The authors would like to thank the Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen &#8222;Otto von Guericke&#8220; e.V., AiF (German Federation of Industrial Research Associations) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG (German Research Foundation) for partly funding the presented work under contract number 14248 and STR 662/4-1, respectively.

1.测量磁控管注意:实验装置用于测量所述磁控管的示意图在图1A中描绘。 <ol><li>磁控管连接到绝缘体构成的环行器和一个水负载10的螺钉。 </li><li>绝缘体连接到定向耦合器10的螺钉。 </li><li>定向耦合器连接到第二水负载10螺钉。 </li><li>提供所有的水负荷水。 </li><li>校准光谱分析仪具有根据制造商的协议的校准功能。 </li><li>通过插入20 dB衰减到频谱分析仪连接20 dB衰减到频谱分析仪。 注:20 dB衰减器被用来保护频谱分析仪从过高功率高于1 W. </li><li>通过插入共连接20 dB衰减器配备的频谱分析仪的同轴电缆装有一个BNC连接器的端同轴电缆进20 dB衰减器。 </li><li>连接同轴电缆通过插入同轴电缆到定向电缆配备有一个N连接到定向耦合器的末端。 </li><li>开关上经由电源和发射微波的频谱磁控管被显示在频谱分析仪。 </li><li>如果有必要，调整显示横坐标，纵坐标和他们根据频谱分析仪的手动解决。 </li><li>为了测量微波功率的依赖性的输出微波的频率，增加微波功率从10％到输出功率的最大值在5％至10％的步长和每步确定频谱的最大振幅的频率由该频谱分析仪显示。 注意:通常情况下，低于其最大输出功率的10％的磁控管的频谱很宽，表现出许多不同的峰，因此是不可用的。 </li></ol> 2.调整共振频率注意:实验装置，用于测量和调整谐振频率的原理在图2A中描绘。 <ol><li>校准与校准试剂盒（根据制造商的协议）S11中的操作的网络分析仪。 </li><li>通过N连接到同轴到矩形波导过渡的同轴部分通过插入同轴电缆同轴到波导过渡连接同轴电缆。 </li><li>同轴到矩形波导过渡的矩形部分连接到一个三抽头调谐器10的螺钉。 </li><li>连接三个短线调谐器的微波等离子吹管部件10螺钉。 </li><li>在网络分析仪的菜单切换到S11的操作。 </li><li>在网络分析仪菜单切换到VSWR模式或登录模式。 </li><li>该微波等离子吹管部件的共振频率反复调整到所测量的监控系NCY磁控管以25％的输出功率 - 的最大输出功率的60％通过移动喷嘴向上和向下。该微波等离子吹管部件的共振频率由S11参数测量的倾角给出在图2B中所描绘。通过移动喷嘴向上和向下的推荐频率调整此畅游。 </li><li>当谐振频率被调整时，锁定与锁定螺母喷嘴的位置。 </li><li>由通过使短截线向上和向下调整三种调配器的三个存根增大正向微波功率迭代。该微波功率由微波等离子体炬组件吸收由S11参数的倾角的深度给出。因此，通过调整这三个短线调谐器的存根最大化这一畅游。通常，它是足够的两个三短截线被使用。 </li></ol> 3.点火的等离子<ol><li>戴防紫外线的眼镜由于等离子体发射UV的Radia化。操作等离子体炬在局部瓦斯通风由于等离子体产生的氮化物氧​​化物。 </li><li>连接微波等离子体炬组件与调整后的同轴谐振器（喷嘴被锁定），并在调整后的3短线调谐器装有绝缘体由连接到水负载循环器的磁控管。 </li><li>连接气体供给到微波等离子体炬。 </li><li>开启气体供给至5至20 SLM。 </li><li>由于在高剂量微波辐射是有害的特别是对眼睛，检查有没有微波泄漏。 <ol><li>要做到这一点，打开微波炉在10％，非常低功耗12％，并检查了微波炉计泄漏微波的所有连接。 </li><li>如果有任何泄漏增加微波功率或操作微波等离子体炬之前完全删除它们。 </li></ol></li><li>如果没有泄漏打开微波开始以10％的低功率，并增加了麦克风rowave功率慢慢在10至60秒，直到等离子体点燃的微波等离子吹管的石英管中。 </li><li>仔细观察，如果在哪里等离子点火，但要小心可能放射的微波。最好使用一面镜子，观察等离子点火。 </li><li>如果没有点燃等离子体，关闭微波功率，并仔细检查微波功率被适当地联接到所述同轴谐振器，而不是被误导到其他组件加热它们甚至伤害它们。检查，如果某些组件得到升温。 <ol><li>如果任何组分被加热- 例如 ，微波功率是误导-移动三个短线调谐器的所有短截出波导的和调整它们按照步骤2.9中所述以最大化微波耦合到等离子体炬组件。然后用3.1步重新开始。 </li><li>调整等离子体炬的同轴谐振器的谐振频率至MAG的发送频率奈电在足够高的微波功率输出的25％至60％的最大输出功率与该网络分析仪如在步骤2中描述到一个更高的在步骤2中所描述的为了改善点火，调整同轴谐振器的谐振频率输出功率。然后用3.1步重新开始。 </li></ol></li><li>如果等离子体点燃的某处在等离子体炬和不会自动切换到同轴或圆柱模式，改变供给微波功率和气流直到燃烧在圆筒形模式。 </li><li>当等离子体燃烧在圆柱形模式中，反复通过将它们向上和向下，使所有的供给的微波功率是由等离子体所吸收和反射的微波功率变为零调整三个短线调谐器的存根。 注意:如果一个微波二极管被连接到水负荷和到控制单元的相应输入，反射微波功率显示在微波电源的控制单元。如何做到这一点的微波电源的手册中描述。 </li><li>当使用1.5千瓦以上，小于15 SLM低的气体流量较高的微波功率，仔细检查，等离子不接触石英管的壁上。石英管不得焕发任何地方。 </li><li>如果石英管发出红光，降低微波功率或增加的气体流，直到它完全消失。 </li><li>因为微波能够通过等离子体由于等离子体的导电率被辐射，检查了微波炉米的辐射微波功率低于阈值。 </li><li>如果微波辐射功率高于阈值，屏蔽的等离子体与金属网，其中所述网眼尺寸小于一半用于微波波长的小得多。 </li></ol>等离子点火4.高速摄像机电影注意:由于在等离子体和其过渡到圆柱形模式的点火是在范围内几百毫秒，这个过程可以最好地通过高速摄像机来调查。然而，这是没有必要的由一个高速照相机的装置的等离子体被点燃每次观察点火过程。 <ol><li>放置在高速摄像机的镜头中的微波等离子吹管通过诊断狭缝看着等离子体炬的前端的前面。 </li><li>调整，直到相机指向入同轴谐振器在金属喷嘴的尖端。 </li><li>聚焦相机上的金属喷嘴的尖端。 </li><li>开始录制与高速摄影机1000帧率（每秒帧）。 </li><li>点燃等离子在第3节描述。 </li></ol> 5.稳定和连续等离子体运行注意:当等离子体被点燃在圆筒形模式和三个短线调谐器已被调整由等离子体稳定并且CONTIN最大化的微波功率的吸收等离子炬的uous操作是可能的。 <ol><li>通过改变供给微波功率的10％，最大输出功率及10至70的SLM之间的气体流动的等离子体到所需尺寸 - 调整尺寸 - 径向和轴向延伸。保持限定于石英管的直径的径向尺寸。等离子体不能接触石英管，这意味着在石英管不能发光的壁。 </li><li>塑造等离子体到不同的形状，使用短的石英管，其仅限制所述圆柱形谐振器的内部的等离子体，并放置一个孔上的等离子体焰炬组件的顶部。 </li><li>如果有必要，用固定螺丝的一些小孔。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

