众CH去除在每个单位以及时间计算。从表1的数据是用两个端员混合模型中使用（方程（1））来解决在每个F 宠好。因为网站只知道CH CON<html>污染并没有其他的 CO 2源是内部或现场附近发现，CH退化假设为主体的二氧化碳作出贡献。的F 宠物在现场（ 表4）介于1至60％。的比例被转化为碳基和乘以CO 2的生产速率来计算CH降解率（ 表4）。使用ZOI体积（ 表3），每单位时间和体积污染物降解速率测定（ 表4）。此值介于0到32毫克C M -3ð-1（ 表4）之间。 CH退化的历史最高CH污染地区最低（MW-25 - MW-30）。在靠近边缘部位（近谢尔曼路）井，最高CH降解进行了测量。 CO 2的产量为在这些区域较高，而f 涤纶指示显著CH周转（ 图8）。 NT"FO:保together.within页="1"&gt; <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53233/53233fig1.jpg" /> 图1. 密封，并准备循环泵。密封循环泵进行现场部署。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53233/53233fig2.jpg" /> 现场准备部署 图2. 氢氧化钠陷阱120毫升加入NaOH陷阱血清瓶和卷边密封。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53233/53233fig3.jpg" /> 图3. 现场安装。丝送到整体式井（左），陷阱部署在井（右上），以及太阳能电源分配系统（右下）。井配备在与收集系统（包括布线，配电和泵/陷阱）的字段。 ther.within页="1"&gt; <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53233/53233fig4.jpg" /> 图4. 修改以及瓶盖显示废气再循环线。该图显示了进气口以及修改帽子和回油管。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53233/53233fig5.jpg" /> 图5. 历史氯代烃污染（微克L-1）。该图表示在试验位点的历史氯化烃污染。 <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53233/53233fig6.jpg" /> 显示出溶解阳离子和pH值之间没有合作关系 图6. PCA双情节。此图显示了从测试现场水文地质资料（pH值和阳离子）创建的PCA分数和负荷的双阴谋。 内容"FO:保together.within页="1"&gt; <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/53233/53233fig7.jpg" /> 图7.校准ZOI模型对于一般的 CO 2的收集速率（0.0048克-3）。经校准背景CO 2的浓度为6.5克-3和ZOI阈浓度为6.18克-3（黑色实线）。该ZOI的纵向和横向直径分别为2.28米和0.72微米。的ZOI的深度为0.12微米。来自18个修改。该图显示了在3个维度的ZOI模型的图形表示。 <img alt="图8" src="/files/ftp_upload/53233/53233fig8.jpg" /> 单位时间 图8. 污染物的降解率，单位面积从 18修改。这是为CH在研究站点过采样的时间段内插降解率。 视频1.使用MT3DMS23 ZOI的发展- MODFLOW模拟 （ <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53233/Video_1_ZOI_simuation.mp4" target="_blank">右键点击下载</a> ）。下载，安装，初始化并为ZOI创建模拟。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>好</td><td> δ13 C （VPDB‰） </td><td> Δ14 C- （‰） </td><td>传统时代 （YBP） </td><td>百分比现代C （PMC） </td></tr><tr><td> MW-01 </td><td> -34 </td><td> -147 </td><td> 1280 </td><td> 85 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-21 </td><td> -28 </td><td> -663 </td><td> 8730 </td><td> 34 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-25 </td><td> -23 </td><td> -153 </td><td> 1340 </td><td> 85 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-26 </td><td> -25 </td><td> -298 </td><td> 2845 </td><td> 70 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-27 </td><td> -18 </td><td> ND * </td><td> ND * </td><td> ND * </td></tr><tr><td> MW-28 </td><td> -25 </td><td> -190 </td><td> 1695 </td><td> 81 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-30 </td><td> -35 </td><td> -254 </td><td> 2365 </td><td> 75 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-32 </td><td> -20 </td><td> ND * </td><td> ND * </td><td> ND * </td></tr><tr><td> MW-34 </td><td> -32 </td><td> -283 </td><td> 2670 </td><td> 72 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-35 </td><td> -25 </td><td> -598 </td><td> 7320 </td><td> 40 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-38 </td><td> -32 </td><td> -354 </td><td> 3515 </td><td> 65 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-41 </td><td> -28 </td><td> -232 </td><td> 2125 </td><td> 77 </td></tr><tr&gt; <td> MW-42 </td><td> -23 </td><td> -482 </td><td> 5280 </td><td> 52 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"> * ND没有数据 - 泵泄漏</td></tr></tbody></table> 表1. 二氧化碳 同位素测量和转换。CO 2同位素和放射性碳测量和转换在稿件中使用单位。