支持这项研究是由研究基金会 - 佛兰德（FWO，项目数G.0420.02 G.0443.11N）的大力神基础（授予NR AUHA0012），协调一致的研究行动（GOA资金）从安特卫普大学的拨款，部分赞助EC - FP6项目DIMI，LSHB-CT-2005-512146和EC - FP6项目EMIL LSHC-CT-2004-503569 A.VdL。 G.DG和CP的博士后研究基金会 - 佛兰德（FWO）。

1。听觉刺激的制备<ol><li>首先7T MR系统内部的孔中正在播放的同时记录声音刺激。该孔是一个密闭的空间，可以扭曲从而提高目标的听觉频率的听觉刺激。 图1示出孔增强和抑制由我们的鸟的头部的位置内磁铁的白噪声的录音所示的频率使用光纤麦克风（1160 Optimic，Optoacoustics）。为了弥补这个人工增强，均衡器函数被应用到每个刺激使用波达软件。对于我们的特定设置，使用以下参数:最大振幅的高斯内核的功能包括:衰减20dB，中心的3750赫兹，宽度:0.05个八度（对应于我们的系统的范围为2,500-5,000赫兹）。 </li><li>这首歌刺激是由几个单独的歌曲图案交错的静默期，每只鸟。在D掩膜这些无声期间的调整，以保持总金额有声和无声的所有刺激相同。这种结构节省歌曲长度的自然个体内和个体间变异。每个刺激的总长度是16秒。每首歌曲的强度归一化的匹配的根均方和集成到完整的刺激（歌曲和静音期间）之前，在400赫兹的高通滤波。使用Praat软件来完成这些操作。 </li><li>这项实验由一个ON / OFF块设计交替听觉刺激期间（基本块）与休息时间（OFF块）（ 图2）。每个块（ON和OFF），持续16秒，这相当于2张图片采集时间（见下文收购）。每个刺激类型的25倍，导致在刺激和每50张每科收购。内部及相互之间的条件应该是随机的呈现顺序科目。这种刺激的随机顺序可以被编码成演示软件。 </li></ol> 2。主题准备 2.1主题和组大小在这里，我们提出了一个协议，特别适合使用斑胸草雀（成人）。的物种的选择依赖于科学的问题。然而，其它的考虑因素，如鸟的鲁棒性麻醉也可能被考虑在内。应斑马雀（ 雀Taeniopygia），坐落在鸟舍，12小时光照:12小时黑暗的光照下，整个研究过程中获得食物和水自由采食。每个实验的个人的数量降到最低是15。此数字考虑到自旋回波功能磁共振成像的灵敏度和自然在实验中测得的生物现象的个体间变异。 2.2安装设置和编制的动物 （规格所使用的设备，我们在这篇文章的结尾，是指特定的试剂和设备的列表） <ol><li> MRI床7T磁共振系统上安装鸟嘴面具，并把它连接到气体控制器设备用塑料管。打开氧气和氮气瓶和气体控制器的移动设备（氧气流速:200毫升/分钟，氮:400毫升/分钟）的开关。 </li></ol>正如上面所提到的，一个7T MR系统中使用所提出的设置。其他MR系统与不同领域的优势也是可能的，但在7T之间达到一个很好的妥协信号噪声比和程度的敏感性伪影（见讨论）。在更高的场强，信号噪声比一起敏感性伪影的程度将增加。 <ol start="2"><li>反馈控制系统和温暖的气流装置切换。 </li><li>麻醉斑胸草雀的3％，异氟醚在氧气和氮气的混合物引入它的喙面具举行的头部，直到鸟是完全anesthetised的的。这可以验证通过轻轻拉动了脚:，充分镇静鸟脚不能回缩鸟。此外，鸟的眼睛将被部分关闭。 </li><li>介绍泄殖腔温度探针筛选体温和斑胸草雀肚皮底下放置一个气压传感器监测呼吸率。合茄克抑制体内的鸟（ 图3）。 </li><li>维持呼吸速率的范围内的40 - 100每分钟呼吸，保持体温恒定在40±0.5℃下的一个狭窄的范围之内当呼吸范围过低/高，调整麻醉（％异氟醚）相应的水平。如果问题仍然存在，应停止试验和动物从设置中删除，以恢复。 </li><li>放置非磁性的动态扬声器两侧的斑胸草雀头和con将NECT它们到放大器。确保从温度探头，扬声器的电线被领走，因为它可以影响温度读数时太靠近。 </li><li>放置的表面上的斑胸草雀头顶部和磁铁（自动发送线圈的中心位于中间的磁铁）的中心位置斑胸草雀的RF线圈。 </li><li>麻醉水平降低到1.5％异氟醚与氧和氮的混合。 </li></ol> 3。数据采集<ol><li>收购一组矢状位，1个水平和冠状梯度回波（GE）的侦察图像（三导频序列）和成套水平，冠状面和矢状面的多切片图像（试行T2加权快速采集弛豫增强（ RARE）SE序列），以确定大脑中的磁铁的位置（ 图4）。 </li><li>降低噪声的梯度增加斜坡时间1000微秒。 </li> &lt;李&gt;准备:稀土功能磁共振成像序列T2加权序列，有效TE:TR:60毫秒，2000毫秒，罕见的因素:8，FOV:16毫米，矩阵尺寸:64×32，方向:矢状面，层厚:0.75毫米，国米片间隙厚度:0.05毫米，15片几乎覆盖了整个大脑（ 图4）。 </li><li>选择听觉协议（听觉刺激和刺激交货的时间）在演示软件。这个协议包括一连串的指令 - 在特定的听觉刺激 - 在一个特定的扫描数执行的启动。在每一个重复的fMRI的序列内，在扫描仪软件将发送一个触发听觉上介绍的软件，该软件又寄存器的扫描数，并执行相应的命令。 </li><li>为了确保听觉演示软件不会错过任何触发从扫描仪，听觉协议首先启动。一旦协议被完全加载，功能磁共振成像序列开始。 </li><li>每个功能磁共振成像实验之前收购12个虚拟影像，使信号归因于扫描仪的噪声，以达到一个稳定的状态，然后再开始听觉刺激。 </li><li>收购完成后零填充数据为64×64。 </li><li>第一个使用的功能的Paravision工具（股权加工/功能成像）结果（初步）看看。计算差分大胆的回应所有块和基线（掉块）之间。这种分析给出了实验的质量的第一指示。在这个阶段，如果没有激活被认为是在初级听觉区，鸟也可能听不到/处理的听觉刺激，由于刺激呈现，麻醉水平等的设置应验证并重复测量的技术问题。 </li><li>在以前的fMRI扫描相同的方向和与有效TE运行一个解剖的三维稀土T2加权序列:TR:60毫秒，2000毫秒，稀土因素:8，FOV:16毫米，矩阵尺寸:256×128×64。 </li><li>零填充数据为256×256×256。 </li><li>以斑胸草雀从MRI床和，让它从麻醉中恢复，下一个红色的灯在一个笼子里。通常情况下，异氟醚麻醉后的斑胸草雀去恢复比较快（最大5分钟）。仅几分钟后，鸟会尝试站起来，一旦鸟完全恢复后，它会的一个分支，而不是坐在笼底上栖息。麻醉的持续时间为2小时左右，本实验。在我们的实验室，应用异氟醚麻醉斑胸草雀的最大时间是6小时，在这之后的鸟在5分钟内恢复。 </li></ol> 4。数据处理<ol><li>转换MR数据进入分析或Nifti格式。 </li><li>由于SPM已经发展到在人类获得的fMRI数据处理，为大约2毫米的体素。许多SPM设置适合于该近似的体素大小。如果一个人不瓦特蚂蚁更改这些设置，最简单的方法是人为地增加禽流fMRI数据的像素大小。在标头中的体素大小调整乘以10使用MRIcro的真正的体素大小。应当指出，这样的调整不影响其本身的数据，没有重新采样或数据应用任何其他的修改。 </li></ol>的另一种方法是使用允许SPM打开和分析任何体素尺寸的文件是一个工具箱&#39;SPMMouse&#39;。工具允许SPM玻璃大脑&#39;要创建的任何图像，并自动调整默认长度秤头的图像文件或用户输入的数据的基础上。因此，这个工具箱比我们提出的以相反的方式。而不是改变的像素大小的图像，以适应在SPM中，SPM的默认设置被更改为使用不同的体素大小的图像。 <ol start="3"><li>重新调整fMRI数据。有限公司注册到t解剖学3D数据集他fMRI时间序列。标准化的3D数据（和共同注册的功能磁共振成像时间序列）的斑胸草雀脑核磁共振图谱。将fMRI数据转换矩阵。使用统计参数图（SPM）8软件，这都可以做。 </li><li> 0.5毫米的宽度高斯内核使用SPM8平滑数据。 </li><li>开展基于体素的统计分析，使用SPM8。模型的箱车（无血流动力学响应函数）的数据。与经典的限制性最大似然算法，模型参数估计。计算平均每个听觉刺激效果在每一个主题（固定效应分析），希望组分析统计，然后计算（混合效应的分析）。 </li><li>项目的统计参数映射到斑马雀地图集（ 图5）9 SPM8本地化功能的激活（ 图6）。 </li></ol>