所呈现的电影介绍如何大气压微波等离子体而没有任何附加的点火器的点火可实现，此微波等离子体炬，其调整中，等离子体的点燃过程和其稳定和连续操作的基本原理。如在介绍中描述的，已经有不同种类的微波等离子体炬但无那些提供等离子体的点火而无需任何附加的点火器以及稳定和连续的等离子体操作。 以获得等离子体的点火，没有任何附加的引燃器在大气压力高电场是必要的，因此，具有高品质的谐振器，而对于连续和稳定的等离子体操作的低质量是必要的。这可通过将一个高品质的同轴谐振器，它保证了等离子体的点火和低质量的圆柱形谐振器，它提供了一个连续的和来实现稳定的等离子体运行。 所提供的微波的频率，具有高品质的同轴谐振器的谐振频率完全一致，以使提供的功率耦合到谐振腔。因此频率磁控管的依赖性，必须熟知和同轴谐振器的谐振频率必须调节的。磁控管的发送频率可以用频谱分析仪来测量，而同轴谐振器的谐振频率可以通过一个网络分析仪的装置，通过可动喷嘴进行测量和调节。 到仅由供给微波保证等离子体的点火，至关重要的是，同轴谐振器的谐振频率完全匹配磁控管的发送频率。另外，微波具有被完全耦合到等离子体炬组件的同轴谐振器，它是通过最大化正向功率瓦特实现第i个三调配器。如果这些关键步骤不小心进行可能的是等离子体不会点燃或微波耦合到实验装置的某处什么可能导致这些部件的一些损坏。因此，如果没有点火的等离子体的观察，这些步骤必须仔细再次检查。此外，可能的是，等离子体点燃，但本身不切换到同轴或圆柱模式。在这种情况下，等离子体可以通常被先到同轴模式，然后通过改变气体流量和所提供的微波功率切换到圆柱形模式。 以获得可被用来代替手动1的自动3短线调谐器能自动调整其存根最大化正向功率的等离子体的更自动点火和操作。因此，存根等离子体和随后的等离子体的操作的调整点火的调整会自动进行这三款调配器。为了实现等离子点火而没有任何附加的点火和稳定和连续等离子体操作的两个谐振器结构的呈现智能组合和磁控管的测定由频谱分析仪所呈现的技术和测量与调整谐振频率通过一个装置网络分析仪是至关重要的。 等离子体的点火进行了研究，详细用高速照相机。它表明，在等离子体点火的同轴谐振器，缠在喷嘴燃烧在同轴模式的末端，增加强度和体积，脱离金属喷嘴，进一步增大，然后在该金属喷嘴上方自由地燃烧圆柱形的模式。等离子体的点火，并过渡到圆柱形模式之后的等离子体，可以稳定地和连续地操作。等离子体的尺寸取决于供给的微波功率和气体流量和增加S当所提供的微波功率增加或气流减小。此外，该等离子体可以通过使用孔口被成形为针状，刷子或光滑余辉等离子体。 气流和所呈现的微波等离子吹管的微波功率被限制为约100 SLM和一些千瓦这也限制了等离子体的体积。由于石英管必须不能损坏等离子体的径向直径被限制在石英管的内直径。如果一个较大的血浆体积，需要或大的气体流具有待处理，等离子体源可以是按比例放大通过使用较低的微波频率，例如915兆赫，而不是2.45千兆赫。用915兆赫以上的微波功率是可用的，从而导致较大的血浆体积，其允许处理更大的气流。然而，当高功率使用期间的等离子体的点火或在操作过程中增加，并且因此ANO损坏的风险特别的金属喷嘴，疗法点火机构，必须考虑到。此外，等离子体的参数，如电子和气体温度，是独立于所述外参数，如气流量和供给微波功率。因此，如果需要具有不同等离子体参数大气压等离子体，不同的源，必须使用或其中之一满足所需的需求已被新开发的。 因为所提出的大气压微波等离子体炬提供等离子体的点火而无需任何附加的点火器以及稳定和连续等离子体操作中，等离子体源是适用于许多的工业应用。等离子体的点火而无需任何附加的点火器用于工业过程，特别是当一个自动3抽头调谐器使用的优点，是只有微波必须被接通和该过程开始至可靠地和自动运行。此外，如果需要的不连续操作，其中该进程运行在一段时间之后间歇，等离子处理可以被快速重新启动，可靠和自动地并且没有磨耗的附加点火系统。像化学合成卷过程以及与余辉等离子体的表面处理，可以命名为微波等离子吹管的应用程序。研究的有害废气，特别是对于像全氟化化合物，其在生长半导体工业中使用的，对CO 2的离解成CO和O的温室气体的成功降解以及对甲烷与氢和碳的热解已经已经进行。此外，余辉等离子体被用于表面的处理以增加胶和油漆和用于净化和杀菌目的的粘合。例如，等离子体源可用于软木塞的表面的去污降解三氯，这将导致所谓的软木污点。另一个应用程ATION是细菌表面上的减少，像包装材料或食品。 所提出的技术是如何的一个高频电源，发送频率由频谱分析仪来测量，以及如何一谐振结构的谐振频率被测量并调整由网络分析器的装置，也可应用于其它高频等离子体源。作为一个例子的微小的微微波等离子体射流是基于一个λ/ 4谐振器可以命名为25-27。 最后，所提出的电影将导致进一步的发展和大气压力和/或微波等离子源的改善。

