这项工作得到了国家卫生研究院院长新创新奖DP2OD006466（对K.C.H.）的支持。 作者感谢罗素·蒙兹对方法的实际演示和科学的讨论。

1. 在 2.5 毫升的媒体过夜中培养细菌文化
后冲稀释培养物 1:100 到 250 毫升新鲜介质，并增长到OD 600 的 0.7-0.8。在水中准备6%的硫酸钠（SDS）溶液。
注意:SDS粉末是危险的 - 避免吸入SDS粉末;在鼻子和嘴上戴口罩。
2. 第1天 - 在一天和一夜之间进行莱辛细菌培养
<ol><li>在稀释文化不断发展的同时，在1升烧嘴的热盘子上设置一个开水浴池。水沸腾后，将6毫升6%SDS放入50毫升聚丙烯管中，在每根管子上加入一个小搅拌棒，将管盖固定在手指紧，将管子放入水浴中，并在热板上搅拌至500转/ 时。</li>
	<li>在室温下以 5，000 ×克的速度收获 250 毫升培养物，在室温下 10 分钟，在 3 毫升介质或 1x 磷酸盐缓冲盐水中再补充颗粒。缓慢的移液器细胞悬浮到 50 毫升管中，6% 沸腾 SDS 以解化细胞（最终浓度 4% SDS），而管子则浸入沸水浴中，并将盖子重新封住，以手指紧绷。细胞悬架必须迅速转移到沸腾的SDS一旦恢复。应避免突然的环境变化，因为这可能导致细胞壁结构的错误改变。
</li>
	<li>盖上开水浴池，让细胞煮沸3小时，定期检查水位，必要时重新灌装水浴。3小时后，关闭热板的加热元件，并在500 rpm下持续搅拌过夜。</li>
</ol>3. 第2天 - 酶消化在一天的过程中进行
<ol><li>如果 SDS 在 50 毫升管中沉淀了一夜，则将水浴煮沸 1-2 小时。打开热块至 60 °C。 在 10 mM 特里斯-HCl （pH 7.2） = 0.06% w/v NaCl 中准备 1 毫克/毫升的 Pronase E 库存，并在 60 °C 下激活质氨酶 E 至少 30 分钟。</li>
	<li>使用40万×克的超中心燃料在室温下旋转样品20分钟，以颗粒化大型PG聚合物，从而从其他细胞组件中净化样品。小心去除超细剂，然后在室温超纯水中重新填充每个颗粒。注:悬念体积取决于使用的超中注管的体积:使用至少半路填充管子但不超过管的最大体积的体积。重复离心/清洗，直到水在悬念期间不会形成气泡，指示 SDS 已完全移除（通常为三次洗涤）。如果形成白色沉淀物，请停止清洗颗粒，因为这表明圣餐聚集在一起。结块不是灾难性的，但团块与塑料和玻璃器皿紧密结合，造成大量样品损失。在这种情况下，使用团状的萨库利样本继续执行协议。</li>
	<li>在最后离心/清洗步骤中，将样品重新放在 900 μl 的 10 mM Tris-HCl （pH 7.2） + 0.06% w/v NaCl 中，并转移到 2 毫升管中，以前用小针戳在顶部的孔。在每个样品中加入 100 微克/毫升激活的 Pronase E（100 微克/毫升最终浓度），在 60 °C 下孵育 2 小时。设置不同的热块至100°C。</li>
	<li>通过在每个样品中加入 200μl 的 6% SDS 来阻止 Pronase E 消化，并将样品在 100 °C 热块中煮沸 30 分钟。将不同的热块设置为 37 °C，并在 50 m M 磷酸盐缓冲区 （pH 4.9） 中储存 1 毫克/毫升的穆拉米酶（穆塔诺利辛）。</li>
	<li>与步骤 3.2 一样，使用 400，000 ×克的超中心融合组在室温下旋转样品 20 分钟，并用室温超纯水清洗，直到 SDS 完全去除（通常三次洗涤）。悬念体积取决于使用的超中性管的体积:使用至少半路填充管子但不超过管的最大体积的体积。</li>
