This research was supported by NASA (NNX15AC17G to CMD), and by NASA cooperative agreement NCC 9-58 (E000010 to CMD, NBPF02802 and NBPF04201 to RDH) with the National Space Biomedical Research Institute.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

المنهجية الواردة في هذه الوثيقة نتائج في العروض rPVT في الفئران التي تضاهي في العديد من الجوانب لأداء PVT نموذجي ورد في الأدب الإنساني. باستخدام التقنيات الحالية، يمكن للمرء أن تدريب بسرعة الفئران لأداء rPVT، وتتميز العروض التي تم الحصول عليها مع هذه التقنيات عن طريق الت?...

اختبار اليقظة النفسي البشري (PVT) هي المستخدمة على نطاق واسع، أداة التحقق من صحة جيدا لقياس اليقظة والانتباه المستمر في البشر، وضعت أصلا من قبل دينجس وآخرون. 1-3 لتقييم استقرار في أوقات رد الفعل والاهتمام (على سبيل المثال، أخطاء من حيث الردود والهفوات في الاهتمام من السابق لأوانه)، سواء داخل جلسات ككل وعبر الزمن في جلسات فردية. على مر السنين، تم تعديل PVT البشرية وتحديث 11/04 لتتبع التغيرات الزمانية في مختلف جوانب الاهتمام، وأنه تم التدليل على أن تكون حساسة للتغيرات في الحرمان من النوم والتعب، ويتأثر تعاطي المخدرات والعمر من المواضيع 12 13. وPVT هو إجراء بسيط على ما يبدو فيها موضوع يمس لفترة وجيزة الشاشة عندما يظهر التحفيز (عادة LED عدد عرض) بشكل عشوائي في الوقت المناسب، وعادة بعد 2-10 ق. في النسخة البشرية، يتزايد عدد العرض في مللي ثانية، وتوقفت عند رلمست انه الشاشة، مما يدل على وقت رد الفعل هذا الموضوع في (RT). يتناقص في اليقظة بالرمز 1) تباطأ أوقات رد الفعل، 2) زيادة في الهفوات (وهو ما يسمى &quot;أخطاء السهو&quot; في الأدب الإنساني، ويعرف عادة بأنه المحطة المذكورة التي هي&gt; 500 مللي ثانية في الطول)، و 3) زيادة في من السابق لأوانه المجيبة (وهو ما يسمى &quot;أخطاء لجنة&quot; أو &quot;بدايات خاطئة&quot; في الأدب الإنساني). ويمكن الحصول على تدابير أخرى مع PVT لفحص متغيرات مثل الفروق بين الجنسين والعمر؛ لمراجعة هذه التدابير، انظر Basner ودينجس 4. وأخيرا، فقد استخدمت في PVT في المنطقة العامة من تقييم المخاطر على البشر، واستخدمت بنجاح في إطار مجموعة واسعة من المجالات التشغيلية التي تشمل الصناعات العسكرية والطيران والسكك الحديدية، أول المستجيبين، والبيئات القاسية مثل البعثات البيئة المتطرفة ناسا عمليات (NEEMO)، والدولي Mars500 مشروع 14 سنة، وعلى SPAC الدوليةمحطة ه (ISS). في محطة الفضاء الدولية، ويسمى الجندي في &quot;الاختبار الذاتي رد الفعل&quot;، وهو يستخدم لتوفير رواد الفضاء مع الفردي ردود الفعل المتعلقة التعب (على سبيل المثال، والتغيرات في المحطة المذكورة أو ثغرات في الاهتمام). وكان الجندي البشري في استخدام لعدة عقود، وكذلك إصدارات القوارض من المهام في وقت رد الفعل البسيطة (التي تشبه إلى حد ما). وقد تم في الآونة الأخيرة فقط، مع ذلك، أن نظيره القوارض المباشر إلى PVT البشري وقد أفيد في الأدب. ووصفت كريستي وزملاء له نسخة من PVT البشري بالنسبة للفئران، وذكرت انخفاضات في اليقظة بعد الحرمان من النوم 15،16. وأفادت الدراسات الإضافية الأخيرة إصدارات rPVT 17-19. وقد وصفت هذه التقارير التغيرات في اهتمام متواصل التالية مختلف التقنيات الحرمان من النوم. مستويات عالية ومع ذلك، فقد ذكرت البيانات من هذه الدراسات أيضا من السابق لأوانه الاستجابة (على سبيل المثال، في بعض الحالات، أكثر من 40٪ من العدد الإجمالي للRESPONSES)؛ هذه العروض هي تماما على عكس أي عروض PVT مع البشر. مثل هذا الفارق الكبير في القوارض مقابل من المرجح العروض