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2">参数</td><td>单位</td><td>值</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">水文学</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">导水率</td><td rowspan="2">毫升小时-1 </td><td> 0.44（含水） </td></tr><tr><td> 10（井） </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">孔隙度（含水） </td><td rowspan ="2"&gt; </td><td> 0.48（含水） </td></tr><tr><td> 0.99（井） </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>堆积密度</td><td>摹厘米-3 </td><td> 1.4 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>具体产量</td><td> 立方厘米厘米-3 </td><td> 0.2 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>水力梯度</td><td>毫米-1 </td><td> 0.015 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> CO 2的溶质运移</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>扩散系数</td><td>米2小时-1 </td><td> 5.77×10 -5 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td>纵</td><td rowspan="2">米</td><td rowspan="2"> 6.1 </td></tr><tr><td>分散性</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td>水平横向</td><td rowspan="2">米</td><td rowspan="2"> 0.61 </td></tr><tr><td>分散性</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> &lt;/ TD&gt; <td>垂直横向</td><td rowspan="2">米</td><td rowspan="2"> 0.061 </td></tr><tr><td>分散性</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>土壤气体CO 2 </td><td> ％ </td><td> 0.56 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表2. ZOI模型参数。在ZOI模型和模拟使用的参数。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">收集率水平</td><td rowspan="2">收集率</td><td rowspan="2">背景浓度</td><td colspan="4"> ZOI尺寸</td></tr><tr><td>纵</td><td>横</td><td>深度</td><td>卷</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> （克/小时） </td><td> （克/米3） </td><td> （米） </td><td></td><td></td><td> （m 3）的</td></tr><tr><td>最大值</td><td> 0.0131 </td> &lt;TD&gt; 17.6 </td><td> 2.47 </td><td> 0.77 </td><td> 0.13 </td><td> 0.193 </td></tr><tr><td>平均</td><td> 0.0048 </td><td> 6.5 </td><td> 2.28 </td><td> 0.72 </td><td> 0.12 </td><td> 0.176 </td></tr><tr><td>最低限度</td><td> 0.0003 </td><td> 4 </td><td> 2.16 </td><td> 0.68 </td><td> 0.11 </td><td> 0.149 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表3. ZOI模型输出型号输出的ZOI。此表描述了ZOI的三维体积。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>好</td><td> f 涤纶 （％） </td><td>污染物降解率 （毫克C D -1±10％） </td><td>每单位时间和体积污染物降解 （毫克C M -3ð-1±15％） </td></tr><tr><td> MW-01 </td><td> 0 </td><td> NA </td><td> NA </td></tr><tr><td> MW-21 </td><td> 60 </td><td> 5.6 </td><td> 32 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-25¥ </td><td> 1 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-26 </td><td> 18 </td><td> 0.18 </td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-28 </td><td>五</td><td> 0.017 </td><td> 0.098 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-30 </td><td> 12 </td><td> 0.34 </td><td> 1.9 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-34 </td><td> 16 </td><td> 0.1 </td><td> 0.58 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-35 </td><td> 53 </td><td> 3.6 </td><td> 20 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-38 </td><td> 24 </td><td> 1.4 </td><td> 8.1 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-41 </td><td> 10 </td><td> 0.44 </td><td> 2.5 </td></tr><tr><td> MW-42 </td><td> 39 </td><td> 1.7 </td><td> 9.8 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> NA不适用- MW-01用作背景（ 例如，没有污染） </td></tr><tr><td colspan ="4"&gt;¥假定为纯粹平衡驱动（ 例如 ，无呼吸） </td></tr></tbody></table> 表4.缩放污染物降解的估计。估计为每单位时间和采样井单位体积污染物的降解。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses at JoVE.com