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没有利益冲突的声明。

在这份报告中，我们描述了一种优化方案的详细在听觉刺激神经 ​​基板在麻醉的斑胸草雀体内表征。 在符合协议中，大多数脑功能激活的研究在大胆使用功能磁共振成像的动物，麻醉动物，在收购过程中。训练动物，打算让她们磁铁环境和研究期间的扫描仪的噪音也是可能的，但相当费时和具有挑战性的，因此很少采用。 虽然麻醉的生理反应，最大限度地减少应激诱导的作用，有利于动物的处理，其效果的神经反应和功能磁共振成像测量神经活动和BOLD响应之间的传递函数是一个持续和重要的研究课题。因此，麻醉效果，大胆响应期间澳元在斑胸草雀进行了调查，我们的实验室2 itory刺激。因此，在斑胸草雀的三个广泛使用的麻醉剂 - medetomodine，异氟醚和聚氨酯 - 作用于不同的神经递质系统进行了研究。结果表明，听觉的刺激导致在明确的BOLD信号与所有三个麻醉药，但发生轻微的差异有关， 如延长激活的区域之间的三种试剂。本研究的结果，异氟醚麻醉剂在临床上的应用是最常见的，因为它有很大的优势，具有较快的恢复和轻微的副作用，因而具有在纵向研究中使用的最高电位的事实基础上，异氟醚成为斑胸草雀在我们的实验室功能磁共振成像的首选麻醉。 在这个协议中，我们使用自旋回波（SE）功能磁共振成像，而不是更传统的梯度回波（GE）的fMRI。 GE磁共振成像相比，SE的fMRI提供信号给整个大脑有很大的优势是没有信号丢失的图像。 SE BOLD功能磁共振成像的另一个优点是更好的空间特异性10,11。事实上，在高磁场，减少血管内的组件的SE BOLD信号（因为长TE）和抑制从大血管的血管外组件（180°再聚焦脉冲的SE MRI序列）。因此，占主导地位的一个准确的血管外信号来源于小血管12-14 SE BOLD信号。 SE功能磁共振成像的主要限制是其​​相对较弱的灵敏度，需要优化的序列和优化的刺激范式。的对比度噪声比（CNR）随着磁场强度15。长TE也增加了的CNR，但妥协的信号噪声比12,13,15。的最佳TE通常对应的时间等于或长于组织的T 2值。我们已经表明，在7T60毫秒的TE值提供了一个CNR足以检测到显着的差异，不同的刺激所引发的BOLD信号（普瓦里埃，2010）和信号噪声比。 与GE相比T2 *加权相比之下，SE T2加权对比需要一个很长的TR（1500-2000毫秒7T）。为了能够图像15片，我们使用了TR 2000毫秒。采集时间保持在一个合理的限度，SE MRI序列需要加快。这通常是利用平面回波成像（EPI）的采样方案10,16-19。但是，EPI引起图像失真，与磁场的幅度增加，污染的BOLD信号与T2 *效应（使信号更强，但不具体）。 EPI也产生了非常强烈的噪音，使有关调查听觉刺激。因此，我们用一种罕见的序列与矩阵大小为64×32，这导致收购时间为8秒。这种时空解析度是低迷的大胆回应诱导块设计离子仍是兼容的，但速度太慢，准确采样过程中大胆的响应时间或使用事件相关的设计。使用此序列，从而得到一个纯的T2加权SE信号，其特点是一个很好的空间特异性，灵敏度足够高，以检测差BOLD反应，时间分辨率与所使用的刺激范式20,21兼容。 鸣禽使用功能磁共振成像的优点和限制在过去的几十年中，磁共振成像已成为最流行的神经影像技术在临床认知神经科学的研究过程中的大脑活动的各项任务，包括从简单的感觉运动的高度认知任务之一。然而，在临床前研究中，这种方法仍然只几乎不使用。稀缺的功能磁共振成像实验完成的小动物，特别是鸣禽迄今为止可能涉及麻醉或镇静的事实，要求达到完全固定的受试者（见上面的讨论）。因此，这被认为是该技术的主要缺点和限制不同的问题可以得到解决的。不过，虽然功能磁共振成像需要麻醉和BOLD信号主要反映了局部场电位，从而不同于动作电位测量电和即早基因（IEG）的研究（ 如 22），BOLD功能磁共振成像已经证实这些技术取得许多成果。 到今天为止，鸣禽神经科学中最流行的技术仍然活性依赖的表达的IEG和电录音单个或多个单元活动。这些技术中受益，从一个非常高的空间分辨率（5-30微米的细胞水平）。然而，他们是高度侵入性的，甚至是致命的。此外，电生理技术的LO由数量是有限的阳离子，可以在一个实验中采样，从而需要一个先验假设在调查过程中所涉及的神经基板本地化。与此相反，BOLD fMRI的允许全脑的方法 - 的空间分辨率为250μm - ，因此可以被用来执行假设实验。最后，也是最重要的，非侵入性的MRI可重复纵向措施对同一科目，打开一个大范围的新的可能性。