	<li>在最后离心/清洗步骤中，在 200 μl 的 50 mM 磷酸钠缓冲器（pH 4.9）中重新悬念样品。此体积可根据样本中的多肽罐量进行调整，并可能取决于物种。如果以前曾发布过关于感兴趣物种的 HPLC 分析报告，则可以根据这些量值来估计此卷（可以在参考7的补充信息中找到 HPLC PG 研究的汇编）。对于其他物种，囊素准备可以执行到此步骤，然后可以添加不同数量的悬念量来复制样本，以确定允许PG留在解决方案中的最小体积（请参阅讨论以进一步估计）。如果样品中含有更多的多肽，增加悬念体积:如果样品几乎没有多肽，则将悬念体积减少到至少 50 μl。</li>
	<li>将样品转移到 1.5 毫升管中，加入 1 毫克/毫升穆拉米达塞，最终浓度为 40 μg/ml。孵化 6-8 小时或在 37 °C 过夜。</li>
</ol>4. 第3天 - UPLC样品的准备在最后一天进行
<ol><li>打开热块至100°C。 在没有 SDS 的情况下煮样品 5 分钟，以阻止穆拉米酶消化。在室温下，在 16，000 ×克处进行 10 分钟的离心取样，然后将超自然（多发性现在可溶性）转移到 13 mm x 100 mm 玻璃管中。尽量恢复超自然，非常接近颗粒，而不会干扰它。</li>
	<li>通过在样品中加入 500 mM 玻酸盐缓冲区 （pH 9） 来调整 pH，最终浓度为 100 mM 玻酸盐缓冲区。玻酸盐缓冲器与减少剂氢化钠兼容。加入1-2粒氢化钠，以减少每个样品，让反应在室温下进行至少30分钟。注意:氢化钠具有高度反应性和危险性 - 避免与皮肤接触（戴手套），避免与眼睛接触（戴安全眼镜）。</li>
	<li>将样品调整到 pH 3-4（多肽等电点为 +3.5），使用 20 μl 增量使用 50% v/v 正磷酸，直到 pH 6，用 pH 指示纸测量，然后使用 2 μl 增量。注意:正磷酸具有腐蚀性和危险性 - 避免接触皮肤（戴手套），避免与眼睛接触（戴安全眼镜）。样品应冒泡，以响应添加矫形磷酸:当样品停止冒泡时，这通常表示已达到 6 的 pH。如果样品中未发生冒泡，这可能表明添加的氢氢钠量太小。在这种情况下，停止降低pH，小心地加入一两粒氢化钠，让反应5-10分钟，然后恢复pH调整。</li>
	<li>通过 0.22μm 注射器过滤器将样品直接过滤到 UPLC 小瓶中。如果沉淀物已经形成，在过滤前，通过火焰多次加热管子。如果样品不会在一天内注入 UPLC 仪器，请在 -20 °C 处冷冻过夜。样品可储存长达一年-80°C。 样品可以通过多次通过火焰解冻。</li>
	<li>将每个样品的 10μl 注入配备 C18 1.7 μm 反向相列的 UPLC 仪器和一个吸收探测器，以监测 202-208 nm。样品按顺序注射，但自动采样器功能允许多达 96 个样品分批处理。使用 50 mM 磷酸钠 （pH 4.35） + 0.4% v/v 钠 azide 溶剂 A， 和 75 mM 磷酸钠 （pH 4.95） + 15% v/v 甲醇溶剂 B. 注: 添加阿齐德钠以补偿甲醇的 205 nm 吸收， 以避免基线漂移。将流量设置为 0.25 毫升/分钟，并在 25 分钟内使用线性梯度，在 30 分钟内实现 100% 溶剂 B 和粘液肽的连续弹性。如果质谱学将用于描述 UPLC 之后的多发性，则收集分数收集器中感兴趣的峰值分数，并使用离心蒸发器干燥分数。</li>
</ol>

