这项工作是通过韩国国家研究基金会（NRF），通过韩国科学与工程基金会资助经费由教育部，科学技术（NRF-2013R1A1A1010575），部和纳米研发计划支持的基础科学研究计划通过教育，科学和技术部（NRF-2012M3A7B4049863）。

1.合成垂直排列的多壁碳纳米管（VAMWCNTs） <ol><li>晶片的制备与催化剂层沉积<ol><li>制备一个n型（100）硅晶片。 </li><li>通过热氧化或其他方法，如溅射淀积250纳米厚的SiO 2层的Si晶片上。在水平炉注入200sccm的O 2的3小时20分钟，在1000℃。 </li><li>使用批量的Al 2 O 3（99.9％），为多溅射（RF功率:1000瓦）的源和沉积10 nm厚的Al 2 O 3（99.9％）层的SiO 2层上。使用10纳米/分钟的缓慢沉积速率为2×10 -2毫巴的沉积压力。 </li><li>使用批量的Fe（99.9％），为源通过采用电子束蒸发器，并沉积为1nm厚的Fe层中的Al 2 O 3层上。用0.1纳米/秒的〜缓慢沉积速率为5×10 -6乇的淀积压力。 </li&gt; <li>切的Fe /的Al 2 O 3 / SiO 2的/ Si晶片，以使用金刚石划刻28mm的×15毫米规格。 注意:根据所述VAMWCNT阵列的期望的大小，铁/的Al 2 O 3 / SiO 2的/ Si晶片的尺寸可以改变。 </li></ol></li><li>合成碳纳米管阵列由TCVD和编制独立的多壁碳纳米管的森林。 <ol><li>将铁/的Al 2 O 3 / SiO 2的/ Si晶片集中在石英舟具有为120mm×30 mm尺寸。 </li><li>放置石英舟的TCVD设置（ 图1A）的2英寸的石英管内。 </li><li>注入900 SCCM Ar气的环境条件下10分钟，以去除空气和填充的2英寸的石英管中，用Ar。 </li><li>注入600 SCCM Ar气和400 SCCM H 2气的同时，在30分钟内，在炉内温度增加为25℃至750℃。 </li><li>注入Ar气以100sccm和400标准立方厘米的H 2ガ的s的750℃下进行10分钟，配制的Fe纳米颗粒作为碳纳米管的根。 </li><li>注入100sccm的氩气，368标准立方厘米的 H 2的气体，并在750℃下为280分钟147标准立方厘米的乙烯（C 2 H 4）的气体。同时，适用的焦耳加热石英管的由钨灯丝（电压:0.8伏，电流:15 A）的入口处，以促进的C 2 H 4气体的分解作为一种碳源。这些碳源附着在Si晶片的Fe纳米颗粒和转化到碳纳米管。 </li><li>停止注射H 2气体和C 2 H 4气体，并且关闭炉。在此过程中，不断注入100sccm的氩气，直到在晶片的温度低于60℃。 </li><li>取出晶圆上多壁碳纳米管。轻轻地从晶片分离碳纳米管阵列，以获得自支撑碳纳米管林（长度:3-6毫米）（ 图1B）。 </li></ol></li></ol><ol><li>化学燃料的制备<ol><li>制备苦味酸（2,4,6-三硝基苯酚）溶液和叠氮化钠（NaN 3的）。 <ol><li>蒸发苦味酸溶液中以获得苦味酸粉末（1个大气压，25℃，24小时）。测量6克苦味酸粉末并溶解在100ml乙腈（262毫摩尔）。 </li><li>措施6克叠氮化钠粉末溶解在100ml的去离子（DI）水（923毫摩尔）。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>通过湿浸渍合成和混合型复合材料的表征<ol><li>测量单个碳纳米管林用微量天平的质量和确认碳纳米管林的对准结构通过SEM（ 图4A）。使用的15千伏的电压和1,200X的放大倍率。检查对准结构是否保持在整个碳纳米管林。 </li><li>加入25微升对T 262毫米苦味酸解决方案多壁碳纳米管林运，使燃料穿透森林的毛孔。离开样品原样进行30分钟至收缩膜阵列，并允许苦味酸充分渗透的孔，直到所有的乙腈从森林（ 图1C）蒸发。 注意:根据化学燃料和碳纳米管阵列之间的目标比​​率，修改苦味酸溶液的浓度和量。 </li><li>沉浸苦味酸被覆碳纳米管的森林中25微升923毫摩尔的叠氮化钠溶液中，形成2,4,6-三硝基苯酚钠和叠氮化氢（燃料层）通过湿浸渍。离开样品30分钟，直到所有的溶剂蒸发。 注意:根据化学燃料和碳纳米管阵列之间的目标比​​率，可以修改所述叠氮化钠溶液的浓度和量。 </li><li>测量的燃料和多壁碳纳米管的使用微量天平个体杂化复合物的质量，并比较最终的质量来计算的质量比燃料层和多壁碳纳米管。 <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818eq1.jpg" /> 其中M H和M M分别单独杂化复合物和单独的多壁碳纳米管膜的质量。 </li><li>通过SEM（ 图5A）确认燃料和多壁碳纳米管的杂化复合物的对准结构。根据制造商的说明，为降低操作条件的压力，并且提高放大倍数，直到化学燃料聚集在对齐碳纳米管林清楚地观察到。检查燃油聚集在多壁碳纳米管的形状。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.制造热电波发生器（图2） <ol><li>附加铜带到载玻片的两端充当用示波器，计测从热电波输出的直流电压的连接电极。 </li><li>通过银PAS连接铜带到杂化复合物的两端TE液滴。离开样品直到银膏变硬和连接是固定的。 </li><li>使用万用表测量的杂化复合物的电阻。 </li></ol> 4.测量热电波（图3） <ol><li>里面的聚碳酸酯室，修复光学平台上的热电波发生器用夹子安全。 </li><li>使用鳄鱼夹到铜电极连接到示波器对输出电压的测量。 </li><li>建立一个高速显微系统[组成:一个高速照相机（&gt; 5000帧/秒），微距镜头（105毫米/ f2.8的透镜），和一个LED灯]从发电机记录燃烧传播。放置和打开LED灯清晰记录高清晰度图像的热电波发生器的前面。将刻录速度5000帧/秒。 </li><li>放置一个光学高温计在一个特定的位置来记录的温度的实时变化杂化复合物的。 </li><li>应用任一激光照射或焦耳热来点燃化学燃料在杂化复合物。 <ol><li>专注激光（&lt;1000兆瓦）的对混杂复合材料的特定位置。保持关注几秒钟，直到燃烧是在热电波发生器启动。 </li><li>制备的高电流电源和一个镍铬丝。电线连接到一个高电流电源（工作条件:5 V和3 A），而且发热量镍丝。使在杂化复合物的加热镍丝和化学燃料之间轻柔接触，直到燃烧是在热电波发生器启动。 </li></ol></li><li>开启测量装​​置，包括一个高速显微系统，一个示波器，和一个光学高温计，当热电波由发电机发射的。 <ol><li>设置在高速摄像机记录帧速率（5000帧/秒）。触发录像在thermopo开始WER波的传播。在高速摄影图像与高速显微系统记录的快照，并提取从开始记录的帧的数量，以热电波传播的光洁度（帧的总数#NUMBER）。 </li><li>通过使用示波器记录从开始到热电波传播的光洁度的电压信号。提取的输出电压脉冲（V）。 </li><li>聚焦光学高温计在上一个杂化复合物，其指示目标区域的特定位置，并测量温度的动态变化（℃）。 </li></ol></li><li>通过提取在高速显微系统的各个帧将反应前的位置计算反应传播速度。 <img alt="公式2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818eq2.jpg" /> 其中，L H是杂化复合物的总长度中，n f是记录帧，从开始到热电波传播的光洁度的数，n 0 &lt;/ SUB&gt;是记录帧率。 </li><li>提取从示波器的输出电压数据，计算的最大峰值电压，以及从所述输出电压脉冲的比功率。使用测量在步骤3中的电阻。 </li><li>提取的温度变化通过使用光学高温计。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Zhou, X., Torabi, M., Lu, J., Shen, R. Q., Zhang, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanostructured+Energetic+Composites:+Synthesis,+Ignition/Combustion+Modeling,+and+Applications.">Nanostructured Energetic Composites: Synthesis, Ignition/Combustion Modeling, and Applications.</a> Acs Appl Mater Inter. 6, 3058-3074 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, K., Chou, S., Ang, S., Tang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+MEMS-based+solid+propellant+microthruster+with+Au/Ti+igniter.">A MEMS-based solid propellant microthruster with Au/Ti igniter.</a> Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 122, 113-123 (2005).</li><li>Zhang, W. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Significantly+Enhanced+Energy+Output+from+3D+Ordered+Macroporous+Structured+Fe2O3/Al+Nanothermite+Film.">Significantly Enhanced Energy Output from 3D Ordered Macroporous Structured Fe2O3/Al Nanothermite Film.</a> Acs Appl Mater Inter. 5, 239-242 (2013).</li><li>Choi, W., Abrahamson, J. T., Strano, J. M., Strano, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbon+nanotube-guided+thermopower+waves.">Carbon nanotube-guided thermopower waves.</a> Materials Today. 13, 22-33 (2010).</li><li>Choi, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemically+driven+carbon-nanotube-guided+thermopower+waves.">Chemically driven carbon-nanotube-guided thermopower waves.