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent/equipment</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Isoflurane anaesthetic</td>
 <td>Isoflo</td>
 <td>05260-05</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PC-Sam hardware/software</td>
 <td>SA-Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.i4sa.com" target="_blank">http://www.i4sa.com</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Monitoring and gating system</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>1025</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MR-compatible small rodent heater system</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Model 1025 compatible</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rectal temperature probe</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>RTP-102B</td>
 <td>7'', 0.044'' </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>7T MR scanner</td>
 <td>Bruker Biospin</td>
 <td>PHS 70/16 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paravision software</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>5.1</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gradient Insert</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>BGA9S</td>
 <td>400 mT/m, 300A, 500V</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gradient Amplifiers</td>
 <td>Copley Co., USA</td>
 <td>C256</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Transmit resonators</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Inner diameter: 72 mm, transmit only, active decoupled</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Receiver antenna - 20 mm quadrature Mouse Head</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Receive only, active decoupled</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>WaveLab software</td>
 <td>Steinberg</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Praat software</td>
 <td>Paul Boersma, University of Amsterdam</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.praat.org" target="_blank">http://www.praat.org</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Non-magnetic dynamic speakers</td>
 <td>Visation, Germany</td>
 <td>HK 150</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fiber optic microphone</td>
 <td>Optoacoustics, </td>
 <td>Optimic 1160</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sound amplifier</td>
 <td>Phonic corporation</td>
 <td>MM 1002a</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Presentation software</td>
 <td>Neurobehavioral Systems Inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MRIcro</td>
 <td>Chris Rorden</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.cabiatl.com/mricro/mricro/" target="_blank">http://www.cabiatl.com/mricro/mricro/</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM)</td>
 <td>Welcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging</td>
 <td>8</td>
 <td><a href="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/" target="_blank">http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/</a></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) with auditory stimulation in songbirds