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此过程的关键步骤是样品准备第二天的第 3.1 步。如果 SDS 在一夜之间沉淀，或者样品在室温下储存在 4% SDS 中数周，则样品必须重新启动至少 1 小时才能重新溶解 SDS。SDS降水的一个常见原因是使用介质与钾盐，所以钾应避免在媒体，如果可能的话。如代表结果部分所述，将 pH 调整到多兆肽的等电点 （~3.5） 内也至关重要，但不要比 pH 3 低太多，否则材料可能会沉淀。最后，样品的再悬念必须发?...

本文描述的方法的目标是分离完好的细菌细胞壁（sacculi），并消化多肽（PG），以便使用超性能液态色谱（UPLC）提供信息，如多溴肽成分的身份及其浓度，甘油链的平均长度，以及链之间交叉链接所涉及的材料的分数。对于PG生物化学和多溴二苯二甲酸酯物种的详细讨论，有几个优秀的评论，描述了PG结构及其在感染，耐药性，形态形成和生长1-6的作用。用于PG分析的高性能液态色谱（HPLC）最初由格劳纳和施瓦茨在20世纪80年代开发，最近已在米格尔·德·佩德罗和瓦尔德马尔·沃尔默的实验室中得到改进和广泛应用。以前的方法采用氨基酸分析或纸张色谱法，耗时乏味的技术不能产生准确或完整的细胞壁组件评估。
UPLC 分析可轻松地在任何能够访问超中心和 UPLC 的基础研究实验室中实施。我们下面介绍的 UPLC 方法分离了完整的沙库利，从而提供了关于其所有化学物种的全面、定量信息。这种方法可精确量化细菌群中的所有多菌肽，所有在 20 分钟的 UPLC 运行范围内。这种方法的实施只涉及基本的实验室技能，没有对材料进行重大财政投资。为了执行这种方法的步骤，研究人员只需要熟练地吹笛，准备缓冲器和酶，并调整pH，使其能够进入广泛的科学学科。本协议中使用的酶的选择取决于所分析的细菌种类:这里描述的协议对 大肠杆菌是有用的，并且通常被发现足以将沙丘利与其他格拉姆阴性生物隔离开来。建议在将这种方法应用于革兰阳性细菌时与文献协商:在这些物种中，囊菌净化历来比较困难。特别是，这种方法可能必须改变酶的选择和消化时间的长度，以适应较厚的墙壁和附属聚合物，如革兰氏阳性细菌的铁酸。本协议中的第一种酶将外膜脂蛋白（如布劳恩的脂蛋白或Lpp）附着在肽上，从而从细胞壁中释放除C-终端二（或三）肽外的所有肽。此步骤在检查肠杆菌时是必要的，但许多其他 Gram 阴性细菌没有 Lpp 等价物，因此可以跳过此步骤。第二种酶在多肽的穆拉米酸成分后特别切开，溶解形成木荷肽物种的脱糖亚单位。为了准确评估 PG 的结构，应小心消化沙库利，以防止跨桥或肽茎的任何其他部分的。
虽然HPLC对来自100多个菌株的多肽类的化学成分进行了分析，但与普遍性保护委员会技术没有进行任何分析。此外，先前的工作仅从细菌领域的一小部分对多肽进行描述，部分受 HPLC 的吞吐量的限制。因此，将这种方法传播给尽可能多的研究人员，并在普遍支持下平台上实施，对于推动对大部分尚未分类的细菌物种进行生理研究至关重要。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Pronase E</td><td>Amresco</td><td>E629</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mutanolysin from Streptomyces</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M9901</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium borohydride (NaBH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>452882</td><td>Sodium borohydride is highly reactive and dangerous to handle</td></tr><tr><td>Orthophosphoric acid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>79607</td><td>Orthophosphoric acid is corrosive and dangerous to handle</td></tr><tr><td>Boric acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>31146</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium azide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S2002</td><td>Sodium azide is a poison</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium tetraborate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>221732</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Millex 0.22 &amp;mu;m syringe filters</td><td>Fisher</td><td>SLGVR04NL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pH strips (pH range 0-6)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>M95863</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 ml polypropylene Falcon tubes</td><td>VWR</td><td>21008-951</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>13 mm x 100 mm glass tubes</td><td>Kimble Chase</td><td>60CM13</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12 mm x 32 mm screw neck glass recovery vial</td><td>Waters</td><td>186000327C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM9820</td><td>SDS powder is hazardous</td></tr><tr><td>Instrumentation</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Waters Acquity UPLC H-Class system, including:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acquity UPLC H-Class Sample Manager FTN</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acquity UPLC H-Class Quaternary Solvent Manager</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 &amp;micro;m column</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acquity UPLC PDA Detector</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Waters Fraction Collector III</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acquity UPLC 30 cm Column Heater/Cooler</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and preparation of bacterial cell walls for compositional analysis by ultra performance liquid chromatography

