这项工作是由加拿大健康研究学会的支持。

实验研究利用在大鼠challanged向外的行程，从他们的避难所，位于字符串的结尾的食物颗粒后香味字符串后返回家园的一项新任务的海马与航位推算导航试点的贡献。对照组大鼠导航有效地使用空间和航迹推算策略。伞 - 穹窿病变大鼠成功地利用空间的战略，但均受损时被迫使用航位推算。这些结果与假设航迹推算的海马结构的完整性至关重要一致。这也可能是在跟踪一个比狗等动物的第一个示范。 任务要求本研究的新特点是使用了香味的字符串，允许受检者追踪气味线索的食物颗粒。使用的跟踪，有利于老鼠的归巢的行为方式的分析。首先，老鼠的向外的路径和提示指定。老鼠非常能够采用表面嗅觉线索（Maaswinkel和Whishaw，1999年），所以香字符串的使用，迫使他们把重点放在一个特定的线索。其次，所有的老鼠都可以提交完全相同的向外旅程。这消除了变异发生时，他们采取随机位于食品搜索杂乱无章，个别向外路线。第三个程序的重要特征是，它是可能的，以确定当老鼠之间切换向外和返家的旅程线索和导航策略。在研究过程中，大鼠收到了大量的跟踪问题，其中包括线性轨道，多边形的轨道，和一个八角形的轨道。然而，在所有的问题类似的是老鼠的导航能力回家时，他们可以使用空间感（视觉或嗅觉）和自己的能力，回家使用航迹推算线索（时蒙住或之间比较在红外光波段的测试）。 提示使用当他们是短视的，在控制和伞穹窿大鼠前往相对迂回向外行程后直接回家。这样做，他们很可能使用了稳定的视听室线索，返回自己的家乡基地。当被蒙住眼睛，并与多边形的轨道，对照组大鼠仍然采取了直接的路线回家，忽略的气味追踪，从而“关闭多边形。”这样做，他们有可能整合向外行程上的自我运动产生的线索。在对照组大鼠的能力，从空间切换到一个航迹推算导航战略，伞穹窿大鼠idiothetic导航减值鲜明地反映出来时，他们戴着眼罩或在红外光检测。以下多边形的轨道后，不是采取直接的路线回家，而是他们搬迁的气味追踪和折回他们的路线返回到起始位置。因此，他们闲居家中的路线是作为他们的出境路线迂回。这不只是一个方便的“一件容易的路线回家。”当气味追踪被删除的问题，伞穹窿大鼠成为迷失方向，在桌子上吃他们的食物，然后几乎随意走了一圈，直到他们恢复避难。因此，在中，他们被迫使用航迹推算战略的情况下，他们不能这样做。这个结果未能证实，海马大鼠优先使用一个航迹推算导航策略（Pearce等人，1998年）的建议。 结论现代研究表明，海马在空间行为的一些核心作用[但看到斯奎尔（1992）]，但也有不同的意见，关于这个角色（奥基夫和迟•那德利，1978年;沃登，1992年，Muller等，1996年; Whishaw和Maaswinkel，1998年）。目前的发现支持了主意，海马起着导航航迹推算的作用。这一结论与以前的建议是一致的，海马包含一种与生俱来的空间框架内，它可以生成矢量点之间（Whishaw等人，1995年，B，1997年，麦克诺顿等，1996; Samsonovich及McNaughton，1997）。虽然目前的研究结果支持海马在航位推算导航的作用，他们没有明确指定为独家功能。海马动物也受损（夏皮罗和奥康纳，1992年;安杰利等，1993;。Whishaw和Jarrard，1995年，1996年）在学习新的空间问题，在其中工作记忆的要求很高。这可能意味着在过渡期，航迹推算艾滋病之间的一个问题和未来（Whishaw等，1997），或它可能表明，在航位推算导航减值，但一个方面的信息一般海马功能，在空间行为和内存（奥基夫和迟•那德利，1978年）。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sodium pentobarbital</td><td> Reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>p3761-25g</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Atropine methyl nitrate</td><td>Reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>a0382-5g</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rodent pellets</td><td>Animal food</td><td>BIO-SERV</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a video demonstration of preserved piloting by scent tracking but impaired dead reckoning after fimbria-fornix lesions in the rat