神经生物学的鸟鸣声，人的讲话作为一个模型，是一个明显的行为神经科学的研究领域。鉴于电生理和分子生物学方法允许调查两种不同的刺激，一些神经元，或一个刺激大脑的大部分地区，血氧水平依赖（BOLD）的功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术，可以结合两者的优点， 即比较神经激活引起整个大脑的不同的刺激一次。 fMRI的鸣禽是具有挑战性的，因为他们的大脑体积小，因为他们的骨头，尤其是他们的头骨，包括众多的空气腔，诱导重要的敏感伪影。 BOLD功能磁共振成像梯度回波（GE）已成功地应用于鸣禽1-5（综述见6）。这些研究主要集中在小学和中学的听觉脑区，这是区域敏感性伪影。但是，因为进程内S弯超越这些地区可能会出现利益，需要全脑BOLD功能磁共振成像MRI序列使用不易受这些文物。这可以通过使用自旋回波（SE）BOLD功能磁共振成像7,8。在这篇文章中，我们描述了如何使用这个技术在斑胸草雀（ 雀Taeniopygia），这是一个体重15-25克的小鸣禽广泛研究，行为神经科学的鸟鸣声。鸣禽的功能磁共振成像研究的主要议题是歌曲感知和歌曲学习。听觉性刺激弱大胆SE（GE）的功能磁共振成像序列的灵敏度，使得这项技术的实施非常具有挑战性的结合。

<html>在这里，我们直观地呈现在斑胸草雀脑听觉刺激神经基板成功的成像程序的优化序列。首先，用于制备刺激听觉刺激的结果，在所描述的过程，可以并入一个ON / OFF块范式（ 图2），并归一化，以消除潜在的声压水平的差异，可以唤起大脑中的不同的反应。准备斑胸草雀进行MRI扫描，并将其定位成孔磁铁（ 图1），功能磁共振成像后可以被收购。此外，三维高分辨率图像，以规范化数据的斑胸草雀寰9。最后，前处理和统计分析的数据，允许可视化所获得的结果（ 图6）。 69/4369fig1.jpg"ALT ="图1"FO:内容宽度="4.5英寸"FO:SRC ="/ files/ftp_upload/4369/4369fig1highres.jpg"/&gt; 图1。白噪声的频谱图记录以建立频段磁铁内孔孔。A.白噪声外磁钢孔。白噪声记录鸟的头部里面的磁铁的位置，增强/抑制。C.白应用增强/抑制频段均衡器功能，纠正后的噪声。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/4369/4369fig2.jpg" alt="图2"/> 图2。概述的ON / OFF块的范例，其中听觉刺激周期交替休息时间。每个块（刺激/休息）持续16秒，在这期间2图像采集。的不同的刺激，包括代表性的图案的鸟鸣或其他类型的声音根据实验。这些图案连接在一起，并交错沉默期间和安静期间的持续时间调整，以保持总金额有声和无声的所有刺激相同。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/4369/4369fig3.jpg" alt="图3" fo:content-width="5.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4369/4369fig3highres.jpg"/> 图3。听觉功能磁共振成像设置小鸣禽。A.动物床。 插图:在动物禽流床的扫描仪定位的详细原理概述:B. RF头部线圈，C.喙面具D.麻醉气体供应， E.非磁性耳机，F.气动枕头传感器来监测呼吸率，H. G.泄殖腔温度探头，反馈控制加热系统，以保持身体禽流稳定温度的测量。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/4369/4369fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/4369/4369fig4.jpg" alt="图4"/> 图4。片为全脑功能磁共振成像几何组成几何编辑在ParaVision软件截图。此前收购的轴向，矢状面和冠状罕见试点的fMRI扫描图像来定义切片方向。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/4369/4369fig5.jpg" alt="图5"/> 图5。横向视图左半球与斑胸草雀地图集9，预计中旬矢状切片划定结构的三维表示。划定核的颜色代码是在右边。这些delineatED结构是声带运动通路的一部分:HVC，细胞核:粗壮arcopallii（RA），NXII:睫状体tracheosyringealis（nXIIts）;前端脑通路:细胞核外侧部大收杆外侧（LMAN），面积X（X）;听觉系统:域L，核ovoidalis（OV），细胞核的收杆mesencephalicus外侧足背（MLD）;嗅觉系统:嗅球（OB）和视觉系统:核entopalliallis（E），顶盖OPTICUM（TEO）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/4369/4369fig6.jpg" alt="图6"/> 图6。例如初级听觉区，域L，和相邻的次级听觉区域不同的听觉刺激所诱发的功能磁共振成像大胆反应相比，其余条件。图像包括高分辨率的解剖图像上叠加统计参数图斑胸草雀脑图集9。 T-值是根据颜色编码显示刻度显示在图中，唯一的体素，其中的t-检验被认为是显着性（P &lt;0.001）。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds at JoVE.com