细菌细胞壁对于确定细胞在生长和分裂过程中的形状至关重要，在面对各种大气中的涡轮压力时保持细胞的机械完整性。在细菌王国的不同形状和大小中，细胞壁由多肽组成，这是一个由短肽交叉连接的糖链的巨分子网络。Peptidoglycan对细菌生理学的核心重要性是其作为抗生素靶点的使用的基础，并促使遗传、结构和细胞生物学研究如何在生长和分裂过程中牢固地组装它。尽管如此，仍需进行广泛的调查，以充分描述多肽合成中的关键酶活动和细菌细胞壁的化学成分。高性能液相色谱 （HPLC） 是量化在各种环境和遗传条件下生长的细菌壁化学成分差异的有力分析方法，但其吞吐量往往有限。在这里，我们提出了一个简单的程序，通过HPLC和超性能液态色谱（UPLC）对多肽菌进行生物分析的细菌细胞壁的隔离和制备，这是HPLC的延伸，利用泵提供高达15，000 psi的超高压，而HPLC的超高压为6，000 psi。结合这里介绍的细菌细胞壁的制备，低容量的样品喷油器、采样率高、样品量小、运行时间短的检测器，将使大多数生物实验室能够获得超中心和 UPLC，实现多肽类成分和基本细菌细胞生物学的新发现。

使用 图 1中概述的程序，最终样本应包含至少 200 μl 的清晰溶液，这些溶液已直接过滤到 UPLC 小瓶中（第 4.4 步）。在细菌样本中分离各种多发性肽的 UPLC 取决于它们在液体移动相和柱的静止阶段之间的相对溶解性。反向阶段C18柱提供强烈的疏水基质，根据疏水性和大小8分离多溴二苯甲酸酯物种:极性、低分子量的单体先阐明，后是极性、分子量较高的寡聚物（图2）。</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Preparation of Bacterial Cell Walls for Compositional Analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography at JoVE.com

Isolation and Preparation of Bacterial Cell Walls for Compositional Analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography

细菌细胞壁由多肽组成，多肽交叉连接的糖链大分子网络。超性能液态色谱为多肽类成分的新发现提供了高分辨率和高吞吐量。我们提出了一个隔离细胞壁（sacculi）的程序，以及随后通过 UPLC 进行分析的准备。

通过超性能液相色谱对细菌细胞壁进行隔离和制备，进行组成分析

The bacterial cell wall is critical for the determination of cell shape during growth and division, and maintains the mechanical integrity of cells in the ...

isolation-preparation-bacterial-cell-walls-for-compositional-analysis

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

16.1K 次观看.  Stanford University. 细菌细胞壁由多肽组成，多肽交叉连接的糖链大分子网络。超性能液态色谱为多肽类成分的新发现提供了高分辨率和高吞吐量。我们提出了一个隔离细胞壁（sacculi）的程序，以及随后通过 UPLC 进行分析的准备。

视频: Isolation and Preparation of Bacterial Cell Walls for Compositional Analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography

Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Lipid A from Gram-negative Bacteria

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major cell surface molecule of gram-negative bacteria, deposited on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane bilayer. LPS can be subdivided into three domains: the distal O-polysaccharide, a core oligosaccharide, and the lipid A domain consisting of a lipid A molecular species and 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid residues (Kdo). The lipid A domain is the only component essential for bacterial cell survival. Following its synthesis, lipid A is chemically modified in response to environmental stresses such as pH or temperature, to promote resistance to antibiotic compounds, and to evade recognition by mediators of the host innate immune response. The following protocol details the small- and large-scale isolation of lipid A from gram-negative bacteria. Isolated material is then chemically characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) or mass-spectrometry (MS). In addition to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS, we also describe tandem MS protocols for analyzing lipid A molecular species using electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled to collision induced dissociation (CID) and newly employed ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) methods. Our MS protocols allow for unequivocal determination of chemical structure, paramount to characterization of lipid A molecules that contain unique or novel chemical modifications. We also describe the radioisotopic labeling, and subsequent isolation, of lipid A from bacterial cells for analysis by TLC. Relative to MS-based protocols, TLC provides a more economical and rapid characterization method, but cannot be used to unambiguously assign lipid A chemical structures without the use of standards of known chemical structure. Over the last two decades isolation and characterization of lipid A has led to numerous exciting discoveries that have improved our understanding of the physiology of gram-negative bacteria, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, the human innate immune response, and have provided many new targets in the development of antibacterial compounds.