</a> Nat Mater. 9, 423-429 (2010).</li><li>Abrahamson, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wavefront+Velocity+Oscillations+of+Carbon-Nanotube-Guided+Thermopower+Waves:+Nanoscale+Alternating+Current+Sources.">Wavefront Velocity Oscillations of Carbon-Nanotube-Guided Thermopower Waves: Nanoscale Alternating Current Sources.</a> Acs Nano. 5, 367-375 (2011).</li><li>Walia, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ZnO+based+thermopower+wave+sources.">ZnO based thermopower wave sources.</a> Chem Commun. 48, 7462-7464 (2012).</li><li>Walia, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sb2Te3+and+Bi2Te3+based+thermopower+wave+sources.">Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3 based thermopower wave sources.</a> Energ Environ Sci. 4, 3558-3564 (2011).</li><li>Hong, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+Electrical+Potential+of+Thermoelectric+Power+Waves+by+Sb2Te3-Coated+Multiwalled+Carbon+Nanotube+Arrays.">Enhanced Electrical Potential of Thermoelectric Power Waves by Sb2Te3-Coated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Arrays.</a> J Phys Chem C. 117, 913-917 (2013).</li><li>Walia, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MnO2-Based+Thermopower+Wave+Sources+with+Exceptionally+Large+Output+Voltages.">MnO2-Based Thermopower Wave Sources with Exceptionally Large Output Voltages.</a> J Phys Chem C. 117, 9137-9142 (2013).</li><li>Aria, A. I., Gharib, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dry+oxidation+and+vacuum+annealing+treatments+for+tuning+the+wetting+properties+of+carbon+nanotube+arrays.">Dry oxidation and vacuum annealing treatments for tuning the wetting properties of carbon nanotube arrays.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2013).</li><li>Zhao, Y., Tang, Y., Star, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+functionalization+of+nitrogen-doped+carbon+nanotube+cups+with+gold+nanoparticles+as+cork+stoppers.">Synthesis and functionalization of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups with gold nanoparticles as cork stoppers.</a> J Vis Exp. , e50383 (2013).</li><li>Copic, D., Park, S. J., Tawfick, S., De Volder, M., Hart, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication,+densification,+and+replica+molding+of+3D+carbon+nanotube+microstructures.">Fabrication, densification, and replica molding of 3D carbon nanotube microstructures.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2012).</li><li>Grimme, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+Special+Noncovalent+&#960;&#8211;&#960;+Stacking+Interactions+Really+Exist.">Do Special Noncovalent &#960;&#8211;&#960; Stacking Interactions Really Exist.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 47, 3430-3434 (2008).</li><li>Yeo, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+chemical+fuel+composition+on+energy+generation+from+thermopower+waves.">Effects of chemical fuel composition on energy generation from thermopower waves.</a> Nanotechnology. 25, (2014).</li><li>Hong, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+Electrical+Potential+of+Thermoelectric+Power+Waves+by+Sb2Te3-Coated+Multiwalled+Carbon+Nanotube+Arrays.">Enhanced Electrical Potential of Thermoelectric Power Waves by Sb2Te3-Coated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Arrays.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 117, 913-917 (2013).</li><li>Kim, P., Shi, L., Majumdar, A., McEuen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+transport+measurements+of+individual+multiwalled+nanotubes.">Thermal transport measurements of individual multiwalled nanotubes.</a> Physical review letters. 87, 215502 (2001).</li><li>Garner, W., Abernethy, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heats+of+combustion+and+formation+of+nitro-compounds.+Part+I.+Benzene,+toluene,+phenol+and+methylaniline+series.">Heats of combustion and formation of nitro-compounds. Part I. Benzene, toluene, phenol and methylaniline series.</a> Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. 99, 213-235 (1921).</li><li>Passingham, C., Hendra, P. J., Hodges, C., Willis, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Raman+spectra+of+some+aromatic+nitro+compounds.">The Raman spectra of some aromatic nitro compounds.</a> Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular Spectroscopy. 47, 1235-1245 (1991).</li><li>Rinkenbach, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Heats+Of+Combustion+And+Formation+Of+Aromatic+Nitro+Compounds.">The Heats Of Combustion And Formation Of Aromatic Nitro Compounds.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 52, 115-120 (1930).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

