كان مدعوما من قبل ك. بيترسون دراسية لدرجة الدكتوراه من قسم الهندسة الحيوية والتمويل من الجو الاميركي مختبرات أبحاث سلاح. كان مدعوما من قبل N. اعجاز دراسية لدرجة الدكتوراه من باكستان لجنة التعليم العالي وبتمويل من الجو الاميركي مختبرات أبحاث سلاح.

<ol>
	<li>Chiappe, E. M., Seelig, J. D., Reiser, M. B., Jayaraman, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Walking+modulates+speed+sensitivity+in+Drosophila+motion+vision.">Walking modulates speed sensitivity in Drosophila motion vision.</a> Curr. Biol. 20, 1470-1475 (2010).</li><li>Franceschini, N., Snyder, A. W., Menzel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sampling+of+the+visual+environment+by+the+compound+eye+of+the+fly:+fundamentals+and+applications.">Sampling of the visual environment by the compound eye of the fly: fundamentals and applications.</a> Photoreceptor optics. , 98-125 (1975).</li><li>Karmeier, K., Tabor, R., Egelhaaf, M., Krapp, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+visual+experience+and+the+receptive-field+organization+of+optic+flow+processing+interneurons+in+the+fly+motion+pathway.">Early visual experience and the receptive-field organization of optic flow processing interneurons in the fly motion pathway.</a> Vis. Neurosci. 18, 1-8 (2001).</li><li>Krapp, H. G., Hengstenberg, B., Hengstenberg, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+structure+and+receptive-field+organization+of+optic+flow+processing+interneurons+in+the+fly.">Dendritic structure and receptive-field organization of optic flow processing interneurons in the fly.</a> Jour. of Neurophys. 79, 1902-1917 (1998).</li><li>Krapp, H. G., Hengstenberg, R., Egelhaaf, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+contributions+to+optic+flow+processing+in+the+fly+visual+system.">Binocular contributions to optic flow processing in the fly visual system.</a> Jour. of Neurophys. 85, 724-734 (2001).</li><li>Longden, K. D., Krapp, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Octopaminergic+modulation+of+temporal+frequency+coding+in+an+identified+optic-flow+processing+interneuron.">Octopaminergic modulation of temporal frequency coding in an identified optic-flow processing interneuron.</a> Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 4, 153-153 (2010).</li><li>Bender, J. A., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+visual+and+haltere-mediated+feedback+in+the+control+of+body+saccades+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">A comparison of visual and haltere-mediated feedback in the control of body saccades in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Exp. Bio. 209, 4597-4606 (2006).</li><li>Longden, K. D., Krapp, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=State-dependent+performance+of+optic+flow-processing+interneurons.">State-dependent performance of optic flow-processing interneurons.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 102, 3606-3618 (2009).</li><li>Maimon, G., Straw, A. D., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Active+flight+increases+the+gain+of+visual+motion+processing+in.">Active flight increases the gain of visual motion processing in.</a> 13, 393-399 (2010).</li><li>Petrovitz, R., Dahmen, H., Egelhaaf, M., Krapp, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arrangement+of+optical+axes+and+spatial+resolution+in+the+compound+eye+of+the+female+blowfly+Calliphora.">Arrangement of optical axes and spatial resolution in the compound eye of the female blowfly Calliphora.</a> J Comp Physiol A. 186, 737-746 (2000).</li><li>Warzecha, A. K., Horstmann, W., Egelhaaf, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature-dependence+of+neuronal+performance+in+the+motion+pathway+of+the+blowfly+Calliphora+Erythrocephala.">Temperature-dependence of neuronal performance in the motion pathway of the blowfly Calliphora Erythrocephala.</a> J Exp Biology. 202, 3161-3170 (1999).</li></ol>

<ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يطير تشريح يحتاج إلى أن تنفذ القرارات بعناية واثق من أننا توجيه بشكل صحيح يطير مع الاحترام لشاشات الكمبيوتر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> فصل المسامير من الخلايا العصبية H1 من المسامير من جميع الخلايا العصبية الأخرى للحصول على اشارة جيدة لنسبة الضوضاء التي يمكن استخدامها للتحكم في الروبوت بشكل موثوق به. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وينبغي الحرص على منع أي نوع من الأنسجة العصبية من الجفاف أثناء التجربة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يتم توصيل الكاميرات إلى أجهزة الكمبيوتر باستخدام كابل إيثرنت. يجب توخي الحذر بحيث لا يتم المبالغة في الجرح خلال التجربة والتي من شأنها أن تؤثر على دوران الروبوت. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حاليا نحن نستخدم تصاعد نشاط واحد لإعداد H1 مهمة تحقيق الاستقرار في اتجاه واحد فقط للتناوب ياو. يمكننا أن نضيف القطب الثاني للحصول على إشارات من H1 كل من اليسار واليمين حتى نتمكن من دراسة خوارزميات التحكم الاستقرار في كلا الاتجاهين التناوب ياو. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يمكننا إزالة الساحة تحتوي على خطوط موجهة عموديا بالأسود والأبيض واستخدام بيئة معملية مثل التحفيز البصري للذبابة. وسوف تتيح لنا هذه الدراسة حلقة مغلقة الأداء مع الصور الطبيعية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يمكن إزالتها من الجدول الروبوت بدوره ، وسمح للتحرك في جميع أنحاء بيئة معملية أثناء وجوده في حلقة مغلقة السيطرة. هذا سيسمح لنا لتحقيق خوارزميات التحكم تشارك في تفادي الاصطدام. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يمكن إزالة أسلاك توصيل الكاميرات إلى أجهزة الكمبيوتر من خلال تنفيذ نظام البث اللاسلكي ، مما يتيح لنا الإعداد المنفلتة تماما الروبوتية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ومقاييس الأداء في مختلف خوارزميات التحكم تعطينا فهما للكيفية استراتيجيات مختلفة قادرة على التعامل مع الاشارات العصبية غير ثابتة ومتغيرة. ويمكن بعد هذه المعرفة يمكن تطبيقها على مختلف واجهات آلة الدماغ السريرية وغير السريرية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> هذا الإعداد التجريبية هي الخطوة الأولى نحو تسجيل الاشارات العصبية من التصرف الحيوانات. هدفنا هو وضع ذبابة على استخدام الروبوت ونشاطها العصبية للحلقة مغلقة السيطرة. في إعداد مثل هذه ، فإننا سنكون قادرين على تسجيل النشاط العصبي من الذبابة بينما هو يتلقى التحفيز متعدد الحواس نتيجة لحركة الروبوت. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> سجل الاشارات من خلية واحدة فقط. في التكوين يجب علينا ، فإن الخلية تكون أنسب H1 الخلية. عزل استجابات الخلايا العصبية من الخلايا العصبية الأخرى H1 مع الحقول تقبلا مماثلة ، مثل H2 ، من المهم للحفاظ على إشارة جيدة لنسبة الضوضاء عن التسجيلات العصبية. يمكن أن يكون هناك تمييز في ردود H1 و H2 الخلايا العصبية من قبل مشيرا الى ان H2 مميز وأقل عفوية ويعني معدل التشويك من الخلايا العصبية H1. يمكن أيضا أن يكون هناك تمييز الخلايا العصبية على أساس من التشكل (Krapp وآخرون 2001). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نظامنا يسمح لنا بمقارنة كسب حلقة مغلقة الذي حققه الطيران واجهة الروبوت لدينا على صورة مهمة لتحقيق الاستقرار ، ومقارنة أدائها مع المكاسب optomotor حلقة مغلقة لوحظ في التجارب السابقة على الذباب (بندر وديكنسون عام 2006 ، وآخرون Warzecha 1996 ، هايزنبرغ وولف ، 1990). بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، يتيح لنا تحقيق الدولة التي تعتمد على التغيرات في معالجة المعلومات البصرية في إطار حلقة مغلقة الشروط (Chiappe وآخرون 2010 ، ميمون وآخرون 2010 ، وLongden Krapp 2009 ، وLongden Krapp 2010). </li></ol>

<ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 1) عالي السرعة CRT عرض (LG Studioworks 221U) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> كاميرات عالية السرعة (Prosilica ، GC640) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> منهاج الروبوت (مع تعديلات ASURO مخصص) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> المسلسل مودم بلوتوث (Bluesmirf) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> محرك الخطوة الصغيرة (العلوم التطبيقية ونظم الحركة ، ST5 - SI) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> السائر موتور (سانيو Denki ، 103H6704 - 0140) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> التنغستن الأقطاب الكهربائية (FH - co.com -- رمز السلعة -- UEW SHG 3P1M SE) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مكبر للصوت خارج الخلية (NPI EXT 10 - 2F) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بمحركات Micromanipulator (Scientifica ، PS - 700 - Z) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ستيريو مجهر (لايكا ، MZ95) </li></ol>

an experimental platform to study the closed-loop performance of brain-machine interfaces

الطبيعة غير الثابتة وتقلب الإشارات العصبية هي المشكلة الأساسية في الدماغ والآلة التواصل. طورنا آلة الدماغ واجهة لتقييم مدى متانة القوانين التحكم المختلفة المطبقة على مهمة تحقيق الاستقرار صورة حلقة مغلقة. الاستفادة من جيدة تتميز ذبابة مسار visuomotor نقوم بتسجيل النشاط الكهربائي من خلية عصبية حساسة للحركة التي تم تحديدها ، H1 ، للسيطرة على التناوب ياو لروبوت ذات العجلتين. وقد تم تجهيز الروبوت مع 2 كاميرات الفيديو عالية السرعة توفير المدخلات البصرية اقتراح ذبابة وضعت في الجبهة من 2 شاشات الكمبيوتر CRT. نشاط الخلايا العصبية H1 يشير إلى الاتجاه والسرعة النسبية للدوران الروبوت. يتم تصفية النشاط العصبي واعادة ادخالها في نظام التوجيه للروبوت عن طريق التحكم النسبي والنسبي / التكيفية. هدفنا هو لاختبار وتحسين أداء مختلف بموجب قوانين مكافحة حلقة مغلقة الظروف الملائمة لتطبيقها على نطاق أوسع كما في غيرها من واجهات آلة الدماغ.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces at JoVE.com

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

نستخدم حلقة مغلقة ذبابة الجهاز واجهة لتحقيق المبادئ العامة التي تحكم في الخلايا العصبية.

على منهاج تجريبي لدراسة الأداء حلقة مغلقة من الدماغ والآلة واجهات

The non-stationary nature and variability of neuronal signals is a fundamental problem in brain-machine interfacing. We developed a brain-machine ...

an-experimental-platform-to-study-closed-loop-performance-brain

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.6K Views.  Imperial College London. نستخدم حلقة مغلقة ذبابة الجهاز واجهة لتحقيق المبادئ العامة التي تحكم في الخلايا العصبية.

Video: An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

Experimental Models for Study of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Physiology and Pathophysiology

We have developed a cell culture procedure that can produce large quantities of confluent monolayers of primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium (hfRPE) cultures with morphological, physiological and genetic characteristics of native human RPE. These hfRPE cell cultures exhibit heavy pigmentation, and electron microscopy show extensive apical membrane microvilli. The junctional complexes were identified with immunofluorescence labeling of various tight junction proteins. Epithelial polarity and function of these easily reproducible primary cultures closely resemble previously studied mammalian models of native RPE, including human. These results were extended by the development of therapeutic interventions in several animal models of human eye disease. We have focused on strategies for the removal of abnormal fluid accumulation in the retina or subretinal space. The extracellular subretinal space separates the photoreceptor outer segments and the apical membrane of the RPE and is critical for maintenance of retinal attachments and a whole host of RPE/retina interactions.