大气压微波等离子体炬提供各种不同的应用。一方面它们可以被用于化学量的过程和另一方面其余辉等离子体可以应用于表面的治疗方法。作为表面处理工艺，以增加的胶水，涂料或漆或表面的去污或灭菌的密合性的处理可被命名。热和反应等离子体本身可用于像废气1-7的分解量的过程。这些废气是有害的，有助于全球变暖，很难常规降解。然而，他们都需要在不断增长的工业领域，如半导体分支。其它的应用是化学合成如CO 2的离解成CO和O 2或CH 4碳和氢8,9。来自可再生能源过剩电能可以用来分离二氧化碳<sub&gt; 2成CO和O 2。在CO可以进一步向高级烃可以用作合成燃料运输处理，作为平台化学品化学工业或化学品储存。 有一些微波等离子体炬但其中大多数都有缺点:它们仅具有非常小的血浆体积，需要额外的点火器，需要在等离子体反应器的冷却，或者可以仅在脉冲模式10-18进行操作。微波等离子炬在这部电影呈现提供等离子体仅仅使用所提供的微波功率，没有额外的点火器，以及一个稳定和连续操作的点火，而不在等离子体反应器中的任何冷却为广泛的运行参数，并可以使用对于所有的上述的应用程序。该微波等离子吹管是基于两个谐振器的组合:一个同轴1和圆筒之一。圆柱形谐振器具有低的质量，是OPERAT编在公知Ë010 -mode与在其中心的最高电场。同轴谐振器位于下方的圆柱形谐振器和由可移动金属喷嘴结合的切向气体供给的。同轴谐振器的高品质的显示出非常窄的，但深层共振曲线。由于同轴谐振器的高电场可达到的高品质这是需要的等离子体的点火。然而，同轴谐振器的高品质的具有非常窄的谐振曲线相关联，因此，谐振频率必须完全匹配所提供的微波的频率。由于等离子体的点火后的谐振频率移动，由于等离子体的介电常数，微波不能再渗透入所述同轴谐振器。对于等离子体的连续运行所需的圆柱形谐振器具有低质量和宽共振曲线。 经由同轴谐振器的金属喷嘴的附加的轴向气体供应是可能的。等离子体被点燃，并限制在微波透明管，比如一个石英管。石英管的介电常数还影响谐振频率。由于石英具有&gt; 1的电容，所述圆柱形谐振器的体积几乎是放大而导致较低的谐振频率。这种现象有当圆柱形谐振器的尺寸被设计为考虑。关于谐振频率如何受插入石英管的详细讨论可以在参考23中找到。如果一个长的和扩展的石英管被使用时，这也可以作为反应室的体积的过程。然而，对于表面处理的等离子体也可以不同地由不同类型的孔形成的。微波经由矩形波导从磁控管供电。为了避免噪音扰民使用低纹波磁控管是荐结束。这是用来在电影的磁控管是一低脉动之一。 对于等离子体的点火的高品质的同轴谐振器是用来同时稳定和连续的操作是由所述圆柱形谐振器提供的。由高品质的同轴谐振器实现的等离子体的点火此谐振器的谐振频率具有完美匹配的使用磁控管提供的微波的频率。由于所有的磁控管不发射他们的微波频率恰好在标称频率，并且由于频率取决于输出功率，磁控管必须用频谱分析仪进行测定。同轴谐振器的谐振频率可以通过移动金属喷嘴向上和向下调整。该谐振频率可以被测量，从而也调整到使用磁控管使用网络分析器的发送频率。到在喷嘴的前端到达高电场，所需的点火等离子体的，一个三抽头调谐器需要另外。这3短线调谐器是一种常用的微波分量。三个短线调谐器被安装在微波等离子吹管和磁控管之间。后的同轴谐振器的谐振频率被调整，正向功率最大化和反射功率最小化通过迭代地调整三种调配器的存根。 具有调节后的同轴谐振器的谐振频率，以及具有最大化的正向功率的三个短线调谐器的装置后，当微波等离子体炬连接到磁控管的微波等离子体炬的等离子体可以被点燃。对于等离子体的点火的约0.3至1千瓦最小的微波功率是足够的。等离子体点燃的同轴谐振器。同轴谐振器的谐振频率由于转移到等离子体的介电常数和微波能的等离子体的点火后无再渗透入同轴谐振器。因此，从同轴模式的等离子体开关成其更伸出的圆柱形燃烧模式可自由站立的金属喷嘴上方的圆柱形谐振器的中心。由于圆柱形模式的质量非常低，因此，显示出广阔的共振曲线，微波仍然可以渗透到圆柱形谐振器，尽管共振频率的偏移由于等离子体的介电常数。因此，在圆筒形模式等离子体的连续稳定操作是由微波等离子体炬提供。然而，为了达到所提供的微波功率的完全吸收，三个短线调谐器的短截线，必须重新调整。否则所提供的微波功率不完全被等离子体吸收，但所提供的微波的某个百分比被反射并通过耐水负荷吸收。 为了检测血浆中的同轴点火模式，然后过渡到伸出的圆柱形模中，等离子体点火是由高速照相机观察到。 所呈现的电影将展示如何频率磁控管的依赖性测定，同轴谐振器的谐振频率被调整时，如何正向功率被最大化，以及如何等离子体是由供给微波功率点燃。高速摄像机记录显示为好。