热电波实验的协议涉及的关键步骤，使理想的热波的传播，以及发电。首先，点火和具体位置，相应的反应转移是相当大的因素控制从热电波浪能量转换。点火在杂化复合物的一端推出引导燃烧沿芯材料和化学燃料在一个方向之间的接口。然而，点火在任何其它位置上产生被转移到两端即双向热电波，导致在相反的方向上的载流子的取消以及无序的热传输的芯材的内部。 如图7A所示 ，点火在一端产生单一极性的电能;然而，点火在中心位置导致双向传播燃烧，并在输出电压无序极性年龄（ 图7B）。此外，在热电波浪单个极性导致的峰值输出电压超过5倍，在由于加速电荷转移通过连续热波不收费的取消无序极性的情况。 化学燃料和芯微之间的质量比/纳米材料可确定热电波的整体特性。16,17如前所述，质量比是由于所用的不同浓度的溶液和量的可控因素。在这项研究中，将化学燃料和芯材料之间的适当的界面区域促进沿界面稳定链反应和提供控制燃烧的传播，从而导致有效的能量转移（ 图6A）。相反，它是很难保持过多的化学燃料稳定连锁反应。在热电波，所述芯材具有高的情况下热传导率供给预加热的热能在界面区域的化学燃料，并通过沿界面克服活化能促进相邻燃料的燃烧。然而，当过量化学燃料的情况下，无论沿着芯材料的热传输的，化学的燃料即远离芯材料可由于化学燃料内的随机传播反应，而不是在导链反应点燃界面（ 图6B）。这导致燃烧在多个方向以及无序极性。比较所述最佳质量比和过量的化学燃料的比例的实验结果总结在表1中 。4.19的最佳质量比产生超过1,000毫伏，而36.59的过度的质量比仅产生约35毫伏。 此外，该化学燃料组合物的特异性修饰可以进一步enhan在热电波CE能量转换。基本上，在杂化复合物的化学燃料组合物和质量比对燃烧传播有很强的影响，以及从热电波浪发电。第一，内碳纳米管燃料混合物的一维聚合可以通过主燃料和叠氮化钠（ 图5）的一个特殊的组合来实现。例如，有苦酰胺和叠氮化钠的混合燃料的不对准的聚集。然而，当苦味酸和叠氮化钠进行混合，并在湿浸渍过程蒸发，合成化学燃料推动指导化学反应的一种新的结构， 如图8，在苦味酸和叠氮化钠的混合物，所述氢离子在苦味酸被交换中的叠氮化钠的钠离子，在形成燃料层中2,4,6-三硝基苯酚钠和叠氮化氢（H-N 3）（ 造型玩具Ë8A和8B）。18同时，堆叠，这是由苯环之间范德华力引起的，构成一维聚集结构，具有形状类似于一个圆筒19,14（ 图8C）。可以确认，由于形成了新的化学化合物的负焓和化学燃料的一维排列的结构中，输出电压的产生和燃烧速度从热电波被极大地超过10倍扩增。20 热电波可以提供在微/纳米结构材料的化学 - 热 - 电能量转换的理解。到目前为止，大多数对燃烧的研究努力在微/纳米结构材料都集中在从化学为热能的转换，或从化学为机械能;这些设备的一些实例包括nanothermites和微执行。热电波可以延长能量转换的理解与动力发电的考虑。此外，热电波具有广阔的应用前景。如表1所示，热电波在杂化复合物的功率密度是相当可观的相对于其他常规方法。因此，热电波可作为一个高功率能量源小型化装置。另外，由于热电波浪能直接转换成两个废热和燃料为电能，它可以被开发为新的类型的废物的能量回收系统的。此外，可用于通过燃烧固体材料合成的化学燃料和微/纳米结构材料之间的界面的热波的传播。然而，有一个限制，以克服。目前，热电波只生产电能的由于燃烧的脉冲输出。因此，能量收集方法从热电波输出的脉冲能量，可能需要在未来。一个特定的系统，反复供给化学燃料到芯材料的发展可以是使用热电波应用中有用。 总之，我们已描述的方法来合成的化学燃料和微/纳米材料的杂化复合物，并制造出热电波发生器。实验装置用于热电波的研究已经详细说明。此外，为了进一步提高热电波已证明随着实验数据将要通过的关键策略。我们预计，这项工作将有助于继续查询有关热电波场，以及对利用内部微/纳米材料在燃烧的化学 - 热 - 电能量转换的未来应用的开发。