Isolation and characterization of the lipid A domain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria provides insight into cell surface based mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, bacterial survival and fitness, and how chemically diverse lipid A molecular species differentially modulate host innate immune responses.

隔离和脂质A的化学表征革兰氏阴性菌

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major cell surface molecule of gram-negative bacteria, deposited on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane bilayer. LPS ...

科研

化学

Isolation of Lipoprotein Particles from Chicken Egg Yolk for the Study of Bacterial Pathogen Fatty Acid Incorporation into Membrane Phospholipids

Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive pathogens incorporate fatty acids from the environment into membrane phospholipids. During infection, the majority of exogenous fatty acids are present within host lipoprotein particles. Uncertainty remains as to the reservoirs of host fatty acids and the mechanisms by which bacteria extract fatty acids from the lipoprotein particles. In this work, we describe protocols for enrichment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles from chicken egg yolk and determining whether LDLs serve as fatty acid reservoirs for S. aureus. This method exploits unbiased lipidomic analysis and chicken LDLs, an effective and economical model for the exploration of interactions between LDLs and bacteria. The analysis of S. aureus integration of exogenous fatty acids from LDLs is performed using high-resolution/accurate mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, enabling the characterization of the fatty acid composition of the bacterial membrane and unbiased identification of novel combinations of fatty acids that arise in bacterial membrane lipids upon exposure to LDLs. These advanced mass spectrometry techniques offer an unparalleled perspective of fatty acid incorporation by revealing the specific exogenous fatty acids incorporated into the phospholipids. The methods outlined here are adaptable to the study of other bacterial pathogens and alternative sources of complex fatty acids.

This method provides a framework for studying incorporation of exogenous fatty acids from complex host sources into bacterial membranes, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. To achieve this, protocols for the enrichment of lipoprotein particles from chicken egg yolk and subsequent fatty acid profiling of bacterial phospholipids utilizing mass spectrometry are described.

从鸡蛋黄中分离脂蛋白颗粒,研究细菌病原体脂肪酸并入膜磷脂

Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive pathogens incorporate fatty acids from the environment into membrane phospholipids. During infection, the ...

生物化学

Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Peptidoglycan by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and Bioinformatics

Peptidoglycan is an important component of bacterial cell walls and a common cellular target for antimicrobials. Although aspects of peptidoglycan structure are fairly conserved across all bacteria, there is also considerable variation between Gram-positives/negatives and between species. In addition, there are numerous known variations, modifications, or adaptations to the peptidoglycan that can occur within a bacterial species in response to growth phase and/or environmental stimuli. These variations produce a highly dynamic structure that is known to participate in many cellular functions, including growth/division, antibiotic resistance, and host defense avoidance. To understand the variation within peptidoglycan, the overall structure must be broken down into its constitutive parts (known as muropeptides) and assessed for overall cellular composition. Peptidoglycomics uses advanced mass spectrometry combined with high-powered bioinformatic data analysis to examine peptidoglycan composition in fine detail. The following protocol describes the purification of peptidoglycan from bacterial cultures, the acquisition of muropeptide intensity data through a liquid chromatograph&#8212;mass spectrometer, and the differential analysis of peptidoglycan composition using bioinformatics.

This protocol covers a detailed analysis of peptidoglycan composition using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry coupled with advanced feature extraction and bioinformatic analysis software.

肽聚糖的液相色谱质谱和生物信息学半定量分析

Peptidoglycan is an important component of bacterial cell walls and a common cellular target for antimicrobials. Although aspects of peptidoglycan ...

Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls (Lignocellulosic biomass) Part I: Lignin

The need for renewable, carbon neutral, and sustainable raw materials for industry and society has become one of the most pressing issues for the 21st century. This has rekindled interest in the use of plant products as industrial raw materials for the production of liquid fuels for transportation1 and other products such as biocomposite materials7. Plant biomass remains one of the greatest untapped reserves on the planet4. It is mostly comprised of cell walls that are composed of energy rich polymers including cellulose, various hemicelluloses (matrix polysaccharides, and the polyphenol lignin6 and thus sometimes termed lignocellulosics. However, plant cell walls have evolved to be recalcitrant to degradation as walls provide tensile strength to cells and the entire plants, ward off pathogens, and allow water to be transported throughout the plant; in the case of trees up to more the 100 m above ground level. Due to the various functions of walls, there is an immense structural diversity within the walls of different plant species and cell types within a single plant4. Hence, depending of what crop species, crop variety, or plant tissue is used for a biorefinery, the processing steps for depolymerization by chemical/enzymatic processes and subsequent fermentation of the various sugars to liquid biofuels need to be adjusted and optimized. This fact underpins the need for a thorough characterization of plant biomass feedstocks. Here we describe a comprehensive analytical methodology that enables the determination of the composition of lignocellulosics and is amenable to a medium to high-throughput analysis. In this first part we focus on the analysis of the polyphenol lignin (Figure 1). The method starts of with preparing destarched cell wall material. The resulting lignocellulosics are then split up to determine its lignin content by acetylbromide solubilization3, and its lignin composition in terms of its syringyl, guaiacyl- and p-hydroxyphenyl units5. The protocol for analyzing the carbohydrates in lignocellulosic biomass including cellulose content and matrix polysaccharide composition is discussed in Part II2.

Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls Lignocellulosic biomass Part I: Lignin

Plant biomass is a major carbon-neutral renewable resource that could be used for the production of biofuels. Plant biomass consists mainly of cell walls, a structurally complex composite material termed lignocellulosics. Here we describe a protocol for a comprehensive analysis of the content and composition of the polyphenolic lignin.

综合植物细胞壁成分分析（木质纤维素生物质）第一部分：木质素

The need for renewable, carbon neutral, and sustainable raw materials for industry and society has become one of the most pressing issues for the 21st ...

生物学

Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls (Lignocellulosic biomass) Part II: Carbohydrates

The need for renewable, carbon neutral, and sustainable raw materials for industry and society has become one of the most pressing issues for the 21st century. This has rekindled interest in the use of plant products as industrial raw materials for the production of liquid fuels for transportation2 and other products such as biocomposite materials6. Plant biomass remains one of the greatest untapped reserves on the planet4. It is mostly comprised of cell walls that are composed of energy rich polymers including cellulose, various hemicelluloses, and the polyphenol lignin5 and thus sometimes termed lignocellulosics. However, plant cell walls have evolved to be recalcitrant to degradation as walls contribute extensively to the strength and structural integrity of the entire plant. Despite its necessary rigidity, the cell wall is a highly dynamic entity that is metabolically active and plays crucial roles in numerous cell activities such as plant growth and differentiation5. Due to the various functions of walls, there is an immense structural diversity within the walls of different plant species and cell types within a single plant4. Hence, depending of what crop species, crop variety, or plant tissue is used for a biorefinery, the processing steps for depolymerisation by chemical/enzymatic processes and subsequent fermentation of the various sugars to liquid biofuels need to be adjusted and optimized. This fact underpins the need for a thorough characterization of plant biomass feedstocks. Here we describe a comprehensive analytical methodology that enables the determination of the composition of lignocellulosics and is amenable to a medium to high-throughput analysis (Figure 1). The method starts of with preparing destarched cell wall material. The resulting lignocellulosics are then split up to determine its monosaccharide composition of the hemicelluloses and other matrix polysaccharides1, and its content of crystalline cellulose7. The protocol for analyzing the lignin components in lignocellulosic biomass is discussed in Part I3.

Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls Lignocellulosic biomass Part II: Carbohydrates

Plant biomass is a major carbon-neutral renewable resource that could be used for the production of biofuels. Plant biomass consists mainly of cell walls, a structurally complex composite material termed lignocellulosics. Here we describe a protocol for a comprehensive analysis of the content and composition of wall derived carbohydrates.