<table><tbody><tr><td>2 kW magnetron</td><td>Muegge&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MH2000S 211BA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 kW power supply</td><td>Muegge&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ML2000D-111TC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>insulator - circulator with water load</td><td>Muegge&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MW1003A-210EC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>water load</td><td>Muegge&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MW1002E-260EC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>three stub tuner</td><td>Muegge&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MW2009A-260ED</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>orifices</td><td>homemade</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>microwave plasma torch</td><td>homemade</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>spectrum analyzer</td><td>Agilent</td><td>E4402B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>network analyzer</td><td>Anritsu</td><td>MS4662A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>calibration kit</td><td>Anritsu</td><td>model 3753</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>directional coupler</td><td>homemade</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20 dB attenuator</td><td>Weinschee engineering</td><td>20 dB AA57u8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>coaxial to rectangular wave guide transition</td><td>Muegge&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MW5002A-260YD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>adaptor 7-16 to N connector</td><td>Teleg&amp;auml;rtner</td><td>7-16/N Adaptor</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>coaxial cable</td><td>Rosenberger Hochfrequenztechnik</td><td>LU7_070_800</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>high speed camera</td><td>Photron</td><td>fastcam SA5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>lens</td><td>Revueflex</td><td>makro revuenon 1:3.5/28mm</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>local gas ventilation</td><td>Industrievertrieb Henning</td><td>ACD220</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV protection glasses</td><td>uvex</td><td>HC-F9178265</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>microwave leakage tester</td><td>conrad electronic</td><td>not available</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>microwave survey meter</td><td>Holaday industries inc.</td><td>81273</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

how to ignite an atmospheric pressure microwave plasma torch without any additional igniters

这部电影展示了如何大气压等离子体炬可以通过微波功率被点燃，没有额外的点火器。等离子体点火之后，等离子体的稳定和连续操作是可能的，并且在等离子炬可用于许​​多不同的应用。一方面，在热（3600ķ气体温度）等离子体可用于化学过程和另一方面冷余辉（温度下降到几乎RT），可以应用表面处理。例如化学合成是有趣量的过程。此处的微波等离子吹管可用于废气它们是有害的，并有助于全球变暖，但还需要在不断增长的工业部门，例如半导体分支蚀刻气体的分解。另一应用是CO 2的离解。来自可再生能源剩余电能可用于离解的CO 2与CO和O 2。合作可以进一步亲处理，以气态或液态高级烃，从而提供能量，合成燃料或化学制品的平台用于化学工业的化学品储存。等离子炬的余辉的应用是表面的治疗，以增加的漆，胶或涂料的粘附性，和灭菌的或不同种类的表面的去污。这部电影将解释如何完全由微波功率点燃等离子无任何额外的点火器， 如电火花。该微波等离子吹管是基于两个谐振器的组合 - 一个同轴1，它提供了等离子体和圆柱形其中一个点火后保证了等离子体的连续和稳定的操作的点火。血浆可以在很长的微波透明管操作音量进程或塑造口进行表面处理的目的。