化学燃料具有非常高的能量密度，并已被广泛地用作在范围广泛的从微应用中是有用的能源，以macrosystems 1特别是，许多研究者已经努力使用化学燃料作为能量源用于下一代微/纳米系统基于技术。2然而，由于在微/纳米器件极小的空间积分的能量转换元件的困难，也有根本局限性化学燃料转化成电能。因此，化学燃料的燃烧主要被用于生产在微/纳米器件如nanothermites或微致动器的化学或机械能。1,3 热电波 - 一种新开发的能量转换的概念，已经吸引了相当大的注意，因为一种用于直接转化的燃料的化学能以电烯RGY无需使用任何转换元件。4,5-热电波可以使用化学燃料的杂化复合物和微/纳米结构材料来产生。5当在一个杂化复合物的特定位置的化学燃料被点燃，化学燃烧发生沿化学燃料和微/纳米结构材料之间的界面。同时，在整个芯微/纳米结构材料的结果的热和化学势中的伴随发电引起的在高输出电压脉冲的形式电荷转移的动态变化。它已被证明，不同的微/纳米结构材料，如多壁碳纳米管（多壁碳纳米管），4-6和ZnO，7碧2特3，8锑碲2 3,9和MnO 2 10微米/纳米结构材料允许混杂复合材料利用热电波和展示化学热ELECTRICAL能量转换。具体地，芯材具有高的Seebeck系数仅由传播燃烧使高输出电压的产生。然而，关于相同的复合材料，如化学燃料，燃料/芯材料，制造过程中的质量比，和点火条件的混合物的其它参数严重影响热电波的整体性能。 这里，我们显示了制造过程中，在形成对准化学燃料，且燃料/芯材料质量比如何影响热电波性能。上的碳纳米管阵列，通过热化学气相沉积（TCVD）制造的基础上，我们显示如何化学燃料和多壁碳纳米管的杂化复合物的制备用于热电波浪能发电。实验装置，使能量转换的评估设计与相应的实验测量，如燃烧propagati过程引入沿并直接发电。此外，我们证明，极性分布描述由动态输出电压和特定峰值功率关键判定的电能转换。这项研究将提供具体的战略，加强能源发电，并会在了解热电波的基本物理帮助。此外，这里所描述的制造过程中和实验，将有助于对热电波浪延伸研究的机会，以及对化学 - 热 - 电能量转换。

<table><tbody><tr><td>4&amp;rdquo; n-type silicon wafer</td><td>Unisill</td><td>4&amp;rdquo; Si-wafer</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>TAEWON</td><td>A-1008</td><td>99.9999% Purity</td></tr><tr><td>Fe</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>267945</td><td>99.9999% Purity</td></tr><tr><td>Ar</td><td>Seoul specialty gas</td><td>Ar(N60)</td><td>99.9999% Purity</td></tr><tr><td>C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Seoul specialty gas</td><td>C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>99.5% Purity</td></tr><tr><td>H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Seoul specialty gas</td><td>H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(N60)</td><td>99.9999% Purity</td></tr><tr><td>Silver paste</td><td>Fujikura Kasei</td><td>D-550</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picric acid</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>197378</td><td>&amp;#62;98% Purity&lt;br /&gt;Highly toxic</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium azide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S2002</td><td>&amp;#62;99.5% Purity</td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>271004</td><td>99.8% Purity</td></tr><tr><td>Power supply</td><td>Mastech</td><td>HY3010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TCVD</td><td>Scientech</td><td>TCVD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oscilloscope</td><td>Tektronix</td><td>DPO2004B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High-speed microscopy system</td><td>Phantom</td><td>V7.3</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation and evaluation of hybrid composites of chemical fuel and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the study of thermopower waves