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

本文介绍了使用功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术在鸣禽脑的听觉刺激的神经基板成像的优化过程。它描述的声音刺激，定位的主体和收购和后续分析fMRI的数据编制。

功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术与听觉刺激鸣禽

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging-fmri-with-auditory-stimulation

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

18.1K 次观看.  University of Antwerp. 本文介绍了使用功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术在鸣禽脑的听觉刺激的神经基板成像的优化过程。它描述的声音刺激，定位的主体和收购和后续分析fMRI的数据编制。

视频: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

获得高质量的脑电数据在同步功能磁共振成像的当前最佳实践

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

科研

行为学

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

皮质听觉，触觉加工的残疾儿童定量评价

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

刺激唇部运动皮层与经颅磁刺激

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG).
In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site&#160;and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity.
Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique. It has successfully been used in basic research and clinical settings to modulate brain function in humans. This article describes the implementation of tDCS and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to investigate the neural basis of tDCS effects.

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily disrupt information processing in a brain region, generating a short-lived &#8220;virtual lesion.&#8221; Stimulation that interferes with task performance indicates that the affected brain region is necessary to perform the task normally. In other words, unlike neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that indicate correlations between brain and behavior, TMS can be used to demonstrate causal brain-behavior relations. Furthermore, by varying the duration and onset of the virtual lesion, TMS can also reveal the time course of normal processing. As a result, TMS has become an important tool in cognitive neuroscience. Advantages of the technique over lesion-deficit studies include better spatial-temporal precision of the disruption effect, the ability to use participants as their own control subjects, and the accessibility of participants. Limitations include concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation that may influence task performance, limited access to structures more than a few centimeters from the surface of the scalp, and the relatively large space of free parameters that need to be optimized in order for the experiment to work. Experimental designs that give careful consideration to appropriate control conditions help to address these concerns. This article illustrates these issues with TMS results that investigate the spatial and temporal contributions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to reading.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.

经颅磁刺激对调查因果脑 - 行为关系及其时间进程

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

传输认知任务的脑成像方法:对任务的设计和结果判读的功能磁共振成像研究

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Neuronavigation-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Aphasia

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential therapeutic effects. Brain excitability is non-invasively modulated by rTMS, and rTMS to the language areas has proved its potential effects on treatment of aphasia. In our protocol, we aim to artificially induce virtual aphasia in healthy subjects by inhibiting Brodmann area 44 and 45 using neuronavigational TMS (nTMS), and F3 of the International 10-20 EEG system for conventional TMS (cTMS). To measure the degree of aphasia, changes in reaction time to a picture naming task pre- and post-stimulation are measured and compare the delay in reaction time between nTMS and cTMS. Accuracy of the two TMS stimulation methods is compared by averaging the Talairach coordinates of the target and the actual stimulation. Consistency of stimulation is demonstrated by the error range from the target. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate use of nTMS and to describe the benefits and limitations of the nTMS compared to those of cTMS.

This study is designed to test the hypothesis that neuronavigational system-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation has higher accuracy for targeting the intended target as demonstrated by eliciting a greater degree of virtual aphasia in healthy subjects, measured by delay in reaction time to picture naming.

神经导航引导下重复经颅磁刺激的失语

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential ...

Treating Clinical Depression with Repetitive Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Using the Brainsway H1-coil

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging non-pharmacological approach to treating many brain-based disorders. rTMS uses electromagnetic coils to stimulate areas of the brain non-invasively. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) with the Brainsway H1-coil system specifically is a type of rTMS indicated for treating patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who are resistant to medication. The unique H1-coil design of this device is able to stimulate neuronal pathways that lie deeper in the targeted brain areas than those reached by conventional rTMS coils. dTMS is considered to be low-risk and well tolerated, making it a viable treatment option for people who have not responded to medication or psychotherapy trials for their depression.
Randomized, sham-control studies have demonstrated that dTMS produces significantly greater improvement in depressive symptoms than sham dTMS treatment in patients with major depression that has not responded to antidepressant medication. In this paper, we will review the methodology for treating major depression with dTMS using an H1-coil.

Here we present a protocol outlining the methodology for treatment of Major Depressive Disorder using the deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS) system.