We provide a reproducible method for culturing confluent monolayers of human fetal retinal pigment epithelial cells (hfRPE) cells that exhibit morphology, physiology, polarity, and protein and gene expression patterns of adult native tissue. This work has been extended to an animal model of several eye diseases.

نماذج تجريبية لدراسة فسيولوجيا صبغات الشبكية الظهارية والفيزيولوجيا المرضية

We have developed a cell culture procedure that can produce large quantities of confluent monolayers of primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium ...

An Optic Nerve Crush Injury Murine Model to Study Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival

Injury to the optic nerve can lead to axonal degeneration, followed by a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in irreversible vision loss. Examples of such diseases in human include traumatic optic neuropathy and optic nerve degeneration in glaucoma. It is characterized by typical changes in the optic nerve head, progressive optic nerve degeneration, and loss of retinal ganglion cells, if uncontrolled, leading to vision loss and blindness.
The optic nerve crush (ONC) injury mouse model is an important experimental disease model for traumatic optic neuropathy, glaucoma, etc. In this model, the crush injury to the optic nerve leads to gradual retinal ganglion cells apoptosis. This disease model can be used to study the general processes and mechanisms of neuronal death and survival, which is essential for the development of therapeutic measures. In addition, pharmacological and molecular approaches can be used in this model to identify and test potential therapeutic reagents to treat different types of optic neuropathy.
Here, we provide a step by step demonstration of (I) Baseline retrograde labeling of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) at day 1, (II) Optic nerve crush injury at day 4, (III) Harvest the retinae and analyze RGC survival at day 11, and (IV) Representative result.

This protocol shows how to retrogradely label retinal ganglion cells, and how to subsequently make an optic nerve crush injury in order to analyze retinal ganglion cell survival and apoptosis. It is an experimental disease model for different types of optic neuropathy, including glaucoma.

وسحق العصب البصري النموذجي إصابة الفئران لدراسة الخلايا الشبكية بقاء العقدة

Injury to the optic nerve can lead to axonal degeneration, followed by a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in irreversible ...

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow for an in-depth characterization to identify pathways involved in these events. Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) that are derived from the developing cerebellum are an ideal model system that allows for morphological analyses. Here, we describe a method of how to genetically manipulate CGNs and how to study axono- and dendritogenesis of individual neurons. With this method the effects of RNA interference, overexpression or small molecules can be compared to control neurons. In addition, the rodent cerebellar cortex is an easily accessible in vivo system owing to its predominant postnatal development. We also present an in vivo electroporation technique to genetically manipulate the developing cerebella and describe subsequent cerebellar analyses to assess neuronal morphology and migration.

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Neuronal morphogenesis and migration are crucial events underlying proper brain development. Here, we describe methods to genetically manipulate cultured cerebellar granule neurons and the developing cerebellum for the assessment of morphology and migratory characteristics of neurons.

التلاعب الجيني للمخيخي الحبيبة الخلايا العصبية<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; و<em&gt; في فيفو</em&gt; لدراسة مورفولوجيا الخلايا العصبية والهجرة

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Real-time Electrophysiology: Using Closed-loop Protocols to Probe Neuronal Dynamics and Beyond

Experimental neuroscience is witnessing an increased interest in the development and application of novel and often complex, closed-loop protocols, where the stimulus applied depends in real-time on the response of the system. Recent applications range from the implementation of virtual reality systems for studying motor responses both in mice1 and in zebrafish2, to control of seizures following cortical stroke using optogenetics3. A key advantage of closed-loop techniques resides in the capability of probing higher dimensional properties that are not directly accessible or that depend on multiple variables, such as neuronal excitability4 and reliability, while at the same time maximizing the experimental throughput. In this contribution and in the context of cellular electrophysiology, we describe how to apply a variety of closed-loop protocols to the study of the response properties of pyramidal cortical neurons, recorded intracellularly with the patch clamp technique in acute brain slices from the somatosensory cortex of juvenile rats. As no commercially available or open source software provides all the features required for efficiently performing the experiments described here, a new software toolbox called LCG5 was developed, whose modular structure maximizes reuse of computer code and facilitates the implementation of novel experimental paradigms. Stimulation waveforms are specified using a compact meta-description and full experimental protocols are described in text-based configuration files. Additionally, LCG has a command-line interface that is suited for repetition of trials and automation of experimental protocols.