当在燃料和微/纳米结构材料的杂化复合物在一定位置处的化学燃料被点燃，化学燃烧发生沿着燃料和核心材料之间的界面。同时，在整个微/纳米结构材料的热和化学势的动态变化导致伴随发电引起的在高输出电压脉冲的形式电荷转移。我们展示了一个热电波实验的整个过程中，从合成的评价。热化学气相沉积，湿浸渍过程被分别用于多壁碳纳米管阵列的合成和苦味酸/叠氮化钠/多壁碳纳米管的杂化复合物。所制备的混杂复合材料被用于制造热电波发生器与连接电极。杂化复合物的燃烧是通过激光加热或焦耳加热和第发起使用高速显微系统，一个示波器，和一个光学高温计，电子对应的燃烧传播，直接发电，以及实时的温度变化进行测定分别。提出另外，在杂化复合物和它们的燃烧增强整体的热电波能量传递的起始的合成采用的关键策略。

对齐的碳纳米管阵列，作为芯的纳米结构材料为热电波，合成了TCVD，11-13， 如图4A所示 。作为生长多壁碳纳米管的直径为20至30纳米（ 图4B）。苦味酸/叠氮化钠/ MWCNT的对准杂化复合物示于图5A。合成通过湿法浸渍处理该复合，14作为在协议部分中描述。为了形成该化学燃料和多壁碳纳米管之间的界面，苦味酸溶解于乙腈（低表面能溶剂），以允许所述多壁碳纳米管阵列内部渗透。此外，虽然叠氮化钠溶解于去离子水，以形成薄的涂层，易于点燃。化学燃料的组成为两种化学物质:主要化学燃料是苦味酸与燃烧的高焓（2570千焦耳/摩尔），而叠氮化钠被用作由于其低ACTIVAT燃料为反应初离子能量（40千焦/摩尔）。5此外，苦味酸的混合液/叠氮化钠形成的那个放大的燃烧一维结构， 如图5B所示 。15制造的热电波发生器，高速后记录显微系统的燃烧传播（ 图6）。焦耳加热点燃的燃烧，并因此迅速转化为沿多壁碳纳米管的排列方向上的自蔓延化学反应（ 图6a和6b）。同时，伴随电能转化率-作为输出电压是使用同步示波器（ 图7）获得。用于点火的镍 - 铬金属丝只接触于杂化复合物的燃料化合物，并且也没有从外部电信号的干扰。作为对照实验，在不使用多壁碳纳米管阵列化学燃烧经由SA进行了研究我的程序。可以确认，有用于燃烧的任何具体方向。此外，当不使用多壁碳纳米管阵列发电，没有观察到。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818fig1.jpg" /> 图1.合成化学燃料和多壁碳纳米管的混杂复合材料。（一 ）TCVD成立。一个独立的MWCNT薄膜（b）的方案。混杂复合材料，采用湿法浸渍法合成（三）计划。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818fig2.jpg" /> 图2.制造热电波发生器的样品。滑动玻璃和银粘贴铜带是用作基板和分别连接节点。燃料层和核心材料混杂复合材料用作热电波源。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818fig3.jpg" /> 图3实验测量设立热电波澜。同步实验中（A）计划成立后，通过热电波显示充电的动作。 （B）实际实验装置在聚碳酸酯室，包括一个高速显微系统，示波器，光学高温计，和点火系统。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 图4.扩展的多壁碳纳米管。（A）一碳纳米管阵列由TCVD合成的SEM图像。 （B）TEM单个碳纳米管的形象。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818fig5.jpg" /> 化学燃料和碳纳米管阵列的图5.扩展混杂复合材料。苦味酸/叠氮化钠/ MWCNT复合材料，和（B）苦味酸的一维聚集/溶剂蒸发后叠氮化钠（A） 的详细结构的SEM图像。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看T的放大版</a><html>他的身影。 <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818fig6.jpg" /> 通过热电波图6.热波的传播，使用高速显微系统（5000帧/秒）进行测量。燃烧的传播伴随着发电的（A）单极性和（B）无序极性的快照。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818fig7.jpg" /> 图7.发电热电从波，在（A）单极输出电压，及（B）无序的极性。e.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图8" src="/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818fig8.jpg" /> （A，B）的苦味酸/叠氮化钠和钠2,4,6- trinitrophenolate /叠氮化氢的化学结构交换的Na +和H后图8方案中苦味酸/叠氮化钠的化学燃料的混合物的结构变化。+ 。 2,4,6- trinitrophenolate /氮化氢有序，一维结构的化学结构（C）示意图。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3"> 在单个极性热电波 </td><td colspan="3">在一个无序的极性热电波 </td></tr><tr><td>输出电压</td><td rowspan="2">燃料/碳纳米管比</td><td rowspan="2">功率（kW /公斤） </td><td>输出电压</td><td rowspan="2">燃料/碳纳米管比</td><td rowspan="2">功率（kW /公斤） </td></tr><tr><td> （毫伏） </td><td> （毫伏） </td></tr><tr><td> 1062 </td><td> 4.19 </td><td> 417.72 </td><td> 35 </td><td> 36.59 </td><td> 0.11 </td></tr><tr><td> 926 </td><td> 4.19 </td><td> 30.57 </td><td> 37 </td><td> 36.59 </td><td> 0.027 </td></tr><tr><td> 1980年</td><td> 4.19 </td><td> 143.6 </td><td>三十</td><td> 36.59 </td><td> 0.016 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1的输出电压，燃料/ MWCNT质量比和比功率的综述。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Evaluation of Hybrid Composites of Chemical Fuel and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Study of Thermopower Waves at JoVE.com

Preparation and Evaluation of Hybrid Composites of Chemical Fuel and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Study of Thermopower Waves

A protocol for conducting thermopower wave experiments is presented. The synthesis of hybrid composites of a chemical fuel and micro/nanostructured material, manufacturing of a thermopower wave generator, and methods for measuring the corresponding physical phenomena are described.