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

A protocol is described wherein CO2 mineralized from organic contaminant (derived from petroleum feedstocks) biodegradation is trapped, quantified, and analyzed for 14C content. A model is developed to determine CO2 capture zone's spatial extent. Spatial and temporal measurements allow integrating contaminant mineralization rates for predicting remediation extent and time.

测量碳为基础的污染物矿化结合使用CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;助焊剂和放射性碳分析

A method is described which uses the absence of radiocarbon in industrial chemicals and fuels made from petroleum feedstocks which frequently contaminate ...

measuring-carbon-based-contaminant-mineralization-using-combined-co2

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

11.5K 次观看.  US Naval Research Laboratory. A protocol is described wherein CO2 mineralized from organic contaminant (derived from petroleum feedstocks) biodegradation is trapped, quantified, and analyzed for 14C content. A model is developed to determine CO2 capture zone's spatial extent. Spatial and temporal measurements allow integrating contaminant mineralization rates for predicting remediation extent and time. 

视频: Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

Advanced micrometeorological methods have become increasingly important in soil, crop, and environmental sciences. For many scientists without formal training in atmospheric science, these techniques are relatively inaccessible. Surface renewal and other flux measurement methods require an understanding of boundary layer meteorology and extensive training in instrumentation and multiple data management programs. To improve accessibility of these techniques, we describe the underlying theory of surface renewal measurements, demonstrate how to set up a field station for surface renewal with eddy covariance calibration, and utilize our open-source turnkey data logger program to perform flux data acquisition and processing. The new turnkey program returns to the user a simple data table with the corrected fluxes and quality control parameters, and eliminates the need for researchers to shuttle between multiple processing programs to obtain the final flux data. An example of data generated from these measurements demonstrates how crop water use is measured with this technique. The output information is useful to growers for making irrigation decisions in a variety of agricultural ecosystems. These stations are currently deployed in numerous field experiments by researchers in our group and the California Department of Water Resources in the following crops: rice, wine and raisin grape vineyards, alfalfa, almond, walnut, peach, lemon, avocado, and corn.

Surface renewal is a micrometeorological method that is being used increasingly to determine energy fluxes, but its technical complexity makes it inaccessible to a broad audience. We describe the steps needed to set up and calibrate a surface renewal field station, to acquire and process data, and to correctly interpret results.

表面重建:一种先进的微气象法测量和处理油田规模能流密度数据

Advanced micrometeorological methods have become  increasingly important in soil, crop, and environmental sciences.  For many scientists without formal ...

科研

环境科学

Measuring Fluxes of Mineral Nutrients and Toxicants in Plants with Radioactive Tracers

Unidirectional influx and efflux of nutrients and toxicants, and their resultant net fluxes, are central to the nutrition and toxicology of plants. Radioisotope tracing is a major technique used to measure such fluxes, both within plants, and between plants and their environments. Flux data obtained with radiotracer protocols can help elucidate the capacity, mechanism, regulation, and energetics of transport systems for specific mineral nutrients or toxicants, and can provide insight into compartmentation and turnover rates of subcellular mineral and metabolite pools. Here, we describe two major radioisotope protocols used in plant biology: direct influx (DI) and compartmental analysis by tracer efflux (CATE). We focus on flux measurement of potassium (K+) as a nutrient, and ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+) as a toxicant, in intact seedlings of the model species barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). These protocols can be readily adapted to other experimental systems (e.g., different species, excised plant material, and other nutrients/toxicants). Advantages and limitations of these protocols are discussed.

In planta measurement of nutrient and toxicant fluxes is essential to the study of plant nutrition and toxicity. Here, we cover radiotracer protocols for influx and efflux determination in intact plant roots, using potassium (K+) and ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+) fluxes as examples. Advantages and limitations of such techniques are discussed.

植物与放射性示踪剂测量矿质营养和毒物的通量

Unidirectional influx and efflux of nutrients and toxicants, and their resultant net fluxes, are central to the nutrition and toxicology of plants. ...

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

从农业土壤使用静态钱伯斯温室气体流量测量

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most experiments examine only two or a few levels of CA concentration and a single soil type, but if CA can be varied as a gradient from subambient to superambient concentrations on multiple soils, we can discern whether past ecosystem responses may continue linearly in the future and whether responses may vary across the landscape. The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility applies a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 CA gradient to Blackland prairie plant communities established on lysimeters containing clay, silty clay, and sandy soils. The gradient is created as photosynthesis by vegetation enclosed in in temperature-controlled chambers progressively depletes carbon dioxide from air flowing directionally through the chambers. Maintaining proper air flow rate, adequate photosynthetic capacity, and temperature control are critical to overcome the main limitations of the system, which are declining photosynthetic rates and increased water stress during summer. The facility is an economical alternative to other techniques of CA enrichment, successfully discerns the shape of ecosystem responses to subambient to superambient CA enrichment, and can be adapted to test for interactions of carbon dioxide with other greenhouse gases such as methane or ozone.