试点和航位推算导航策略使用的非常不同的线索星座和计算过程（1873年，达尔文;巴洛，1964年;奥基夫和迟•那德利，1978年;米特尔施泰特和米特尔施泰特，1980年; Landeau等，1984;艾蒂安，1987; Gallistel， 1990年，毛雷尔和Séguinot，1995年）。试点需要使用相对稳定的外部线索（视觉，嗅觉，听觉）之间的关系，而航迹推算需要整合的自我运动所产生的线索。动物前庭感受器的自我运动信息的获取，并可能是肌肉和关节的受体，并efference产生运动的命令的副本。动物也可使用流动的视觉，听觉和嗅觉刺激的运动引起的。使用一个试点战略的动物可以用几何计算确定的方向和距离，在其环境中的地方，而使用航位推算策略，它能够整合其先前的动作所产生的线索，回到刚刚离开的位置。航迹推算是俗称“方向感”和“距离感”。 虽然有相当多的证据表明，海马是参与试点（奥基夫和迟•那德利，1978年;奥基夫和斯皮克曼，1987年），也有从行为（Whishaw等，1997年的证据。Whishaw Maaswinkel，1998年; Maaswinkel和Whishaw，1999），建模（Samsonovich及McNaughton，1997年），和电（O&#39;Mare等人，1994年，夏普等，1995;陶布和Burton，1995年，布莱尔和夏普，1996年，麦克诺顿等1996年维也纳，1996年;葛洛布和陶布，1997年），海马的形成是在参与航迹推算的研究。海马的相对贡献导航两种形式仍是未知数，但是。按说，这是因为动物是在其战略和线索（艾蒂安等，1996使用非常灵活。Dudchenko等，1997; Martin等难以确定的动物使用的是与航位推算战略试点，1997; Maaswinkel和Whishaw，1999年）。本视频演示的目的是解决问题的提示规范，为了研究海马在使用这些策略的相对贡献。在新任务中，他们遵循直线或多边形的香味步道获得一家大型食品颗粒隐藏在一个开放的领域，各组大鼠进行了培训。因为老鼠有一个倾向携带食物回的避难，准确性和用于返回到大本营（Whishaw和富江，1997年）因变量的线索。要强制一个动物AA死推算战略到同食其避难，对大鼠进行测试时被蒙住眼睛或红外光下，一个光谱波长中，他们可以不看到，在一些实验的气味线索是另外删除一旦动物达到食物。为了研究海马伞 - 穹窿（FF）的病变，从而破坏在海马结构的信息流（平淡，1986年）的相对贡献，损害记忆“（Gaffan和Gaffan，1991），和生产的空间赤字（Whishaw和Jarrard， 1995年），分别采用。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Video Demonstration of Preserved Piloting by Scent Tracking but Impaired Dead Reckoning After Fimbria-Fornix Lesions in the Rat at JoVE.com

A Video Demonstration of Preserved Piloting by Scent Tracking but Impaired Dead Reckoning After Fimbria-Fornix Lesions in the Rat

在试点的气味跟踪任务，返回食物的庇护所使用的视觉气味线索或使用红外光的航迹推算能力的大鼠，以前运动的综合记录，显示，海马航迹推算是必要的。

录像示范保存鼠气味追踪，但经过伞 - 穹窿病变受损的惯性导航试验

Piloting and dead reckoning navigation strategies use very different cue constellations and computational processes (Darwin, 1873; Barlow, 1964; ...

a-video-demonstration-preserved-piloting-scent-tracking-but-impaired

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.8K 次观看.  Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge. 在试点的气味跟踪任务，返回食物的庇护所使用的视觉气味线索或使用红外光的航迹推算能力的大鼠，以前运动的综合记录，显示，海马航迹推算是必要的。

视频: A Video Demonstration of Preserved Piloting by Scent Tracking but Impaired Dead Reckoning After Fimbria-Fornix Lesions in the Rat

A Novel Method for Assessing Proximal and Distal Forelimb Function in the Rat: the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan (IBB) Forelimb Scale