化学燃料和多壁碳纳米管的混杂复合材料的热电波的研究准备和评估

When a chemical fuel at a certain position in a hybrid composite of the fuel and a micro/nanostructured material is ignited, chemical combustion occurs ...

preparation-evaluation-hybrid-composites-chemical-fuel-multi-walled

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

8.7K 次观看.  Korea University. A protocol for conducting thermopower wave experiments is presented. The synthesis of hybrid composites of a chemical fuel and micro/nanostructured material, manufacturing of a thermopower wave generator, and methods for measuring the corresponding physical phenomena are described. 

视频: Preparation and Evaluation of Hybrid Composites of Chemical Fuel and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Study of Thermopower Waves

Manufacturing of Three-dimensionally Microstructured Nanocomposites through Microfluidic Infiltration

Microstructured composite beams reinforced with complex three-dimensionally (3D) patterned nanocomposite microfilaments are fabricated via nanocomposite in&#64257;ltration of 3D interconnected microfluidic networks. The manufacturing of the reinforced beams begins with the fabrication of microfluidic networks, which involves layer-by-layer deposition of fugitive ink filaments using a dispensing robot, filling the empty space between filaments using a low viscosity resin, curing the resin and finally removing the ink.&#160;Self-supported 3D structures with other geometries and many layers (e.g.&#160;a few hundreds layers) could be built using this method. The resulting tubular micro&#64258;uidic networks are then infiltrated with thermosetting nanocomposite suspensions containing nanofillers (e.g.&#160;single-walled carbon nanotubes), and subsequently cured. The infiltration is done by applying a pressure gradient between two ends of the empty network (either by applying a vacuum or vacuum-assisted microinjection). Prior to the infiltration, the nanocomposite suspensions are prepared by dispersing nanofillers into polymer matrices using ultrasonication and three-roll mixing methods. The nanocomposites (i.e.&#160;materials infiltrated) are then solidified under UV exposure/heat cure, resulting in a 3D-reinforced composite structure. The technique presented here enables the design of functional nanocomposite macroscopic products for microengineering applications such as actuators and sensors.

Three-dimensional (3D) microstructured composite beams are fabricated through the directed and localized infiltration of nanocomposites into 3D porous microfluidic networks. The flexibility of this manufacturing method enables the utilization of different thermosetting materials and nanofillers in order to achieve a variety of functional 3D reinforced nanocomposite macroscopic products.

通过微流体渗透制备三维微结构纳米复合材料的制造

Microstructured composite beams reinforced with complex three-dimensionally (3D) patterned nanocomposite microfilaments are fabricated via nanocomposite ...

科研

化学

Simultaneous Synthesis of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in a Magnetically-enhanced Arc Plasma

Carbon nanostructures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and graphene attract a deluge of interest of scholars nowadays due to their very promising application for molecular sensors, field effect transistor and super thin and flexible electronic devices1-4. Anodic arc discharge supported by the erosion of the anode material is one of the most practical and efficient methods, which can provide specific non-equilibrium processes and a high influx of carbon material to the developing structures at relatively higher temperature, and consequently the as-synthesized products have few structural defects and better crystallinity.
 To further improve the controllability and flexibility of the synthesis of carbon nanostructures in arc discharge, magnetic fields can be applied during the synthesis process according to the strong magnetic responses of arc plasmas. It was demonstrated that the magnetically-enhanced arc discharge can increase the average length of SWCNT 5, narrow the diameter distribution of metallic catalyst particles and carbon nanotubes 6, and change the ratio of metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes 7, as well as lead to graphene synthesis 8. 
 Furthermore, it is worthwhile to remark that when we introduce a non-uniform magnetic field with the component normal to the current in arc, the Lorentz force along the J&times;B direction can generate the plasmas jet and make effective delivery of carbon ion particles and heat flux to samples. As a result, large-scale graphene flakes and high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes were simultaneously generated by such new magnetically-enhanced anodic arc method. Arc imaging, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to analyze the characterization of carbon nanostructures. These findings indicate a wide spectrum of opportunities to manipulate with the properties of nanostructures produced in plasmas by means of controlling the arc conditions.

Anodic arc discharge is one of the most practical and efficient methods to synthesize various carbon nanostructures. To increase the arc controllability and flexibility, a non-uniform magnetic field was introduced to process the one-step synthesis of large-scale graphene flakes and high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes.

同时合成单壁碳纳米管和石墨在电弧等离子体磁增强

Carbon nanostructures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and graphene attract a deluge of interest of scholars nowadays due to their very ...

生物工程

Preparation and Reactivity of Gasless Nanostructured Energetic Materials

High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) is a ball milling process where a powder mixture placed in the ball mill is subjected to high-energy collisions from the balls. Among other applications, it is a versatile technique that allows for effective preparation of gasless reactive nanostructured materials with high energy density per volume (Ni+Al, Ta+C, Ti+C). The structural transformations of reactive media, which take place during HEBM, define the reaction mechanism in the produced energetic&#160;composites. Varying the processing conditions permits fine tuning of the milling-induced microstructures of the fabricated composite particles. In turn, the reactivity, i.e., self-ignition temperature, ignition delay time, as well as reaction kinetics, of high energy density materials depends on its microstructure. Analysis of the milling-induced microstructures suggests that the formation of fresh oxygen-free intimate high surface area contacts between the reagents is responsible for the enhancement of their reactivity. This manifests itself in a reduction of ignition temperature and delay time, an increased rate of chemical reaction, and an overall decrease of the effective activation energy of the reaction. The protocol provides a detailed description for the preparation of reactive nanocomposites with tailored microstructure using short-term HEBM method. It also describes a high-speed thermal imaging technique to determine the ignition/combustion characteristics of the energetic materials. The protocol can be adapted to preparation and characterization of a variety of nanostructured energetic composites.