Closed-loop protocols are becoming increasingly widespread in modern day electrophysiology. We present a simple, versatile and inexpensive way to perform complex electrophysiological protocols in cortical pyramidal neurons in vitro, using a desktop computer and a digital acquisition board.

في الوقت الحقيقي الكهربية: استخدام البروتوكولات ذات الحلقات المغلقة للتحقيق العصبية حيوية وما بعدها

Experimental neuroscience is witnessing an increased interest in the development and application of novel and often complex, closed-loop protocols, where ...

Closed-loop Neuro-robotic Experiments to Test Computational Properties of Neuronal Networks

Information coding in the Central Nervous System (CNS) remains unexplored. There is mounting evidence that, even at a very low level, the representation of a given stimulus might be dependent on context and history. If this is actually the case, bi-directional interactions between the brain (or if need be a reduced model of it) and sensory-motor system can shed a light on how encoding and decoding of information is performed. Here an experimental system is introduced and described in which the activity of a neuronal element (i.e., a network of neurons extracted from embryonic mammalian hippocampi) is given context and used to control the movement of an artificial agent, while environmental information is fed back to the culture as a sequence of electrical stimuli. This architecture allows a quick selection of diverse encoding, decoding, and learning algorithms to test different hypotheses on the computational properties of neuronal networks.

In this paper, an experimental framework to perform closed-loop experiments is presented, in which information processing (i.e., coding and decoding) and learning of neuronal assemblies are studied during the continuous interaction with a robotic body.

حلقة مغلقة العصبية الروبوتية تجارب لاختبار خصائص الحاسوبية من الشبكات العصبية

Information coding in the Central Nervous System (CNS) remains unexplored. There is mounting evidence that, even at a very low level, the representation ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

الطريقة الكهربية لالردود تسجيل بين الخلايا الجهد ل<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; خلايا مستقبلة للضوء وInterneurons إلى النور المحفزات<em&gt; في فيفو</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Insect-controlled Robot: A Mobile Robot Platform to Evaluate the Odor-tracking Capability of an Insect

Robotic odor source localization has been a challenging area and one to which biological knowledge has been expected to contribute, as finding odor sources is an essential task for organism survival. Insects are well-studied organisms with regard to odor tracking, and their behavioral strategies have been applied to mobile robots for evaluation. This "bottom-up" approach is a fundamental way to develop biomimetic robots; however, the biological analyses and the modeling of behavioral mechanisms are still ongoing. Therefore, it is still unknown how such a biological system actually works as the controller of a robotic platform. To answer this question, we have developed an insect-controlled robot in which a male adult silkmoth (Bombyx mori) drives a robot car in response to odor stimuli; this can be regarded as a prototype of a future insect-mimetic robot. In the cockpit of the robot, a tethered silkmoth walked on an air-supported ball and an optical sensor measured the ball rotations. These rotations were translated into the movement of the two-wheeled robot. The advantage of this "hybrid" approach is that experimenters can manipulate any parameter of the robot, which enables the evaluation of the odor-tracking capability of insects and provides useful suggestions for robotic odor-tracking. Furthermore, these manipulations are non-invasive ways to alter the sensory-motor relationship of a pilot insect and will be a useful technique for understanding adaptive behaviors.

The capability to localize an odor source is necessary for insect survival and is expected to be applicable to artificial odor-tracking. The insect-controlled robot is driven by an actual silkmoth and enables us to evaluate the odor-tracking capability of insects through a robotic platform.

روبوت تسيطر عليها الحشرات: منصة موبايل روبوت لتقييم الرائحة تتبع القدرة من الحشرات

Robotic odor source localization has been a challenging area and one to which biological knowledge has been expected to contribute, as finding odor ...