<html>提供一种等离子体点火而无需任何附加的点火器，以及稳定和连续的等离子体操作的高品质的同轴谐振器与一个可调节的共振频率是结合一个低质量圆柱形谐振器的微波等离子吹管。该等离子体炬的示意图示于图3的等离子体被约束到一个微波透明管，此处的石英管中。该管可以作为反应室容积等离子体工艺或等离子体刷的表面处理可以由一个孔来形成。微波功率经由矩形波导从磁控管的微波等离子吹管导向。不同种类的气体可经由任一切向气体供给或轴向地通过同轴谐振器的金属喷嘴供给。微波等离子炬装有一个正面狭缝，从而使焊炬和点火里面的等离子体可以详细调查。 内容"&gt;要仅由供给的微波功率是需要约3至6的MV / m的高电场保证等离子体的点火。为了更好地理解的电场分布，电场分布的模拟，以及与市售的仿真软件COMSOL Multiphysics软件本征模分析进行的。建模和提供已经详细分析上市大气压微波等离子体炬的电场分布的模拟，并导致对例如其点火或操作行为19- 22的进一步发展和改进。 同轴模式的电场分布，以及共用筒形Ë010模式在图4a和4b分别示出的。电场被显示以任意单位，因为在同轴谐振器中的电场是许多添ES高于在圆柱形谐振器的电场。它可以看出，在达到与同轴谐振器和所述圆柱形谐振器的最高电场是在圆柱形谐振器的中心在喷嘴尖端的高电场。同轴谐振器的谐振频率可以通过金属喷嘴的位置而变化。的模拟结果的谐振频率为微波等离子吹管具有圆柱形谐振器以0.05微米的半径和0.048米的高度不同喷嘴位置示于图4C的图中。由此可以看出，该圆柱形模式的共振频率不会受到金属喷嘴的位置。然而，同轴模式的共振频率是依赖于喷嘴的位置，并减少当金属喷嘴向上移动到圆柱形谐振器。 为了达到所需的高电网络视场中的同轴谐振器，该共振频率的可调同轴谐振器显示出高的质量和一个尖锐且窄共振曲线。然而，尖和窄共振曲线要求同轴谐振器的谐振频率相匹配的优越的供给微波的频率。因为通常的磁控管不发射的微波在其标称频率，并且由于微波的频率取决于微波的输出功率，频率磁控管的依赖性必须通过一个定向耦合器和频谱分析仪来测量。该实验装置来测量磁控管用频谱分析仪的频率依存性的图1a示意性地给出。在使用磁控管的测量的频率依赖性如图1B所示在图中。中心频率设定为2.45千兆赫，视频带宽为200兆赫。它可以看出，在200瓦（10％的功率磁控管的最大输出功率）的微波的频率为2.44638 GHz和增大时，微波功率增加。以2千瓦的最大输出功率的微波频率达到2.45213 GHz的一个值。 该微波等离子吹管的谐振频率可以与一个网络分析器进行测量，并由于喷嘴是可移动的同轴谐振器的谐振频率可以被调整。这样做时，微波等离子体炬组件具有通过一矩形到同轴波导过渡成连接到网络分析器中所示在图2A的示意。通过测量微波等离子体炬组件的S11参数的谐振频率可以被确定。的S11参数表示输入功率与反射功率的频率的依赖性的比率。当达到谐振，电场建立在所述谐振器结构导致降低reflecteð微波功率。然而，空腔内部的磁场强度是直接相关于由网络分析仪所提供的微波的固定波幅度。一浸出现在对应于共振频率的S11的频谱。的S11参数的典型的测量描述于图2B中 。这里的共振是在2.846 GHz的频率观察到的。通过移动金属喷嘴上下，同轴谐振器的谐振频率可以被改变， 如图4C所示的模拟表明。在金属喷嘴位置的同轴谐振器的谐振频率的这种依赖可以通过S11中的参数的方式来测量。在喷嘴位置的依赖性和而适合的模拟结果的共振频率的测定示于图2C图中。此图表明，有模拟结果和水库的测量值之间有很好的一致性onance频率。所述非常小的位移的两条曲线可以通过所制造的喷嘴的几何形状或尺寸的非常小的偏差相比用于模拟一个进行说明。以调整同轴谐振器将所提供的微波的频率的共振频率，金属喷嘴具有可以反复上下移动，直至在S11中的参数的倾角位于被测微波频率。然后该金属喷嘴具有被锁定和正向功率可以通过迭代地调整三种调配器的短截线，以使S11的参数倾角达到其最大深度最大化。谐振器的高品质和最大化正向功率导致更少的微波反射和一个高电场被建立，其中是谐振器为什么在S11中的参数的结果深浸。 后的微波等离子体炬组件被安装到所述磁控管和所述气体供给被连接时，血浆火炬可以点燃和经营。等离子体的点火可最好通过观察点火用高速照相机进行研究。等离子体的点火被记录了在1000帧。所提出的等离子体点火的混合物在1千瓦微波功率为15 SLM空气供给气体流进行。点火的各相的图像被总结于图5。在图5A中的图像示出了从上方看，在喷嘴俯视的无法运作等离子体炬的前端通过诊断狭缝的角度。圆柱形谐振器的底部是在前面。在中间平面可以看到的同轴谐振器的开始。喷嘴的前端也可以看出。圆柱形谐振器的底部位于所述的背景一次。由于焦点在喷嘴尖端中，圆柱形谐振器的底部是有些模糊。其它图像显示在等离子体点火的阶段。当微波功率转编上在t = 0毫秒，等离子体点燃某处的同轴谐振器如可在图5B中可以看出。然后，在64毫秒，等离子体卷起金属喷嘴到其尖端，然后直在同轴模式作为图5C至5E示出了喷嘴顶部燃烧。等离子体的强度增长为以下692毫秒，因为它是示于图5F。然后，由于由在同轴谐振器中的燃烧等离子体1毫秒后的共振频率的移位，等离子体开始从喷嘴前端部脱离， 如图5G和5H。完整的割舍等离子体的从喷嘴前端部后58毫秒为止， 如图5I描绘。等离子体现在自由地燃烧的圆柱形模式中的金属喷嘴的上方。在过去的二，三抽头调谐器被重新调整以最大化向前微波功率。这导致一个增量等离子体如在图5J的图像rease显示。然而，等离子体仍在燃烧喷嘴尖端没有接触到它上面自由地。由于圆柱形谐振器的低质量等离子可以在该圆柱形谐振模式连续和稳定地工作。 等离子体的尺寸取决于供给的微波功率和气流。照片血浆1和2千瓦和气体的10，30和70 SLM流动微波功率的示于图6中 。其在其前诊断狭缝谐振器位于照片的下部。等离子体被限制到一个石英管内，并且上述圆柱形谐振器。 UV光耦合到石英管这就是为什么在石英管呈现蓝色发光。由此可以看出，该尺寸 - 的等离子体增加的增加所提供的微波功率的同时增加ø - 径向和也轴向延伸f显示气流导致一个更小的等离子火焰。然而，气体和电子温度的测量结果表明了T G = 3600 K和电子温度T E = 5800 K时最高温度都独立于外的参数，供给的微波功率和气体流量，以及该等离子体容积19。该温度通过光学发射光谱的装置获得。在A 2Σ+ - ×2Πγ的游离OH基的转变点被用于气体温度的测定而波尔兹曼积的原子氧线路是为电子温度的估计进行的。关于如何在温度已经测量和完整的温度分布可以在参考文献23和24中找到的详细描述。 治疗表面在等离子体的余辉，等离子体可以成形不同种类孔。 图7描绘<html>照片的不同形状的等离子体。布局类似于照片局限于长的石英管的等离子体的:圆柱形谐振器是在图象的底部;其诊断狭缝通过等离子体照射。不同形状的等离子体可以看出烧顶开口之上。上的照片在图7A中的围石英管不外谐振器的延伸。等离子可以自由地燃烧谐振器上面。扩展等离子体刷可以形成为狭缝孔， 如图7B所描绘。等离子体针可以通过使用孔口与在其中心的孔来实现。这示于图7C。非常小的和光滑的余辉等离子体是由具有一个窄狭缝或排列成一个圆圈的照片在图7D和7E示出一些小孔小孔而形成的。 2816fig1.jpg"/&gt; 图1.测量磁控管。在（A）中的示意性显示了如何在频率的微波输出功率的磁控管的依赖性可以通过频谱分析仪来测量。频率，输出功率（B）描述的用磁控管的依赖性。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52816/52816fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52816/52816fig2.jpg" /> 图2.测量谐振频率。由网络分析器的装置的设置用于测量和调整的微波等离子吹管的共振频率被给定在（A）中 。 （B）表示S11参数的一个典型测量结果。在S11浸参数反映的微波等离子吹管的共振频率。测得的金属喷嘴位置及数值模拟结果的共振频率的依赖中总结三）。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52816/52816fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52816/52816fig3.jpg" /> 图3.等离子体炬设置。示意图大气微波等离子体炬的安装程序。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52816/52816fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52816/52816fig4.jpg" /> 图4.同轴和圆柱模式。的电场强度的分布示于（A）和（B）中 。 （A）示出的分布的同轴模式，而（B）示出了一个用于柱形模式。 （C）中的图显示了两个同轴和对在等离子体炬的金属喷嘴的位置的圆筒状模式的共振频率的依赖性。谐振器有一个直径为0.05米，0.0482米的高度。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52816/52816fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52816/52816fig5.jpg" /> 图5.点火的血浆。在1000 fps的，并在1千瓦微波功率和15的气体流记录由高速照相机等离子体的点火的各相的图像SLM的空气。 （A）从上面查看，看着倒在喷嘴处的工作不正常等离子火炬的面前经过诊断狭缝的角度。 （B）点火的同轴谐振器的血浆。 （C） - （E）的绕线向上等离子体与金属喷嘴前端直到它燃烧在同轴模式。 （F）血浆增加。 （G） - （I）中的等离子体脱离金属喷嘴和烧伤在圆筒形模注嘴自如以上。 （J）血浆增加，因为这三个短线调谐器，最大限度地正向功率的调整。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52816/52816fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/52816/52816fig6.jpg" /> <strong&gt;图6照片的空气等离子为10，30和70 SLM和微波的1和2千瓦功率不同的供给气体流量。等离子体的程度取决于所提供的微波功率和气体流量，并与增加了微波功率和减少气流增加。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52816/52816fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/52816/52816fig7.jpg" /> 图7.不同孔口，通过使用不同形状的孔的等离子体可以形成。 （A）的围石英管不延长谐振器的外部和等离子可以自由燃烧谐振器上面。 （B）中的等离子体被成形为具有狭缝孔的刷子。 （C）的一种等离子体针是由一个孔孔口形成的。（D）非常流畅的等离子刷可以通过使用孔板一个狭窄的缝隙和（E）顺利等离子体区是由排列在一个圆圈一些小的孔眼形成来实现。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52816/52816fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看大图这个数字。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters at JoVE.com