الإنسان بسبب الاختلافات في معايير محددة تستخدم في الإنسان مقابل الإصدارات القوارض من PVT. على سبيل المثال، آل كريستي وآخرون. استخدمت الدراسة متفاوتة بشكل عشوائي 3 - foreperiod 7 ق، في حين أن PVT البشري يستخدم عادة 2-10 ق foreperiod (على الرغم من رؤية Basner آخرون 5 للحصول على إصدار 3-مين من PVT البشري الذي يستخدم 1 - 4 ق foreperiod) . يمكن استخدام القيم foreperiod قصيرة نسبيا غالبا ما تؤدي إلى الحيوانات &quot;توقيت&quot; ردودهم، وبالتالي يمكن أن تعزز، عن طريق تعزيز عرضي، وزيادة أعداد ردود سابقة لأوانها، حيث تم الإبلاغ عنها في الدراسات القوارض rPVT الحالية. ويستند إصدار rPVT الموصوفة هنا على موقعنا على مقال نشر سابقا 20، ويقدم وصفا تفصيليا لتقنيات والإجراءات اللازمة. وهو يختلفمن الإصدارات التي تم نشرها مسبقا من rPVT في النواحي التالية: 1) تم تدريب الفئران مع القيم foreperiod متغير من 3-10 ثانية، و 2) قد الفئران على الاستجابة بسرعة، نظرا لأن الاستجابات فقط ضمن إطار استجابة قصيرة (كما يطلق عليها اسم &quot;محدودة عقد &quot;) بعد وتعززت (1.5 الصورة في هذه الدراسة بداية التحفيز؛ 3.0 الصورة في الإصدارات المنشورة السابقة للrPVT). باستخدام هذه التعديلات وكذلك مهلة قصيرة للصحيحة المجيبة أدى إلى مستويات أكبر من السيطرة التحفيز، كما يدل على تحسن كبير في دقة وانخفاض مستويات سابق لأوانه الاستجابة. ويصف التقرير أيضا تغييرات متوقعة في متغيرات الأداء (على سبيل المثال، هفوات في الاهتمام، المحطة المذكورة) التي توازي تلك التي ظهرت في البشر عندما تقليلها دراسة اليقظة 21، وعند النظر في مقاييس الأداء الأخرى بما في ذلك تأثير &quot;الوقت على المهمة&quot; الإنسان وresponse- فترة التحفيز (RSI) التأثير الذي لوحظ في PVT البشري <sتصل&gt; 22. النسخة النهائية من rPVT الموصوفة هنا يبدأ طريق تشغيل ضوء البيت (انظر الشكل 1). بعد فترة متغير (foreperiod) من 3-10 ق المنقضي، يضيء مفتاح الأنف كزة لمدة أقصاها 1.5 ثانية. (لضمان توزيع متساو للforeperiods المدد، يتم إنشاء القيم بشكل عشوائي دون استبدال من قائمة تضم 36 القيم الممكنة التي تتراوح من 3 إلى 10 ق، استنادا إلى 200 مللي الزيادات.) إضاءة المفتاح nosepoke هو إشارة للحيوان ل الرد، والرد الذي يحدث ما بين 150 إلى 1500 مللي ثانية بعد ظهور ضوء يتعزز مع بيليه 45 ملغ. بعد استجابة المسلحة، ويتم تشغيل كل من مفتاح الضوء الأنف كزة وضوء قبالة منزل و1 ​​ق الفاصلة بين المحاكمة (ITI، منزل ضوء إيقاف) تستتبعه. الأنف الوخزات في قبل ظهور ضوء تنتج 8 ق مهلة (TO) من الحالات الطارئة التجريبية التي تتم الإشارة من قبل إطفاء ضوء البيت. إذا لم تحدث استجابة في غضون الصورة الدقة 1.5ponse نافذة، يتم تشغيل كل من ضوء nosepoke وضوء البيت حالا، و1 ق ITI تستتبعه. قيمة foreperiod القادمة المقررة للمحاكمة لاحقة تبدأ بعد، إما ليالي ITI 1 أو 8 ق لل، أيهما حدث أثناء المحاكمة السابقة. يتم تنظيم دورات يوميا (5 أيام / أسبوع)، وتتألف عادة من حوالي 200 المحاكمات، وتنتهي بعد 30 دقيقة. هذه النتائج مع كل تجربة وجود مدة حوالي 7.5 ثانية، في المتوسط. تشكيل أداء خط الأساس مستقرة على rPVT وأنجزه 1) التكيف في البداية الفئران أن تأخذ الكريات الطعام من علبة الطعام في الغرفة، 2) فأر للرد على مفتاح كزة الأنف من خلال تعزيز تقريبية المتعاقبة إلى نهائي تشكيل اليد الأنف كزة ردا على ذلك، و3) تجري جلسات يومية حيث المعلمات من إجراءات rPVT (أي foreperiod، ITI، ل، ومرات مفتاح الإضاءة) يتم تعديل تدريجيا على مدى الدورة، اعتمادا على مدى كل فأر هو المنفذ خلال كل دورة (وصفها بالتفصيل أدناه).