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network dynamics in neuronal cultures. In contrast with more traditional methods, such as patch-clamping, which can only record activity from a single cell, MEAs can record simultaneously from multiple sites in a network, without requiring the arduous task of placing each electrode individually. Moreover, numerous control and stimulation configurations can be easily applied within the same experimental setup, allowing for a broad range of dynamics to be explored. One of the key dynamics of interest in these in vitro studies has been the extent to which cultured networks display properties indicative of learning. Mouse neuronal cells cultured on MEAs display an increase in response following training induced by electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neuronal cells on MEAs; successfully record from over 95% of the plated dishes; establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation; and sort, plot, and interpret the results from such experiments. The use of a proprietary system for stimulating and recording neuronal cultures is demonstrated. Software packages are also used to sort neuronal units. A custom-designed graphical user interface is used to visualize post-stimulus time histograms, inter-burst intervals, and burst duration, as well as to compare the cellular response to stimulation before and after a training protocol. Finally, representative results and future directions of this research effort are discussed.

Mouse neuronal cells cultured on multi-electrode arrays display an increase in response following electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neurons, how to record activity, and how to establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation.

زيادة تعتمد على الوقت في استجابة الشبكة لتحفيز الثقافات خلية الخلايا العصبية على صفائف الدقيقة الكهربائي

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network ...

Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia

Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, with limited therapeutic approaches. As an endogenous strategy for neuroprotection, postconditioning treatments have proven to be promising therapies against cerebral ischemia. However, complicated procedures and potential safety issues limit their clinical application. To overcome these disadvantages, we have developed acidic postconditioning (APC) as a therapy for experimental focal cerebral ischemia. APC refers to the mild acidosis treatment by inhaling CO2 during reperfusion following ischemia. Here we present two models to execute APC in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) treatment of mice and the corticostriatal occlusion and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) of mice were employed to mimic cerebral ischemia. APC can be simply achieved by transferring brain slices to acidic buffer bubbled with 20% CO2, or by mice inhaling 20% CO2. APC showed significant protective effects against cerebral ischemia, as reflected by tissue viability and brain infarct volume.

Acidic postconditioning protects against cerebral ischemia. Here we present two models to execute APC. They are achieved respectively by transferring corticostriatal slices to acidic buffer after oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro and by inhaling 20% CO2 after middle cerebral artery occlusion in vivo.

نماذج تجريبية لدراسة الحماية العصبية من الوضعية الحمضية ضد نقص التروية الدماغية

Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, with limited therapeutic approaches. As an endogenous strategy for ...

A Volumetric Method for Quantification of Cerebral Vasospasm in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the aftermath of the bleeding is an important factor determining patient outcome and is therefore frequently taken as a study endpoint. However, in small animal studies on SAH, quantification of cerebral vasospasm is a major challenge. Here, an ex vivo method is presented that allows quantification of volumes of entire vessel segments, which can be used as an objective measure to quantify cerebral vasospasm. In a first step, endovascular casting of the cerebral vasculature is performed using a radiopaque casting agent. Then, cross-sectional imaging data are acquired by micro computed tomography. The final step involves 3-dimensional reconstruction of the virtual vascular tree, followed by an algorithm to calculate center lines and volumes of the selected vessel segments. The method resulted in a highly accurate virtual reconstruction of the cerebrovascular tree shown by a diameter-based comparison of anatomical samples with their virtual reconstructions. Compared with vessel diameters alone, the vessel volumes highlight the differences between vasospastic and non-vasospastic vessels shown in a series of SAH and sham-operated mice.

The goal of this article is to present a method that allows a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the cerebrovascular tree in mice after micro computed tomography and determination of volumes of entire vessel segments that can be used to quantify cerebral vasospasm in murine models of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

أسلوب حجمي للتحديد الكمي للمخ بالتشنج في نموذج موريني نزيف تحت العنكبوتية

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the aftermath of the bleeding is an important factor ...