How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

This movie shows how an atmospheric plasma torch can be ignited by microwaves with no additional igniters and provides a stable and continuous plasma operation suitable for plenty of applications.

如何点燃常压微波等离子体炬没有任何额外的点火器

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a ...

how-to-ignite-an-atmospheric-pressure-microwave-plasma-torch-without

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

19.5K 次观看.  University of Stuttgart. This movie shows how an atmospheric plasma torch can be ignited by microwaves with no additional igniters and provides a stable and continuous plasma operation suitable for plenty of applications. 

视频: How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1-4. This video demonstrates how the complex chemical structures of laboratory-based model flames are analyzed using flame-sampling mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. This experimental approach combines isomer-resolving capabilities with high sensitivity and a large dynamic range5,6. The first part of the video describes experiments involving burner-stabilized, reduced-pressure (20-80 mbar) laminar premixed flames. A small hydrocarbon fuel was used for the selected flame to demonstrate the general experimental approach. It is shown how species&#8217; profiles are acquired as a function of distance from the burner surface and how the tunability of the VUV photon energy is used advantageously to identify many combustion intermediates based on their ionization energies. For example, this technique has been used to study gas-phase aspects of the soot-formation processes, and the video shows how the resonance-stabilized radicals, such as C3H3, C3H5, and i-C4H5, are identified as important intermediates7. The work has been focused on soot formation processes, and, from the chemical point of view, this process is very intriguing because chemical structures containing millions of carbon atoms are assembled from a fuel molecule possessing only a few carbon atoms in just milliseconds. The second part of the video highlights a new experiment, in which an opposed-flow diffusion flame and synchrotron-based aerosol mass spectrometry are used to study the chemical composition of the combustion-generated soot particles4. The experimental results indicate that the widely accepted H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism is not the sole molecular growth process responsible for the formation of the observed large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Gas sampling from laboratory-scale flames with online analysis of all species by mass spectrometry is a powerful method to investigate the complex mixture of chemical compounds occurring during combustion processes. Coupled with tunable soft ionization via synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet radiation, this technique provides isomer-resolved information and potentially fragment-free mass spectra.

火焰在实验的先进光源：全新洞察烟灰形成过程

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics ...