综合植物细胞壁成分分析（木质纤维素生物质）第二部分：碳水化合物

Enrichment of Bacterial Lipoproteins and Preparation of N-terminal Lipopeptides for Structural Determination by Mass Spectrometry

Lipoproteins are important constituents of the bacterial cell envelope and potent activators of the mammalian innate immune response. Despite their significance to both cell physiology and immunology, much remains to be discovered about novel lipoprotein forms, how they are synthesized, and the effect of the various forms on host immunity. To enable thorough studies on lipoproteins, this protocol describes a method for bacterial lipoprotein enrichment and preparation of N-terminal tryptic lipopeptides for structural determination by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Expanding on an established Triton X-114 phase partitioning method for lipoprotein extraction and enrichment from the bacterial cell membrane, the protocol includes additional steps to remove non-lipoprotein contaminants, increasing lipoprotein yield and purity. Since lipoproteins are commonly used in Toll-like receptor (TLR) assays, it is critical to first characterize the N-terminal structure by MALDI-TOF MS. Herein, a method is presented to isolate concentrated hydrophobic peptides enriched in N-terminal lipopeptides suitable for direct analysis by MALDI-TOF MS/MS. Lipoproteins that have been separated by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) are transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, digested in situ with trypsin, sequentially washed to remove polar tryptic peptides, and finally eluted with chloroform-methanol. When coupled with MS of the more polar trypsinized peptides from wash solutions, this method provides the ability to both identify the lipoprotein and characterize its N-terminus in a single experiment. Intentional sodium adduct formation can also be employed as a tool to promote more structurally informative fragmentation spectra. Ultimately, enrichment of lipoproteins and determination of their N-terminal structures will permit more extensive studies on this ubiquitous class of bacterial proteins.

The enrichment of bacterial lipoproteins using a non-ionic surfactant phase partitioning method is described for direct use in TLR assays or other applications. Further steps are detailed to prepare N-terminal tryptic lipopeptides for structural characterization by mass spectrometry.

质谱法富集细菌脂蛋白及 n-端脂肽的制备结构测定

Lipoproteins are important constituents of the bacterial cell envelope and potent activators of the mammalian innate immune response. Despite their ...

免疫与感染

Separation of the Cell Envelope for Gram-negative Bacteria into Inner and Outer Membrane Fractions with Technical Adjustments for Acinetobacter baumannii

This method works by partitioning the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria into total, inner, and outer membrane (OM) fractions and concludes with assays to assess the purity of the bilayers. The OM has an increased overall density compared to the inner membrane, largely due to the presence of lipooligosaccharides (LOS) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) within the outer leaflet. LOS and LPS molecules are amphipathic glycolipids that have a similar structure, which consists of a lipid-A disaccharolipid and core-oligosaccharide substituent. However, only LPS molecules are decorated with a third subunit known as the O-polysaccharide, or O-antigen. The type and amount of glycolipids present will impact an organism&#8217;s OM density. Therefore, we tested whether the membranes of bacteria with varied glycolipid content could be similarly isolated using our technique. For the LPS-producing organisms, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli, the membranes were easily isolated and the LPS O-antigen moiety did not impact bilayer partitioning. Acinetobacter baumannii produces LOS molecules, which have a similar mass to O-antigen deficient LPS molecules; however, the membranes of these microbes could not initially be separated. We reasoned that the OM of A. baumannii was less dense than that of Enterobacteriaceae, so the sucrose gradient was adjusted and the membranes were isolated. The technique can therefore be adapted and modified for use with other organisms.

Separation of the Cell Envelope for Gram-negative Bacteria into Inner and Outer Membrane Fractions with Technical Adjustments for Acinetobacter baumannii

Gram-negative bacteria produce two spatially segregated membranes. The outer membrane is partitioned from the inner membrane by a periplasm and a peptidoglycan layer. The ability to isolate the dual bilayers of these microbes has been critical for understanding their physiology and pathogenesis.

将葛兰阴性细菌的细胞包络分离到内膜和外膜分数，对阿辛托巴基的培养素进行技术调整

This method works by partitioning the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria into total, inner, and outer membrane (OM) fractions and concludes with assays to ...