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility creates a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 linear carbon dioxide gradient in temperature-controlled chambers housing grassland plant communities on clay, silty clay, and sandy soil monoliths. The facility is used to determine how past and future carbon dioxide levels affect grassland carbon cycling.

一个外线<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;浓度梯度用于测试CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;浓度与土壤对草地生态系统功能的影响

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The system comprises a high-pressure rheometer which is connected to a circulation loop. The rheometer has a rotational flow-through measurement cell with two alternative geometries: coaxial cylinder and double gap. The circulation loop contains a mixer, to bring the crude oil sample into equilibrium with CO2, and a gear pump that transports the mixture from the mixer to the rheometer and recycles it back to the mixer. The CO2 and crude oil are brought to equilibrium by stirring and circulation and the rheology of the saturated mixture is measured by the rheometer. The system is used to measure the rheological properties of Zuata crude oil (and its toluene dilution) in equilibrium with CO2 at elevated pressures up to 220 bar and a temperature of 50 &#176;C. The results show that CO2 addition changes the oil rheology significantly, initially reducing the viscosity as the CO2 pressure is increased and then increasing the viscosity above a threshold pressure. The non-Newtonian response of the crude is also seen to change with the addition of CO2.

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A method for measuring the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide at reservoir conditions is presented.

与CO平衡的原油流变学测量<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;在水库条件

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The ...

Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus (Murayama), Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama), is the vector of a fungal pathogen that causes mass mortality of Fagaceae trees (Japanese oak wilt). Therefore, knowing the dispersal capacity may help inform trapping/tree removal efforts to prevent this disease more effectively. In this study, we measured the flight velocity and duration and estimated the flight distance of the beetle using a newly developed flight mill. The flight mill is low cost, small, and constructed using commonly available items. Both the flight mill arm and its vertical axis comprise a thin needle. A beetle specimen is glued to one tip of the arm using instant glue. The other tip is thick due to being covered with plastic, thus it facilitates the detection of rotations of the arm. The revolution of the arm is detected by a photo sensor mounted on an infrared LED, and is indicated by a change in the output voltage when the arm passed above the LED. The photo sensor is connected to a personal computer and the output voltage data are stored at a sampling rate of 1 kHz. By conducting experiments using this flight mill, we found that P. quercivorus can fly at least 27 km. Because our flight mill comprises cheap and small ordinary items, many flight mills can be prepared and used simultaneously in a small laboratory space. This enables experimenters to obtain a sufficient amount of data within a short period.

Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus Murayama, Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

We developed a low cost and small flight mill, constructed with commonly available items and easily used in experimentation. Using this apparatus, we measured the flight ability of an ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus.

利用低成本、小型、易于建造的Quercivorus测量豚草甲虫、鸭嘴兽的飞行能力 (村山富市)

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama), is the vector of a fungal pathogen that causes mass mortality of Fagaceae trees (Japanese oak wilt). ...

Measuring Stolons and Rhizomes of Turfgrasses Using a Digital Image Analysis System

Length and diameter of stolons or rhizomes are usually measured using simple rulers and calipers. This procedure is slow and laborious, so it is often used on a limited number of stolons or rhizomes. For this reason, these traits are limited in their use for morphological characterization of plants. The use of digital image analysis software technology may overcome measurement errors due to human mistakes, which tend to increase as the number and size of samples also increase. The protocol can be used for any kind of crop but is particularly suitable for forage or grasses, where plants are small and numerous. Turf samples consist of aboveground biomass and an upper soil layer to the depth of maximum rhizome development, depending on the species of interest. In studies, samples are washed from the soil, and stolons/rhizomes are cleaned by hand before analysis by digital image analysis software. The samples are further dried in a laboratory heating oven to measure dry weight; therefore, for each sample, the resultant data are total length, total dry weight, and average diameter. Scanned images can be corrected before analysis by excluding visible extraneous parts, such as remaining roots or leaves not removed with the cleaning process. Indeed, these fragments normally have much smaller diameters than stolons or rhizomes, so they can be easily excluded from analysis by fixing the minimum diameter below which objects are not considered. Stolon or rhizome density per unit area can then be calculated based on sample size. The advantage of this method is quick and efficient measurement of the length and average diameter of large sample numbers of stolons or rhizomes.

A software-based image analysis system provides an alternative method to study the morphology of stoloniferous and rhizomatous species. This protocol permits measurement of the length and diameter of stolons and rhizomes and can be applied to samples with a large amount of biomass and to a wide variety of species.