This protocol describes the preparation of gasless nanostructured energetic materials (Ni+Al, Ta+C, Ti+C) using the short-term high-energy ball milling (HEBM) technique. It also describes a high-speed thermal imaging method to study the reactivity of mechanically fabricated nanocomposites. These protocols can be extended to other reactive nanostructured energetic materials.

准备和无气腹纳米结构的反应含能材料

High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) is a ball milling process where a powder mixture placed in the ball mill is subjected to high-energy collisions from the ...

工程学

Functionalization and Dispersion of Carbon Nanomaterials Using an Environmentally Friendly Ultrasonicated Ozonolysis Process

Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials is often a critical step that facilitates their integration into larger material systems and devices. In the as-received form, carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), may contain large agglomerates. Both agglomerates and impurities will diminish the benefits of the unique electrical and mechanical properties offered when CNTs or GNPs are incorporated into polymers or composite material systems. Whilst a variety of methods exist to functionalize carbon nanomaterials and to create stable dispersions, many the processes use harsh chemicals, organic solvents, or surfactants, which are environmentally unfriendly and may increase the processing burden when isolating the nanomaterials for subsequent use. The current research details the use of an alternative, environmentally friendly technique for functionalizing CNTs and GNPs. It produces stable, aqueous dispersions free of harmful chemicals. Both CNTs and GNPs can be added to water at concentrations up to 5 g/L and can be recirculated through a high-powered ultrasonic cell. The simultaneous injection of ozone into the cell progressively oxidizes the carbon nanomaterials, and the combined ultrasonication breaks down agglomerates and immediately exposes fresh material for functionalization. The prepared dispersions are ideally suited for the deposition of thin films onto solid substrates using electrophoretic deposition (EPD). CNTs and GNPs from the aqueous dispersions can be readily used to coat carbon- and glass-reinforcing fibers using EPD for the preparation of hierarchical composite materials.

Here, a novel method for the functionalization and stable dispersion of carbon nanomaterials in aqueous environments is described. Ozone is injected directly into an aqueous dispersion of carbon nanomaterial that is continuously recirculated through a high-powered ultrasonic cell.

碳纳米材料的功能化和分散使用环境友好的超声波臭氧分解过程

Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials is often a critical step that facilitates their integration into larger material systems and devices. In the ...

环境科学

Functionalization of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes with Thermo-reversible Block Copolymers and Characterization by Small-angle Neutron Scattering

We demonstrate a protocol for single-walled carbon nanotube functionalization using thermo-sensitive PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers in an aqueous solution. In a carbon nanotube/PEO105-PPO70-PEO105 (poloxamer 407) aqueous solution, the amphiphilic poloxamer 407 adsorbs onto the carbon nanotube surfaces and self-assembles into continuous layers, driven by intermolecular interactions between constituent molecules. The addition of 5-methylsalicylic acid changes the self-assembled structure from spherical-micellar to a cylindrical morphology. The fabricated poloxamer 407/carbon nanotube hybrid particles exhibit thermo-responsive structural features so that the density and thickness of poloxamer 407 layers are also reversibly controllable by varying temperature. The detailed structural properties of the poloxamer 407/carbon nanotube particles in suspension can be characterized by small-angle neutron scattering experiments and model fit analyses. The distinct curve shapes of the scattering intensities depending on temperature control or addition of aromatic additives are well described by a modified core-shell cylinder model consisting of a carbon nanotube core cylinder, a hydrophobic shell, and a hydrated polymer layer. This method can provide a simple but efficient way for the fabrication and in-situ characterization of carbon nanotube-based nano particles with a structure-tunable encapsulation.

A method for the functionalization of carbon nanotubes with structure-tunable polymeric encapsulation layers and structural characterization using small-angle neutron scattering is presented.

单壁碳纳米管与热可逆嵌段共聚物及表征功能化小角度中子散射

We demonstrate a protocol for single-walled carbon nanotube functionalization using thermo-sensitive PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers in an aqueous ...

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Combustion based power generation has been accomplished for many years through a number of heat engine systems. Recently, a move towards small scale power generation and micro combustion as well as development in fuel cell research has created new means of power generation that combine solid oxide fuel cells with open flames and combustion exhaust. Instead of relying upon the heat of combustion, these solid oxide fuel cell systems rely on reforming of the fuel via combustion to generate syngas for electrochemical power generation. Procedures were developed to assess the combustion by-products under a wide range of conditions. While theoretical and computational procedures have been developed for assessing fuel-rich combustion exhaust in these applications, experimental techniques have also emerged. The experimental procedures often rely upon a gas chromatograph or mass spectrometer analysis of the flame and exhaust to assess the combustion process as a fuel reformer and means of heat generation. The experimental techniques developed in these areas have been applied anew for the development of the micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell. The protocol discussed in this work builds on past techniques to specify a procedure for characterizing fuel-rich combustion exhaust and developing a model fuel-rich combustion exhaust for use in flame-assisted fuel cell testing. The development of the procedure and its applications and limitations are discussed.