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			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:315px;">Modular rat operant chamber with stainless steel grid floor</td>
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			<td>This catalog number has 8 outputs and 4 inputs which is the minimum needed to run the rPVT; SmartCtrl can also be purchased with 16 outputs and 8 inputs for more flexibility</td>
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the rodent psychomotor vigilance test (rpvt): a method for assessing neurobehavioral performance in rats and mice

والنفسي اليقظة اختبار البشري (PVT) هو إجراء تستخدم على نطاق واسع لقياس التغيرات في التعب والاهتمام المتواصل. تصف هذه المادة نسخة القوارض للوصف الجندي في &quot;rPVT&quot; -من يقيس جوانب مشابهة من الاهتمام (أي دقة الأداء، وسرعة المحرك، من السابق لأوانه الاستجابة، وهفوات في الانتباه). وتعرض البيانات التي تثبت كل من المدى القصير والمدى الطويل فائدة rPVT عندما يعملون مع الفئران المختبرية. الفئران تتعلم بسهولة rPVT، والتعلم لتنفيذ الإجراء الأساسي يأخذ أقل من أسبوعين من التدريب. وبمجرد الحصول عليها، أداء الفئران في rPVT تظهر درجة عالية من التشابه لهذه التدابير الأداء ذاته في PVT الإنسان، بما في ذلك التشابه في، الهفوات في الاهتمام، وأوقات رد الفعل، التناقصات اليقظة في وقت الدورة (أي الإنسان &quot;الوقت على- مهمة &quot;الآثار)، وتأثير الفاصل استجابة التحفيز (RSI) وصفه للبشر. وهكذا صPVT يمكن أن يكون أداة قيمة للغاية لتقييم الآثار المترتبة على مجموعة واسعة من المتغيرات على الاهتمام المتواصل مماثلة تماما لأداء PVT الإنسان، وبالتالي يمكن أن تكون مفيدة لتطوير علاجات جديدة لالاختلالات السلوكية العصبية.

خط الأساس الجرذ rPVT الأداء مع المعلمات مفصلة هنا، وصلت 86.7٪ من 122 ذكور الفئران المعلمات rPVT النهائية في غضون فترة متوسطها 9.0 (SD = 10.13، ن = 122) دورات تدريبية مؤتمتة الكمبيوتر (الموصوفة في 4.1 - تدريب 4.9 rPVT، ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice at JoVE.com

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

ووصف النسخة الفئران للالحركية اليقظة اختبار البشري (PVT) الذي يقيس جوانب الاهتمام مماثلة لتلك التي تقاس مع PVT الإنسان، بما في ذلك الجوانب من اليقظة الإنسان مثل دقة الأداء، وسرعة المحرك، سابق لأوانه الاستجابة، وهفوات في الاهتمام.

القوارض النفسي اليقظة اختبار (rPVT): طريقة لتقييم السلوك العصبي الأداء في الجرذان والفئران

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

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The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

12.0K Views.  The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  ووصف النسخة الفئران للالحركية اليقظة اختبار البشري (PVT) الذي يقيس جوانب الاهتمام مماثلة لتلك التي تقاس مع PVT الإنسان، بما في ذلك الجوانب من اليقظة الإنسان مثل دقة الأداء، وسرعة المحرك، سابق لأوانه الاستجابة، وهفوات في الاهتمام. 

Video: The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

الأزقة اختبار متتالية من القلق في الفئران والجرذان

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

السياقية وملقن الخوف تكييف اختبار باستخدام نظام تحليل الفيديو في الفئران

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential pharmaceutical compounds and gene therapy approaches have progressed into clinical trials. With improvement in muscle function being the most important end point in these trials, a lot of emphasis has been placed on setting up reliable, reproducible, and easy to perform functional tests to pre clinically assess muscle function, strength, condition, and coordination in the mdx mouse model for DMD. Both invasive and noninvasive tests are available. Tests that do not exacerbate the disease can be used to determine the natural history of the disease and the effects of therapeutic interventions (e.g. forelimb grip strength test, two different hanging tests using either a wire or a grid and rotarod running). Alternatively, forced treadmill running can be used to enhance disease progression and/or assess protective effects of therapeutic interventions on disease pathology. We here describe how to perform these most commonly used functional tests in a reliable and reproducible manner. Using these protocols based on standard operating procedures enables comparison of data between different laboratories.

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

The primary outcome measure in clinical trials for neuromuscular disorders is generally improved muscle function. Therefore, assessing the effect of potential therapeutic compounds on muscle performance pre clinically in mouse models is of great importance. We here describe several functional tests to address this.

تقييم الأداء الوظيفي في<em&gt; MDX</em&gt; نموذج الفأر

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

إجراءات استثابي لتقييم المرونة السلوكية في الفئران

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

مجلس هول التعديل - قياس السلوك، الإدراك والتفاعل الاجتماعي في الفئران والجرذان

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

وهناك طريقة لاختبار تأثير الإشارات البيئية على سلوك التزاوج في<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة ميلانوغاستر</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

اختبار كائن رواية الاعتراف للتحقيق في التعلم والذاكرة في الفئران

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

المهمة البسط مقبض: أسلوب شبه الآلي لتقييم الدالة فوريليمب في الفئران

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

طريقة جديدة لحمل مثل الاكتئاب وسلوك في الفئران

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

تقييم اتساق الروايات القصيرة للوالدين فيما يتعلق بأطفالهم باستخدام إجراء عينة الكلام لمدة خمس دقائق

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...