Several experimental models of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) have been developed recently to assess the consequences of damage to this level of the spinal cord (Pearse et al., 2005, Gensel et al., 2006, Anderson et al., 2009), as the majority of human SCI occur here (Young, 2010; www.sci-info-pages.com). Behavioral deficits include loss of forelimb function due to damage to the white matter affecting both descending motor and ascending sensory systems, and to the gray matter containing the segmental circuitry for processing sensory input and motor output for the forelimb. Additionally, a key priority for human patients with cervical SCI is restoration of hand/arm function (Anderson, 2004). Thus, outcome measures that assess both proximal and distal forelimb function are needed. Although there are several behavioral assays that are sensitive to different aspects of forelimb recovery in experimental models of cervical SCI (Girgis et al., 2007, Gensel et al., 2006, Ballerman et al., 2001, Metz and Whishaw, 2000, Bertelli and Mira, 1993, Montoya et al., 1991, Whishaw and Pellis, 1990), few techniques provide detailed information on the recovery of fine motor control and digit movement.
The current measurement technique, the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan forelimb scale (IBB), can detect recovery of both proximal and distal forelimb function including digit movements during a naturally occurring behavior that does not require extensive training or deprivation to enhance motivation. The IBB was generated by observing recovery after a unilateral C6 SCI, and involves video recording of animals eating two differently shaped cereals (spherical and doughnut) of a consistent size. These videos were then used to assess features of forelimb use, such as joint position, object support, digit movement and grasping technique.
The IBB, like other forelimb behavioral tasks, shows a consistent pattern of recovery that is sensitive to injury severity. Furthermore, the IBB scale could be used to assess recovery following other types of injury that impact normal forelimb function.

A Novel Method for Assessing Proximal and Distal Forelimb Function in the Rat: the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan IBB Forelimb Scale

Here we will describe a rodent behavioral assay that can detect recovery of both proximal and distal forelimb function including digit movements during a naturally occurring behavior that does not require extensive training or deprivation to enhance motivation.

一个评估在大鼠近端和远端的前肢功能的新方法：欧文，Beatties和布雷斯纳汉（IBB）前肢规模

Several experimental models of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) have been developed recently to assess the consequences of damage to this level of the ...

科研

神经科学

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

双-H迷宫:一个强大的行为测试学习和记忆的鼠害

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

行为学

Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, few studies have investigated the long-term effects of injury in rodent models of TBI. Shown here are behavioral measures that are well-established in TBI research for times early after injury, such as two weeks, until two months. Some of these methods have previously been used at later times after injury, up to one year, but by very few laboratories. The methods demonstrated here are a short neurological assessment to test reflexes, a Beam-Balance to test balance, a Beam-Walk to test balance and motor coordination, and a working memory version of the Morris water maze that can be sensitive to deficits in reference memory. Male rats were handled and pre-trained to neurological, balance, and motor coordination tests prior to receiving parasagittal fluid percussion injury (FPI) or sham injury. Rats can be tested on the short neurological assessment (neuroscore), the beam-balance, and the Beam-Walk multiple times, while testing on the water maze can only be done once. This difference is because rats can remember the task, thus confounding the results if repeated testing is attempted in the same animal. When testing from one to three days after injury, significant differences are detected in all three non-cognitive tasks. However, differences in the Beam-Walk task were not detectable at later time points (after 3 months). Deficits were detected at 3 months in the Beam-Balance and at 6 months in the neuroscore. Deficits in working memory were detected out to 12 months after injury, and a deficit in a reference memory first appeared at 12 months. Thus, standard behavioral tests can be useful measures of persistent behavioral deficits after FPI.

The goal of the behavioral tests presented here is to detect functional deficits in rats after traumatic brain injury. Four specific tests are presented that detect deficits in behaviors to reflect the damage to specific brain areas at times extending to one year after injury.

颅脑损伤后大鼠行为缺陷的检测

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, ...

Use of Rotorod as a Method for the Qualitative Analysis of Walking in Rat

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a rotorod, animals remain in approximately the same place making repetitive movements of stepping. Thus the task provides a rich source of information on the details of foot stepping movements. Subjects were hemi-Parkinson analogue rats, produced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right nigrostriatal bundle to deplete nigrostriatal dopamine (DA). The present report provides a video analysis illustration of animals previously were filmed from frontal, lateral, and posterior views as they walked (15). Rating scales and frame-by-frame replay of the video records of stepping behavior indicated that the hemi-Parkinson rats were chronically impaired in posture and limb use contralateral to the DA-depletion. The contralateral limbs participated less in initiating and sustaining propulsion than the ipsilateral limbs. These deficits secondary to unilateral DA-depletion show that the rotorod provides a use task for the analysis of stepping movements.

The rotorod test is used to assess motor status in the walking movement of hemi-Parkinson analogue rats.

走在大鼠作为定性分析方法使用Rotorod

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a ...