Analysis of the Lipid Composition of Mycobacteria by Thin Layer Chromatography

Mycobacteria species can differ from one another in the rate of growth, presence of pigmentation, the colony morphology displayed on solid media, as well as other phenotypic characteristics. However, they all have in common the most relevant character of mycobacteria: its unique and highly hydrophobic cell wall. Mycobacteria species contain a membrane-covalent linked complex that includes arabinogalactan, peptidoglycan, and long-chains of mycolic acids with types that differ between mycobacteria species. Additionally, mycobacteria can also produce lipids that are located, non-covalently linked, on their cell surfaces, such as phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIM), phenolic glycolipids (PGL), glycopeptidolipids (GPL), acyltrehaloses (AT), or phosphatidil-inositol mannosides (PIM), among others. Some of them are considered virulence factors in pathogenic mycobacteria, or critical antigenic lipids in host-mycobacteria interaction. For these reasons, there is a significant interest in the study of mycobacterial lipids due to their application in several fields, from understanding their role in the pathogenicity of mycobacteria infections, to a possible implication as immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of infectious diseases and other pathologies such as cancer. Here, a simple approach to extract and analyze the total lipid content and the mycolic acid composition of mycobacteria cells grown in a solid medium using mixtures of organic solvents is presented. Once the lipid extracts are obtained, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is performed to monitor the extracted compounds. The example experiment is performed with four different mycobacteria: the environmental fast-growing Mycolicibacterium brumae and Mycolicibacterium fortuitum, the attenuated slow-growing Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG), and the opportunistic pathogen fast-growing Mycobacterium abscessus, demonstrating that methods shown in the present protocol can be used to a wide range of mycobacteria.

A protocol is presented to extract the total lipid content of the cell wall of a wide range of mycobacteria. Moreover, extraction and analytical protocols of the different types of mycolic acids are shown. A thin-layer chromatographic protocol to monitor these mycobacterial compounds is also provided.

薄层色谱分析分枝杆菌的脂质成分

Mycobacteria species can differ from one another in the rate of growth, presence of pigmentation, the colony morphology displayed on solid media, as well ...

Isolation and Compositional Analysis of Plant Cuticle Lipid Polyester Monomers

Terrestrial plants produce extracellular aliphatic biopolyesters that modify cell walls of specific tissues. Epidermal cells synthesize cutin, a polyester of glycerol and modified fatty acids that constitutes the framework of the cuticle that covers aerial plant surfaces. Suberin is a related lipid polyester that is deposited on the cell walls of certain tissues, including the root endodermis and the periderm of tubers, tree bark and roots. These lipid polymers are highly variable in composition among plant species, and often differ among tissues within a single species. Here, we describe a detailed protocol to study the monomer composition of cutin in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves by sodium methoxide (NaOMe)-catalyzed depolymerisation, derivatization, and subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. This method can be used to investigate the monomers of insoluble polyesters isolated from whole delipidated plant tissues bearing either cutin or suberin. The method can by applied not only to characterize the composition of lipid polymers in species not previously analyzed, but also as an analytical tool in forward and reverse genetic approaches to assess candidate gene function.

Lipid polyesters constitute the structural components of two cell wall modifications, the plant cuticle and suberin-containing diffusion barriers. In this video, we describe a method to depolymerize cutin from whole delipidated leaves. The method can be applied to investigating mutants compromised in either cutin or suberin biosynthesis.

植物表皮脂质聚酯单体的分离及成分分析

Terrestrial plants produce extracellular aliphatic biopolyesters that modify cell walls of specific tissues. Epidermal cells synthesize cutin, a polyester ...

High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography: A Technique for Preliminary Separation and Quantification of Lipids From Neutrophils

Source: Brogden, G., et al. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/54667">Methods to Study Lipid Alterations in Neutrophils and the Subsequent Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video demonstrates a technique for the preliminary separation and quantification of lipids from human peripheral blood-derived neutrophils. This technique helps in the initial evaluation of target analytes before proceeding with HPLC.

高效薄层色谱法:一种从中性粒细胞中初步分离和定量脂质的技术

Source: Brogden, G., et al. Methods to Study Lipid Alterations in Neutrophils and the Subsequent Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. J. Vis. Exp. ...