A protocol for creating a model fuel-rich combustion exhaust is developed through combustion characterization and is applied for micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell testing and research.

燃烧特性参数和模型燃料开发的微型管状火焰辅助燃料电池

Combustion based power generation has been accomplished for many years through a number of heat engine systems. Recently, a move towards small scale power ...

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a free-radical polymerization strategy to enable the modulation of the nanotube surface properties and produce supramolecular self-assembly of the nanostructures. First, a selective hydroxylation of the pristine nanotubes through a biphasic catalytically mediated oxidation reaction creates superficially distributed reactive sites at the sidewalls. The latter reactive sites are subsequently modified with methacrylic moieties using a silylated methacrylic precursor to create polymerizable sites. Those polymerizable groups can address further polymerization of styrene to produce a hybrid nanomaterial containing PS chains grafted to the nanotube sidewalls. The polymer-graft content, amount of silylated methacrylic moieties introduced and hydroxylation modification of the nanotubes are identified and quantified by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The presence of reactive functional groups hydroxyl and silylated methacrylate are confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Polystyrene-grafted carbon nanotube solutions in tetrahydrofuran (THF) provide wall-to-wall collinearly self-assembled nanotubes when cast samples are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Those self-assemblies are not obtained when suitable blanks are similarly cast from analogous solutions containing non-grafted counterparts. Therefore, this method enables the modification of the nanotube anisotropic patchiness at the sidewalls which results into spontaneous auto-organization at the nanoscale.

A procedure for the synthesis of polystyrene-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes using successive chemical modification steps to selectively introduce the polymer chains to the sidewalls and their self-assembly via anisotropic patchiness is presented.

用聚苯乙烯接枝多壁纳米碳纳米管使自组装和各向异性斑块

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a ...

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

Physical thermal deposition in a high vacuum environment is a clean and controllable method for fabricating novel molecular nanostructures on graphene. We present methods for depositing and passively manipulating C60 molecules on rippled graphene that advance the pursuit of realizing applications involving 1D C60/graphene hybrid structures. The techniques applied in this exposition are geared towards high vacuum systems with preparation areas capable of supporting molecular deposition as well as thermal annealing of the samples. We focus on C60 deposition at low pressure using a homemade Knudsen cell connected to a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) system. The number of molecules deposited is regulated by controlling the temperature of the Knudsen cell and the deposition time. One-dimensional (1D) C60 chain structures with widths of two to three molecules can be prepared via tuning of the experimental conditions. The surface mobility of the C60 molecules increases with annealing temperature allowing them to move within the periodic potential of the rippled graphene. Using this mechanism, it is possible to control the transition of 1D C60 chain structures to a hexagonal close packed quasi-1D stripe structure.

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

Here we present a protocol for the fabrication of C60/graphene hybrid nanostructures by physical thermal evaporation. Particularly, the proper manipulation of deposition and annealing conditions allow the control over the creation of 1D and quasi 1D C60 structures on rippled graphene.

C 型60/石墨烯混合纳米结构的制备与表征

Physical thermal deposition in a high vacuum environment is a clean and controllable method for fabricating novel molecular nanostructures on graphene. We ...

Application of a Coupling Agent to Improve the Dielectric Properties of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites

In this work, an easy, low-cost, and widely applicable method was developed to improve the compatibility between the ceramic fillers and the polymer matrix by adding 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) as a coupling agent during the fabrication process of BaTiO3-P(VDF-CTFE) nanocomposites through solution casting. Results show that the use of KH550 can modify the surface of ceramic nanofillers; therefore, good wettability on the ceramic-polymer interface was achieved, and the enhanced energy storage performances were obtained by a suitable amount of the coupling agent. This method can be used to prepare flexible composites, which is highly desirable for the production of high-performance film capacitors. If an excessive amount of coupling agent is used in the process, the non-attached coupling agent can participate in complex reactions, which leads to a decrease in dielectric constant and an increase in dielectric loss.

Here, we demonstrate a simple and low-cost solution-casting process to improve the compatibility between the filler and the matrix of polymer-based nanocomposites using surface modified BaTiO3 fillers, which can effectively enhance the energy density of the composites.

耦合剂在提高聚合物纳米复合物介电性能方面的应用

In this work, an easy, low-cost, and widely applicable method was developed to improve the compatibility between the ceramic fillers and the polymer ...

Improving the Combustion Performance of a Hybrid Rocket Engine using a Novel Fuel Grain with a Nested Helical Structure

A technique to improve the combustion performance of a hybrid rocket engine using a novel fuel grain structure is presented. This technique utilizes the different regression rates of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and paraffin-based fuels, which increase the exchanges of both matter and energy by swirl flow and recirculation zones formed at the grooves between the adjacent vanes. The centrifugal casting technique is used to cast the paraffin-based fuel into an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene substrate made by three-dimensional printing. Using oxygen as the oxidizer, a series of tests were conducted to investigate the combustion performance of the novel fuel grain. In comparison to paraffin-based fuel grains, the fuel grain with a nested helical structure, which can be maintained throughout the combustion process, showed significant improvement in the regression rate and great potential in improvement of combustion efficiency.

A technique utilizing a solid fuel grain with a novel nested helical structure to improve the combustion performance of a hybrid rocket engine is presented.

使用具有嵌套的 Helical 结构的新颖燃料颗粒提高混合火箭发动机的燃烧性能

A technique to improve the combustion performance of a hybrid rocket engine using a novel fuel grain structure is presented. This technique utilizes the ...