生物学

The Dig Task: A Simple Scent Discrimination Reveals Deficits Following Frontal Brain Damage

Cognitive impairment is the most frequent cause of disability in humans following brain damage, yet the behavioral tasks used to assess cognition in rodent models of brain injury is lacking. Borrowing from the operant literature our laboratory utilized a basic scent discrimination paradigm1-4 in order to assess deficits in frontally-injured rats. Previously we have briefly described the Dig task and demonstrated that rats with frontal brain damage show severe deficits across multiple tests within the task5. Here we present a more detailed protocol for this task. Rats are placed into a chamber and allowed to discriminate between two scented sands, one of which contains a reinforcer. The trial ends after the rat either correctly discriminates (defined as digging in the correct scented sand), incorrectly discriminates, or 30 sec elapses. Rats that correctly discriminate are allowed to recover and consume the reinforcer. Rats that discriminate incorrectly are immediately removed from the chamber. This can continue through a variety of reversals and novel scents. The primary analysis is the accuracy for each scent pairing (cumulative proportion correct for each scent). The general findings from the Dig task suggest that it is a simple experimental preparation that can assess deficits in rats with bilateral frontal cortical damage compared to rats with unilateral parietal damage. The Dig task can also be easily incorporated into an existing cognitive test battery. The use of more tasks such as this one can lead to more accurate testing of frontal function following injury, which may lead to therapeutic options for treatment. All animal use was conducted in accordance with protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

In this protocol, a novel application of scent discrimination is described. The Dig task is a reasonably inexpensive task that can be used to assess frontally-mediated cognition following brain damage.

挖掘任务：一个简单的气味歧视揭示额叶脑损伤后的赤字

Cognitive impairment is the most frequent cause of disability in humans following brain damage, yet the behavioral tasks used to assess cognition in ...

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

Cognitive impairment is one of the most common comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy. To recapitulate epilepsy-associated cognitive decline in an animal model of epilepsy, we generated pilocarpine-treated chronic epileptic mice. We present a protocol for three different behavioral tests using these epileptic mice: novel object location (NL), novel object recognition (NO), and pattern separation (PS) tests to evaluate learning and memory for places, objects, and contexts, respectively. We explain how to set the behavioral apparatus and provide experimental procedures for the NL, NO, and PS tests following an open field test that measures the animals&#8217; basal locomotor activities. We also describe the technical advantages of the NL, NO, and PS tests with respect to other behavioral tests for assessing memory function in epileptic mice. Finally, we discuss possible causes and solutions for epileptic mice failing to make 30 s of good contact with the objects during the familiarization sessions, which is a critical step for successful memory tests. Thus, this protocol provides detailed information about how to assess epilepsy-associated memory impairments using mice. The NL, NO, and PS tests are simple, efficient assays that are appropriate for the evaluation of different kinds of memory in epileptic mice.

This article presents experimental procedures for assessing memory impairments in pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice. This protocol can be used to study the pathophysiologic mechanisms of epilepsy-associated cognitive decline, which is one of the most common comorbidities in epilepsy.

皮洛卡平诱导癫痫小鼠记忆功能评估

Cognitive impairment is one of the most common comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy. To recapitulate epilepsy-associated cognitive decline in an animal ...

Tracking Rats in Operant Conditioning Chambers Using a Versatile Homemade Video Camera and DeepLabCut

Operant conditioning chambers are used to perform a wide range of behavioral tests in the field of neuroscience. The recorded data is typically based on the triggering of lever and nose-poke sensors present inside the chambers. While this provides a detailed view of when and how animals perform certain responses, it cannot be used to evaluate behaviors that do not trigger any sensors. As such, assessing how animals position themselves and move inside the chamber is rarely possible. To obtain this information, researchers generally have to record and analyze videos. Manufacturers of operant conditioning chambers can typically supply their customers with high-quality camera setups. However, these can be very costly and do not necessarily fit chambers from other manufacturers or other behavioral test setups. The current protocol describes how to build an inexpensive and versatile video camera using hobby electronics components. It further describes how to use the image analysis software package DeepLabCut to track the status of a strong light signal, as well as the position of a rat, in videos gathered from an operant conditioning chamber. The former is a great aid when selecting short segments of interest in videos that cover entire test sessions, and the latter enables analysis of parameters that cannot be obtained from the data logs produced by the operant chambers.

This protocol describes how to build a small and versatile video camera, and how to use videos obtained from it to train a neural network to track the position of an animal inside operant conditioning chambers. This is a valuable complement to standard analyses of data logs obtained from operant conditioning tests.