科研

工程学

Simultaneous Synthesis of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in a Magnetically-enhanced Arc Plasma

Carbon nanostructures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and graphene attract a deluge of interest of scholars nowadays due to their very promising application for molecular sensors, field effect transistor and super thin and flexible electronic devices1-4. Anodic arc discharge supported by the erosion of the anode material is one of the most practical and efficient methods, which can provide specific non-equilibrium processes and a high influx of carbon material to the developing structures at relatively higher temperature, and consequently the as-synthesized products have few structural defects and better crystallinity.
 To further improve the controllability and flexibility of the synthesis of carbon nanostructures in arc discharge, magnetic fields can be applied during the synthesis process according to the strong magnetic responses of arc plasmas. It was demonstrated that the magnetically-enhanced arc discharge can increase the average length of SWCNT 5, narrow the diameter distribution of metallic catalyst particles and carbon nanotubes 6, and change the ratio of metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes 7, as well as lead to graphene synthesis 8. 
 Furthermore, it is worthwhile to remark that when we introduce a non-uniform magnetic field with the component normal to the current in arc, the Lorentz force along the J&times;B direction can generate the plasmas jet and make effective delivery of carbon ion particles and heat flux to samples. As a result, large-scale graphene flakes and high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes were simultaneously generated by such new magnetically-enhanced anodic arc method. Arc imaging, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to analyze the characterization of carbon nanostructures. These findings indicate a wide spectrum of opportunities to manipulate with the properties of nanostructures produced in plasmas by means of controlling the arc conditions.

Anodic arc discharge is one of the most practical and efficient methods to synthesize various carbon nanostructures. To increase the arc controllability and flexibility, a non-uniform magnetic field was introduced to process the one-step synthesis of large-scale graphene flakes and high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes.

同时合成单壁碳纳米管和石墨在电弧等离子体磁增强

Carbon nanostructures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and graphene attract a deluge of interest of scholars nowadays due to their very ...

生物工程

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using three recently developed experiments in which dust particles are exposed to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. The UV light source has a narrow bandwidth in wavelength centered at 172 nm. The beam electrons with the energy of 120 eV are created with a negatively biased hot filament. When the vacuum chamber is filled with the argon gas, a thermal plasma is created in addition to the electron beam. Insulating dust particles of a few tens of microns in diameter are used in the experiments. Dust particles are recorded to be lofted to a height up to a few centimeters with a launch speed up to 1 m/s. These experiments demonstrate that photo and/or secondary electron emission from a dusty surface changes the charging mechanism of dust particles. According to the recently developed &#34;patched charge model&#34;, the emitted electrons can be re-absorbed inside microcavities between neighboring dust particles below the surface, causing the accumulation of enhanced negative charges on the surrounding dust particles. The repulsive forces between these negatively charged particles may be large enough to mobilize and lift them off the surface. These experiments present the advanced understanding of dust charging and transport on dusty surfaces, and laid a foundation for future investigations of its role in the surface evolution of airless planetary bodies.

Dust charging and mobilization is demonstrated in three experiments with exposure to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. These experiments present the advanced understanding of electrostatic dust transport and its role in shaping the surfaces of airless planetary bodies.

紫外辐射或等离子体照射表面的粉尘充电和动员实验方法

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

环境科学

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution for future high-speed reentry missions. But despite the advancements made since Apollo, heat flux prediction remains an imperfect science and engineers resort to safety factors to determine the TPS thickness. This goes at the expense of embarked payload, hampering, for example, sample return missions. 
Ground testing in plasma wind-tunnels is currently the only affordable possibility for both material qualification and validation of material response codes. The subsonic 1.2MW Inductively Coupled Plasmatron facility at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics is able to reproduce a wide range of reentry environments. This protocol describes a procedure for the study of the gas/surface interaction on ablative materials in high enthalpy flows and presents sample results of a non-pyrolyzing, ablating carbon fiber precursor. With this publication, the authors envisage the definition of a standard procedure, facilitating comparison with other laboratories and contributing to ongoing efforts to improve heat shield reliability and reduce design uncertainties.
The described core techniques are non-intrusive methods to track the material recession with a high-speed camera along with the chemistry in the reactive boundary layer, probed by emission spectroscopy. Although optical emission spectroscopy is limited to line-of-sight measurements and is further constrained to electronically excited atoms and molecules, its simplicity and broad applicability still make it the technique of choice for analysis of the reactive boundary layer. Recession of the ablating sample further requires that the distance of the measurement location with respect to the surface is known at all times during the experiment. Calibration of the optical system of the applied three spectrometers allowed quantitative comparison. At the fiber scale, results from a post-test microscopy analysis are presented.

Development of new ablative materials and their numerical modeling requires extensive experimental investigation. This protocol describes procedures for material response characterization in plasma flows with the core techniques being non-intrusive methods to track the material recession along with the chemistry in the reactive boundary layer by emission spectroscopy.

烧蚀材料在试验过程中等离子体发生器发射光谱边界层研究

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution ...

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

A flowing microwave plasma based methodology for converting electric energy into internal and/or translational modes of stable molecules with the purpose of efficiently driving non-equilibrium chemistry is discussed. The advantage of a flowing plasma reactor is that continuous chemical processes can be driven with the flexibility of startup times in the seconds timescale. The plasma approach is generically suitable for conversion/activation of stable molecules such as CO2, N2 and CH4. Here the reduction of CO2 to CO is used as a model system: the complementary diagnostics illustrate how a baseline thermodynamic equilibrium conversion can be exceeded by the intrinsic non-equilibrium from high vibrational excitation. Laser (Rayleigh) scattering is used to measure the reactor temperature and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to characterize in situ internal (vibrational) excitation as well as the effluent composition to monitor conversion and selectivity.

This article describes a flowing microwave reactor that is used to drive efficient non-equilibrium chemistry for the application of conversion/activation of stable molecules such as CO2, N2 and CH4. The goal of the procedure described here is to measure the in situ gas temperature and gas conversion.

用于高效高温化学的非平衡微波等离子体

A flowing microwave plasma based methodology for converting electric energy into internal and/or translational modes of stable molecules with the purpose ...