利用数字图像分析系统测量草坪的茎和根状茎

Length and diameter of stolons or rhizomes are usually measured using simple rulers and calipers. This procedure is slow and laborious, so it is often ...

Combined Size and Density Fractionation of Soils for Investigations of Organo-Mineral Interactions

Combined size and density fractionation (CSDF) is a method used to physically separate soil into fractions differing in particle size and mineralogy. CSDF relies on sequential density separation and sedimentation steps to isolate (1) the free light fraction (uncomplexed organic matter), (2) the occluded light fraction (uncomplexed organic matter trapped in soil aggregates) and (3) a variable number of heavy fractions (soil minerals and their associated organic matter) differing in composition. Provided that the parameters of the CSDF (dispersion energy, density cut-offs, sedimentation time) are properly selected, the method yields heavy fractions of relatively homogeneous mineral composition. Each of these fractions is expected to have a different complexing ability towards organic matter, rendering this a useful method to isolate and study the nature of organo-mineral interactions. Combining density and particle size separation brings an improved resolution compared to simple size or density fractionation methods, allowing the separation of heavy components according to both mineralogy and size (related to surface area) criteria. As is the case for all physical fractionation methods, it may be considered as less disruptive or aggressive than chemically-based extraction methods. However, CSDF is a time-consuming method and furthermore, the quantity of material obtained in some fractions can be limiting for subsequent analysis. Following CSDF, the fractions may be analyzed for mineralogical composition, soil organic carbon concentration and organic matter chemistry. The method provides quantitative information about organic carbon distribution within a soil sample and brings light to the sorptive capacity of the different, naturally-occurring mineral phases, thus providing mechanistic information about the preferential nature of organo-mineral interactions in soils (i.e., which minerals, what type of organic matter).

Combined size and density fractionation (CSDF) is a method to physically separate soil into fractions differing in texture (particle size) and mineralogy (density). The purpose is to isolate fractions with different reactivities towards soil organic matter (SOM), in order to better understand organo-mineral interactions and SOM dynamics.

土壤联合粒径与密度的分离研究

Combined size and density fractionation (CSDF) is a method used to physically separate soil into fractions differing in particle size and mineralogy. CSDF ...

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

Historical and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered significant interest from the public and government agencies from the local to federal levels. The continuing evolution of PFAS chemistries presents a challenge to the environmental monitoring, where ongoing development of targeted methods necessarily lags the discovery of new chemical compounds. There is a need, therefore, to have forward-looking methodologies that can detect emerging and unexpected compounds, monitor these species over time, and resolve details of their chemical structure to enable future work in human health. To this end, non-targeted analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry offers a broad base detection approach that can be combined with almost any sample preparation scheme and provides significant capabilities for compound identification after detection. Herein, we describe a solid-phase extraction (SPE) based sample concentration method tuned for shorter chain and more hydrophilic PFAS chemistries, such as per fluorinated ether acids and sulfonates, and describe analysis of samples prepared in this fashion in both targeted and non-targeted modes. Targeted methods provide superior quantification when reference standards are available but are intrinsically limited to expected compounds when performing analysis. In contrast, a non-targeted approach can identify the presence of unexpected compounds and provide some information about their chemical structure. Information about chemical features can be used to correlate compounds across sample locations and track abundance and occurrence over time.

Here, we present a protocol for the sequential targeted quantification and non-targeted analysis of fluorinated compounds in water by mass spectrometry. This methodology provides quantitative levels of known fluorochemical compounds and identifies unknown chemicals in related samples with semi-quantitative estimates of their abundance.

利用目标筛选和非靶向筛选高分辨率质谱相结合的工作流程识别跨氟和多氟化学物种

Historical and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered significant interest from the public and government agencies from the ...

Measuring Enzymatic Stability by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry

This work demonstrates a new method for measuring the stability of enzyme activity by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The peak heat rate observed after a single injection of the substrate solution into an enzyme solution is correlated with enzyme activity. Multiple injections of the substrate into the same enzyme solution over time show the loss of enzyme activity. The assay is autonomous, requiring very little personnel time, and is applicable to most media and enzymes.&#160; &#160;

The thermal stability of enzyme activity is readily measured by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Most protein stability assays currently used measure protein unfolding, but do not provide information about enzymatic activity. ITC enables direct determination of the effect of enzyme modifications on the stability of enzyme activity.

等温滴定量计测定酶稳定性

This work demonstrates a new method for measuring the stability of enzyme activity by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The peak heat rate observed ...