使用多功能自制摄像机和 DeepLabCut 跟踪操作调节室中的大鼠

Operant conditioning chambers are used to perform a wide range of behavioral tests in the field of neuroscience. The recorded data is typically based on ...

Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that results in neurodegeneration and memory loss. While age is a major risk factor for AD, stroke has also been implicated as a risk factor and an exacerbating factor. The co-morbidity of stroke and AD results in worsened stroke-related motor control and AD-related cognitive deficits when compared to each condition alone. To model the combined condition of stroke and AD, a novel transgenic rat model of AD, with a mutated form of amyloid precursor protein (a key protein involved in the development of AD) incorporated into its DNA, is given a small unilateral striatal stroke.
For a model with the combination of both stroke and AD, behavioral tests that assess stroke-related motor control, locomotion and AD-related cognitive function must be implemented. The cylinder task involves a cost-efficient, multipurpose apparatus that assesses spontaneous forelimb motor use. In this task, a rat is placed in a cylindrical apparatus, where the rat will spontaneously rear and contact the wall of the cylinder with its forelimbs. These contacts are considered forelimb motor use and quantified during video analysis after testing. Another cost-efficient motor task implemented is the beam-walk task, which assesses forelimb control, hindlimb control and locomotion. This task involves a rat walking across a wooden beam allowing for the assessment of limb motor control through analysis of forelimb slips, hindlimb slips and falls. Assessment of learning and memory is completed with Morris water maze for this behavioral paradigm. The protocol starts with spatial learning, whereby the rat locates a stationary hidden platform. After spatial learning, the platform is removed and both short-term and long-term spatial reference memory is assessed. All three of these tasks are sensitive to behavioral differences and completed within 28 days for this model, making this paradigm time-efficient and cost-efficient.

To investigate the co-morbid Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and stroke condition in a novel model, three behavior tasks are described that assess both motor control and cognitive behaviors. These tasks include the beam-walk task, cylinder task and Morris water maze.

汽车和海马依赖空间学习和记忆参考评估与中风阿尔茨海默氏病的转基因大鼠模型

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that results in neurodegeneration and memory loss. While age is a major risk ...

医学

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>使用 Miniscope 成像记录气味羽流导航过程中的神经元活动

Miniscope Recording Calcium Signals at Hippocampus of Mice Navigating an Odor Plume

Mice navigate an odor plume with a complex spatiotemporal structure in the dark to find the source of odorants. This article describes a protocol to monitor behavior and record Ca2+ transients in dorsal CA1 stratum pyramidale neurons in the hippocampus (dCA1) in mice navigating an odor plume in a 50 cm x 50 cm x 25 cm odor arena. An epifluorescence miniscope focused through a gradient-index (GRIN) lens imaged Ca2+ transients in dCA1 neurons expressing the calcium sensor GCaMP6f in Thy1-GCaMP6f mice. The paper describes the behavioral protocol to train the mice to perform this odor plume navigation task in an automated odor arena. The methods include a step-by-step procedure for the surgery for GRIN lens implantation and baseplate placement for imaging GCaMP6f in CA1. The article provides information on real-time tracking of the mouse position to automate the start of the trials and delivery of a water reward. In addition, the protocol includes information on using an interface board to synchronize metadata describing the automation of the odor navigation task and frame times for the miniscope and a digital camera tracking mouse position. Moreover, the methods delineate the pipeline used to process GCaMP6f fluorescence movies by motion correction using the NorMCorre algorithm followed by identification of regions of interest with EXTRACT. Finally, the paper describes an artificial neural network approach to decode spatial paths from CA1 neural ensemble activity to predict mouse navigation of the odor plume.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:通过实时行为分析了解大脑对嗅觉和空间信息的处理

This protocol investigates the brain-behavior relationship in hippocampal CA1 in mice navigating an odor plume. We provide a step-by-step protocol, including surgery to access imaging of the hippocampus, behavioral training, miniscope GCaMP6f recording and processing of the brain, and behavioral data to decode the mouse position from ROI neural activity.

微型显微镜记录在气味羽流中导航的小鼠海马体的钙信号

Mice navigate an odor plume with a complex spatiotemporal structure in the dark to find the source of odorants. This article describes a protocol to ...

录像示范保存鼠气味追踪，但经过伞 - 穹窿病变受损的惯性导航试验

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