化学

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. The reactions of cold plasma with the surrounding atmosphere yield a variety of reactive species, which can define its effectiveness. While efficient development of cold plasma therapy requires kinetic models, model benchmarking needs empirical data. Experimental studies of the source of reactive species detected in aqueous solutions exposed to plasma are still scarce. Biomedical plasma is often operated with He or Ar feed gas, and a specific interest lies in investigation of the reactive species generated by plasma with various gas admixtures (O2, N2, air, H2O vapor, etc.) Such investigations are very complex due to difficulties in controlling the ambient atmosphere in contact with the plasma effluent. In this work, we addressed common issues of &#39;high&#39; voltage kHz frequency driven plasma jet experimental studies. A reactor was developed allowing the exclusion of ambient atmosphere from the plasma-liquid system. The system thus comprised the feed gas with admixtures and the components of the liquid sample. This controlled atmosphere allowed the investigation of the source of the reactive oxygen species induced in aqueous solutions by He-water vapor plasma. The use of isotopically labelled water allowed distinguishing between the species originating in the gas phase and those formed in the liquid. The plasma equipment was contained inside a Faraday cage to eliminate possible influence of any external field. The setup is versatile and can aid in further understanding the cold plasma-liquid interactions chemistry.

An experimental setup was created for the helium-operated kHz frequency plasma jet. The setup includes a cage for the plasma power supply and jet and an in-house built reactor to monitor plasma-induced reactive species without the interference of the ambient atmosphere.

大气压等离子体设置调查活性物种形成

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. ...

Treating Surfaces with a Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma using the COST-Jet

In recent years, non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas have been used extensively for surface treatments, in particular, due to their potential in biological applications. However, the scientific results often suffer from reproducibility problems due to unreliable plasma conditions as well as complex treatment procedures. To address this issue and provide a stable and reproducible plasma source, the COST-Jet reference source was developed.
In this work, we propose a detailed protocol to perform reliable and reproducible surface treatments using the COST reference microplasma jet (COST-Jet). Common issues and pitfalls are discussed, as well as the peculiarities of the COST-Jet compared to other devices and its advantageous remote character. A detailed description of both solid and liquid surface treatment is provided. The described methods are versatile and can be adapted for other types of atmospheric pressure plasma devices.

This protocol is presented to characterize the setup, handling, and application of the COST-Jet for the treatment of diverse surfaces such as solids and liquids.

使用成本喷气机用冷大气压力等离子体处理表面

In recent years, non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas have been used extensively for surface treatments, in particular, due to their potential in ...

Building Langmuir Probes and Emissive Probes for Plasma Potential Measurements in Low Pressure, Low Temperature Plasmas

Langmuir probes have long been used in experimental plasma physics research as the primary diagnostic for particle fluxes (i.e., electron and ion fluxes) and their local spatial concentrations, for electron temperatures, and for electrostatic plasma potential measurements, since its invention by Langmuir in the early 1920s. Emissive probes are used for measuring plasma potentials. The protocols exhibited in this work serve to demonstrate how these probes may be built for use in a vacuum chamber in which a plasma discharge may be confined and sustained. This involves vacuum techniques for building what is essentially an electrical feedthrough, one that is rotatable and translatable. Certainly, complete Langmuir probe systems may be purchased, but they can also be built by the user at considerable cost savings, and at the same time be more directly adapted to their use in a particular experiment. We describe the use of Langmuir probes and emissive probes in mapping the electrostatic plasma potential from the body of the plasma up to the sheath region of a plasma boundary, which in these experiments&#160;is created by a negatively biased electrode immersed within the plasma, in order to compare the two diagnostic techniques and assess their relative advantages and weaknesses. Although Langmuir probes have the advantage of measuring the plasma density and electron temperature most accurately, emissive probes can measure electrostatic plasma potentials more accurately throughout the plasma, up to and including the sheath region.

The main goal of this work is to make it easier for research groups unfamiliar with Langmuir probes and emissive probes to use them as plasma diagnostics, especially near plasma boundaries. We do this by demonstrating how to build the probes from readily available materials and supplies.

构建朗缪尔探头和发射探头，用于低压、低温等离子体中的等离子体电位测量

Langmuir probes have long been used in experimental plasma physics research as the primary diagnostic for particle fluxes (i.e., electron and ion fluxes) ...

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
The ions and electrons produced interact with the fluctuating magnetic field created by a water-cooled induction coil powered by a radio-frequency generator. This interaction leads to ohmic heating, forming a high-temperature plasma and providing an optimal environment for elemental analysis. Sample introduction in ICP-AES can be achieved using different methods, such as a concentric glass nebulizer or electrothermal vaporization. In the former, the sample is transported by the Bernoulli effect with the help of high-velocity argon gas, forming fine droplets that enter the plasma. In the latter, the sample is vaporized in a furnace before being introduced into the plasma via a stream of argon.
Configurations for ICP spectrometers include radial or axial viewing. Horizontally oriented, axially viewed plasma is ideal for high-sensitivity analyses. It features a unique cooled cone interface (CCI) that prevents the optics from considering the cooler plasma tail, reducing interferences and improving the system&#39;s tolerance to high dissolved solids. Vertically oriented, radially viewed plasma is suitable for challenging applications, such as the analysis of oils, organic solvents, geological/metal digests, and high total dissolved solids (TDS) solutions.
Isothermal contours depict the range of temperatures experienced by sample atoms in the plasma during their residence time before reaching the observation point. This results in more complete atomization and fewer chemical interferences. The ICP source in AES offers numerous advantages, including chemically inert atomization, uniform temperature distribution, linear calibration curves over a wide range of concentrations, and significant ionization, making it an excellent choice for ICP-MS applications.

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱:原理

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma ...

如何点燃常压微波等离子体炬没有任何额外的点火器

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火焰在实验的先进光源：全新洞察烟灰形成过程

同时合成单壁碳纳米管和石墨在电弧等离子体磁增强

紫外辐射或等离子体照射表面的粉尘充电和动员实验方法

烧蚀材料在试验过程中等离子体发生器发射光谱边界层研究

用于高效高温化学的非平衡微波等离子体

大气压等离子体设置调查活性物种形成

使用成本喷气机用冷大气压力等离子体处理表面

构建朗缪尔探头和发射探头，用于低压、低温等离子体中的等离子体电位测量

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱:原理

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱:原理